San Diego State University

About: San Diego State University is a education organization based out in San Diego, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 12418 authors who have published 27950 publications receiving 1192375 citations. The organization is also known as: SDSU & San Diego State College.

New horizons in cardioprotection: recommendations from the 2010 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop.

Abstract: Coronary heart disease is the largest major killer of American men and women and accounted for 1 of every 6 deaths in the United States in 2007.1 The annual incidence of myocardial infarction in the United States is estimated to be 935 000, with 610 000 new cases and 325 000 recurrent attacks. Survivors have a much higher chance of suffering from congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Prognosis after an acute myocardial ischemic injury is primarily dependent on the amount of myocardium that undergoes irreversible injury.2–4 Large transmural infarcts yield a higher probability of cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, adverse remodeling, and development of late chronic heart failure. Although it has been known since the early 1970s that the size of a myocardial infarction can be modified by various therapeutic interventions,5 early coronary artery reperfusion by fibrinolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention, including balloon angioplasty with or without stenting, remains the only established intervention capable of consistently reducing infarct size in humans. Although reperfusion has led to significant advances in patient care and reduction in hospital mortality, delays in seeking medical attention and inherent limitations in initiating fibrinolysis or percutaneous coronary intervention dictate that additional substantive improvements in morbidity and mortality can be achieved only with the development of new adjunctive therapies coupled with reperfusion. In addition, reperfusion therapy itself may induce reperfusion injury, a phenomenon that may encompass stunned myocardium, no-reflow phenomenon, and lethal myocardial cell death. If this injury could be prevented or minimized by administration of adjunctive therapy, then the net benefit of reperfusion could be enhanced. The problem of acute ischemic injury and myocardial infarction is not limited to patients with acute coronary artery syndrome. It remains a major problem in cardiac surgery as well. It is well documented that the incidence of myocardial necrosis after surgery, as determined by creatine kinase MB enzyme release and troponin levels, ranges somewhere between 40% and 60%, and, depending on its clinical definition, the incidence of myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass graft surgery may be as high as 19%. The intermediate and long-term implications are considerable. In a recent retrospective analysis of 18 908 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery and in whom long-term follow-up was available, it was shown that myocardial enzyme elevation within the first 24 hours of surgery was associated with increasing mortality over the course of months to years. This study confirms earlier reports that even small enzyme elevations after surgery are associated with worse long-term outcomes.4

A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33

Abstract: It's important to try to work out the weight — or more properly the mass — of a distant stellar object because it plays such a large part in determining its behaviour. Black holes are of particular interest, but are not easy targets. The usual way of weighing a black hole is to determine its gravitational pull on a nearby object, and that has now been achieved for a black hole in the recently discovered binary system M 33 X-7, in the nearby galaxy Messier 33. At 15.7 solar masses, it is the most massive 'stellar-mass' black hole known. Its companion star is one of the most massive known stars, at around 70 solar masses, and M 33 X-7 is 16 times more distant than any other confirmed stellar black hole. Models of stellar evolution have difficulty producing black holes in close binaries with masses ten times that of the sun, which is consistent with the fact that the most massive stellar black holes known so far all have masses within one standard deviation of that. This paper report a mass of 15.65 ±1.45 times that of the sun for the black hole in the recently discovered system M 33 X-7, which is located in the nearby galaxy Messier 33. Stellar-mass black holes are found in X-ray-emitting binary systems, where their mass can be determined from the dynamics of their companion stars1,2,3. Models of stellar evolution have difficulty producing black holes in close binaries with masses more than ten times that of the Sun (>10 ; ref. 4), which is consistent with the fact that the most massive stellar black holes known so far2,3 all have masses within one standard deviation of 10 . Here we report a mass of (15.65 ± 1.45) for the black hole in the recently discovered system M 33 X-7, which is located in the nearby galaxy Messier 33 (M 33) and is the only known black hole that is in an eclipsing binary5. To produce such a massive black hole, the progenitor star must have retained much of its outer envelope until after helium fusion in the core was completed4. On the other hand, in order for the black hole to be in its present 3.45-day orbit about its (70.0 ± 6.9) companion, there must have been a ‘common envelope’ phase of evolution in which a significant amount of mass was lost from the system6. We find that the common envelope phase could not have occurred in M 33 X-7 unless the amount of mass lost from the progenitor during its evolution was an order of magnitude less than what is usually assumed in evolutionary models of massive stars7,8,9.

Motivational interviewing with primary care populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract: This meta-analysis synthesized the findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of motivational interviewing (MI) for health behavior outcomes within primary care populations. Published and unpublished RCTs were identified using databases and online listservs. Studies were synthesized by outcome subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted to determine potential moderators accounting for heterogeneity within samples. Mean effect sizes ranged from .07 to .47; significant effect sizes were found for the adherence subgroup of studies (p = .04) and all outcomes combined (p = .02). Professional credentials of intervention deliverer were found to significantly moderate the association between MI and effect size in substance use subgroup (p = .0005) and all outcomes combined (p = .004). Mean effect sizes were largest in outcomes related to weight loss, blood pressure, and substance use. MI appears to be useful in clinical settings and as few as 1 MI session may be effective in enhancing readiness to change and action directed towards reaching health behavior-change goals.

Effect of early childhood adversity on child health.

Abstract: Objective To examine the effect of child abuse and other household dysfunction on child health outcomes. Design Data from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect collected through interviews and questionnaires administered when target children were 4 years old and 6 years old. Setting Children in the South, East, Midwest, Northwest, and Southwest United States. Participants One thousand forty-one children at high risk for child abuse and neglect (3 cohorts derived primarily from among children recruited through social service mechanisms, 1 cohort recruited at birth from among high-risk infants, and 1 cohort recruited from a medical setting). Main Outcome Measures (1) Association of 7 adverse exposures (3 categories of child abuse [physical abuse, sexual abuse, and psychological maltreatment] and 4 categories of household dysfunction [caregiver problem drinking, caregiver depression, caregiver treated violently, and criminal behavior in the household]) derived from data collected when the child was 4 years old. (2) Indexes of child physical health at age 6 years (caregiver overall assessment of child health and reports of illness requiring medical attention). Results Two thirds of the sample had experienced at least 1 adverse exposure. One adverse exposure almost doubled the risk of overall poor health (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-3.48), and 4 adverse exposures or more almost tripled the risk of illness requiring medical attention (odds ratio, 2.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-7.31). Conclusion Adverse environmental exposures, including child abuse and other household dysfunction, are associated with poor child health even at an early age, although our data do not support a dose-response relationship.

Visual object pattern separation deficits in nondemented older adults.

Abstract: Young and nondemented older adults were tested on a continuous recognition memory task requiring visual pattern separation. During the task, some objects were repeated across trials and some objects, referred to as lures, were presented that were similar to previously presented objects. The lures resulted in increased interference and an increased need for pattern separation. For each object, the participant was asked to indicate whether (1) this was the first time the object was seen (new), (2) the object was seen previously (old), or (3) the object was similar to a previous object (similar). Older adults were able to correctly identify objects as old or new as well as young adults; however, older adults were impaired when identifying lures as similar. Therefore, pattern separation may be less efficient in older adults resulting in poorer recognition memory performance when interference is increased.