San Diego State University

About: San Diego State University is a education organization based out in San Diego, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 12418 authors who have published 27950 publications receiving 1192375 citations. The organization is also known as: SDSU & San Diego State College.

A decrease in the size of the basal ganglia in children with fetal alcohol syndrome

Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on six children and adolescents with fetal alcohol syndrome and seven matched normal controls Detailed volumetric analyses demonstrated significant reductions in the cerebral vault, basal ganglia, and diencephalon in the children with fetal alcohol syndrome, compared with control children In addition, the volume of the cerebellar vault was smaller than controls in 4 of the 6 children with fetal alcohol syndrome, although the group difference did not reach significance When the basal ganglia were divided into the caudate and lenticular nuclei, both of these regions were significantly reduced in the children with fetal alcohol syndrome Finally, when the overall reduction in brain size was controlled, the proportional volume of the basal ganglia and, more specifically, the caudate nucleus was reduced in the children with fetal alcohol syndrome These results may relate to behavioral findings in both humans and animals exposed to alcohol prenatally

The importance of national culture in the design of and preference for management controls for multi-national operations

Abstract: This study investigates the eAects of national culture on firms’ design of and employees’ preference for management controls. Data for testing two hypotheses are collected from 159 Taiwanese managers working in six each of Japanese-, Taiwanese-, and U.S.-owned, size-matched, computers/electronics firms in Taiwan. Overall, the results are consistent with national culture aAecting these firms’ design of and employees’ preference for seven management controls, though there also are anomalies. These findings are combined with prior research for identifying desirable improvements in research design and method, variable measurement and selection, and, most important, the theoretical foundation for culture-based research on management controls. # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparison of activity monitors to estimate energy cost of treadmill exercise.

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the validity of five physical activity monitors available for research: the CSA, the TriTrac-R3D, the RT3, the SenseWear Armband, and the BioTrainer-Pro. Methods: A total of 10 healthy men and 11 healthy women performed 10 min of treadmill walking at 54, 80, and 107 m.min -1 and treadmill running at 134, 161, 188, and 214 m.min -1 . The CSA, TriTrac-R3D, RT3, and BioTrainer-Pro accelerometers were placed side by side bilaterally at the waist in the axillary position, and the SenseWear Armband monitors were placed bilaterally on the posterior portion of each arm in the mid-humeral position. Simultaneous measurements of body motion and indirect calorimetry were continuously recorded during all exercise. Data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA and pairwise Bonferroni-adjusted estimated marginal means. Results: There was no significant difference in the mean energy expenditure (EE) recorded bilaterally by any of the monitors (P > 0.05) at any treadmill speed. The SenseWear Armband, the TriTrac-R3D, and the RT3 had significant increases in mean EE across all walking and running speeds (P 0.10) in mean EE recorded by either monitor for speeds above 161 m.min -1 . In general, all monitors overestimated EE at most treadmill speeds when compared with indirect calorimetry (P < 0.001), except for the CSA which underestimated EE at the lowest and highest speeds. Conclusion: The CSA was the best estimate of total EE at walking and jogging speeds, the TriTrac-R3D was the best estimate of total EE at running speeds, and the SenseWear Armband was the best estimate of total EE at most speeds.

Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian Himalaya

Abstract: [1] Toward understanding the relationship between strain accumulation and strain release in the context of the mechanics of the earthquake and mountain building process and quantifying the seismic hazard associated with the globes largest continental thrust system, we describe the late Quaternary expression and paleoseismic evidence for great surface rupture earthquakes at six sites along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) system of India. Our observations span a distance of ∼250 km along strike of the HFT. Uplifted and truncated fluvial terrace deposits resulting from the Holocene displacements on the HFT are preserved along canyons of the Ghaggar, Markanda, Shajahanpur, and Kosi Rivers. Dividing the elevation of the bedrock straths at each site by their ages yields estimates of the vertical uplift rate of ∼4–6 mm/yr, which when assumed to be the result of slip on an underlying thrust dipping at ∼20°–45° are equivalent to fault slip rates of ∼6–18 mm/yr or shortening rates of ∼4–16 mm/yr. Trench exposures reveal the HFT to fold and break late Holocene surface sediments near the cities and villages of Chandigarh, Kala Amb, Rampur Ganda, Lal Dhang, and Ramnagar. Radiocarbon ages of samples obtained from the displaced sediments indicate surface rupture at each site took place after ∼A.D. 1200 and before ∼A.D. 1700. Uncertainties attendant to the radiocarbon dating currently do not allow an unambiguous definition of the capping bound on the age of the displacement at each site and hence whether or not the displacements at all sites were contemporaneous. Trench exposures and vertical separations measured across scarps at Rampur Ganda, Lal Dhang, and Ramnagar are interpreted to indicate single-event displacements of ∼11–38 m. Dividing the observed single-event vertical components of displacement by the estimated longer-term uplift rates indicates ∼1330–3250 or more years should be required to accumulate the slip sufficient to produce similar sized displacements. Surface rupture appears to not have occurred during the historical 1905 Kangra (Mw = 7.7), 1934 Bihar-Nepal (Mw = 8.1), and 1950 Assam (Mw = 8.4) earthquakes, which also occurred along the Himalayan front. Yet we observe clear evidence of fault scarps and displacements in young alluvium and progressive and continued offset of fluvial terrace deposits along the HFT. We suggest on this basis and the size and possible synchroneity of displacements recorded in the trenches that there exists the potential for earthquakes larger than recorded in the historical record and with the potential to rupture lengths of the HFT greater than the ∼250 km we have studied.