Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1968"

Heart induction in salamanders.

Abstract: Heart determination is a gradual, cumulative process involving inductive and suppressive interactions between the heart mesoderm and nearby embryonic tissues. Our analysis of heart determination in the California newt, Taricha torosa, includes defect and other in vivo experiments, and explants in epidermal vesicles and into hanging drops. Explants of presumptive heart mesoderm from neurulae into hanging drops of a completely defined salt solution (Niu-Twitty solution) produce beating hearts only infrequently. The addition of various other tissues and fractions of tissue homogenates changes the frequency and the rate of differentiation. These two parameters were used to assess the stimulatory and suppressive effects of tissues and tissue fractions on the differentiation of the presumptive heart mesoderm. At least three different factors are active in eliciting and regulating heart differentiation. A specific heart inductor in anterior endoderm increases the rate and the freqency of heart differentiation. A general stimulatory factor in epidermis and other embryonic tissues increases the frequency, but not the rate, of heart differentiation. An inhibitory agent in cranial fold and neural plate tissues delays or prevents heart differentiation. These three factors operate from intact tissues in the embryo or when explanted in vesicles or hanging drops, and are effectively present in a fraction (from sephadex column chromatography) of homogenates of the appropriate tissues.

Play Deprivation in Deer

Abstract: The normal spontaneous play (ludic behavior) in a male and a female hand-raised fawn of the blacktailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) is described. The motor patterns employed and the extent and circumstances of play are in accordance with LINSDALE and TOMICH's observations in the wild. The play consists of head jerks, butting, pushing, head shaking, mounting, leaping, running, neck craning and neck twisting, and kicking. Exploratory behavior is independent of locomotor play. Both individuals were repeatedly experimentally deprived of leaping, running and accompanying movements (e.g., kicking). There was no effect on play: all motor patterns occur in their usual frequency after play deprivation. However, the raised speed of running in the female after deprivation should not be overlooked. The major effects of play deprivation were prolongation of the activity periods without increasing the total amount of activity, a higher rate of locomotion in the first hours after the deprivation, and in the female more exploration in the regular activity periods following the experiment. These findings support the hypothesis that play is not due to a specific motivation on its own but is closely related to a general readiness to be active, at least for the species in question.

The Fine Structure of Rhynchocystis pilosa (Sporozoa, Eugregarinida)

Abstract: SYNOPSIS. The trophozoite of Rhynchocystis pilosa obtained from the seminal vesicles of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was studied by light and electron microscopy. The trophozoite's cortical organization is particularly interesting because of its unusual evaginations and associated fibrillar structures. The pellicle is formed by 2 concentric membranes elevated into 60–70 alternating primary and secondary ridges extending posteriad. Numerous long ‘hairs’ or cytopilia originate along the primary ridges and each contains a system of fibrils originating from an underlying longitudinal myoneme. Longitudinal rows of pores lie between adjacent pollicular ridges. Three systems of fibrils lie in the cortex of the trophozoite. A longitudinal myoneme consisting of 12–18 fibrils lies below each primary pellicular ridge. Circular myonemes lie below the pellicle in a parallel array along the length of the organism. Each myoneme consists of 4–8 fibrils structurally similar to those of the longitudinal myonemes. Pairs of fine filaments also lie in the inner pellicular membrane along the apex of each ridge. The trophozoite's anterior end is modified as an attachment organelle consisting of 30–35 delicate pellicular folds which originate at the base of an anterior papilla. The folds extend approximately 15 μ posteriad where they become continuous with the primary pellicular ridges. The nucleus lies in the cytoplasm near the posterior level of the attachment organelle and is surrounded by a double membrane perforated by numerous pores. The cytoplasm contains numerous small vesicles which may be found in dense aggregations. These aggregations often occur in proximity to Golgi complexes and certain membrane-bound bodies. Mitochondria are abundant in the cytoplasm as are large, ovoid paraglycogen bodies. Occasionally layers of granular membranes are arranged parallel to the surface of the paraglycogen bodies but also occur thruout the cytoplasm.

Anatomy of Analogy: A New Look

Abstract: THIS paper will be an attempt to dispel an old notion. Namely, that analogy is a superficial phenomenological means of perception, which if applied to psychological methodology merely ornaments the procedure and consequently adds nothing of import to our knowledge. The subject has long been a neglected, if not closed, topic of discussion. Admittedly for some time now analogy has been the debate of many a philosopher and logician, but in a most superficial manner. Nevertheless in whatever manner analogy has been discussed, the overwhelming conclusion has been that, though it is a handy device, its validity as a thought process in the scientific endeavor is one not unlike that of its use in the literary world, that is to say, analogy is a device for the writers in the Humanities to approximate picturesquely the world in which we live. In short, it has been regarded as a supernumerary of correct thought and valid reasoning. In all fairness, however, it must be said that although its merits in the literary and other related media have been recognized, there is, to paraphrase a cliche, more than what meets the eye of tradition. Because of its many idiosyncratic nuances such as metaphor and simile, analogy has been studied by psychologists for quite some time, but oddly enough without their knowing it. For example, what investigations have been accomplished have been done under a myriad of rubrics not traditionally considered the domain of analogy. Yet, in fact, analogy may be equated with the well-known constructs of stimulus generalization, constancy and transposition phenomena, isomorphic relations, metaphor, abstraction, transfer, and the more recent signature of science-model. From this author's point of view a few investigators have shown insight into the nature of analogy (Anderson, 1964; Bruner, Wallach & Galanter, 1959; Cohen, 1958; Erickson, 1942; Gerard, Kluckhohn & Rapoport, 1956; Koestler, 1964; Kubie, 1961; Miller, 1955; Mostofsky, 1965; Nash, 1963, 1965; Oppenheimer, 1956; Osgood, 1949; Reiser, 1958, 1963; Rohovit, 1960; Schon, 1963; Spengler, 1932) but its wide significance for the psychology of thought has yet to be recognized. To facilitate this recognition, it is hoped that the terms which must follow will not deter the reader from this general theory of analogy, but rather enhance his fundamental knowledge of the subject in terms of future application and understanding. This, at least, is the purpose of this paper.

A value analysis of Richard Nixon's 1952 campaign‐fund speech

Abstract: Perhaps critically minded listeners were not impressed, but the mass audience that heard Nixon defend his personal integrity in a radio and televised speech in 1952 clearly was convinced by what he said. The means he used are analytically pointed out in this article.

Mental patients, prisoners, and students with simulated partners in a mixed-motive game:

Abstract: Is behavior in the Prisoner's Dilemma game (PDG) a valid indicator of personality? Deutsch (1958) has postulated a "strong connection" between personality and choice behavior. By describing this two-person, non-zero-sum game as a test of trust and suspicion, cooperation and competition, and trustworthiness and untrustworthiness, Deutsch has highlighted its psychological relevance. Early published studies concerning the relation of selected personality variables to game behavior reported positive findings (Deutsch, 1960; Lutzker, 1960; McClintock, Harrison, Strand, and Gallo, 1963; Marlowe, 1963). Recent studies, however, have failed to substantiate the existence of expected relationships (Bixenstine, Chambers, and Wilson, 1964; Pilisuk, Potter, Rapoport, and Winter, 1965; McClintock, Gallo, and Harrison, 1965; Wrightsman, 1966). In addition, Rapoport and Chammah (1965) have concluded that, although college men are more cooperative than college women, the effects

Individual differences in figural aftereffect potency: Aftereffect trace vs immediate stimulus context as a determiner of perception

Abstract: When, given the same stimulus pattern, the direction of a perceptual response can be determined by either the strength of an aftereffect trace or by an immediately present stimulus context, field-independent Ss responded in accordance with the aftereffect trace, while field-dependent Ss’ perceptions were influenced by the immediately present stimulus context. The data at hand continue to demonstrate significant differences in aftereffect potency between field-independent and field-dependent Ss.

The Long-Run Efficiency of United States Sugar Policy

Abstract: The adequacy of future sugar availabilities for United States consumption requirements since the 1960 embargo on Cuban sugar is a matter of continuing concern. This article gives estimates of the long-run effects of this embargo on the world and the United States sugar economies as well as of the efficiency of current United States long-run sugar supply policy. Long-run supply and demand functions were estimated and a general equilibrium competitive model was constructed. Comparison of the results of this competitive model with projected results of the present United States sugar supply program demonstrates the potential economic inefficiencies of the program.

Beyond the Great Divide: Immigration and the Last Frontier

Abstract: SINCE 1945, American historians have been hastening to overtake a world-centered United States. Seeking a world audience, they can no longer view their country as an innocent adolescent nation which has been engaged in a trans-Atlantic feud with an authoritarian European parent. Increasingly, the United States has become a premier trustee and guarantor of civilization, burdened with all the ironies and ambiguities that accompany its new condition. Looking outward, the nation's historians inevitably have come to look inward; and a new cosmopolitanism is gradually being introduced to the reassessment and rewriting of American history.' Nowhere is the hiatus between the older and the new historiography more challenging and more interesting than west of the Rockies in the thirteen latter-day original states, which include Alaska and Hawaii-the much touted racially aloha laboratory of democracy. No aspect of the history of the new West is more crucial to American self-understanding and more universal in interest than the virtually unexplored story of the accommodation and interaction of its diverse peoples and the implications of the severance or perpetuation of group and personal ties with the places of their origin elsewhere in America or abroad.2 No region of the United States has

Notes on Boletes—I 1. the Generic Position of Boletus Subglabripes and Boletus Chromapes 2. a Comparison of Four Species of Tylopilus

Abstract: A study of Boletus subglabripes and Boletus chromapes in relation to the diagnostic characters of the genus Leccinum failed to substantiate the transfer of either species to Leccinum. Boletus chrom...

Impact of the decline of raw silk on two major cocoon‐producing regions in japan1

Abstract: Both sericultural and manufacturing branches of Japan's once highly important raw silk industry suffered severe dislocations following peak production about 1930. World economic depression, synthetic fiber development, and World War II were fundamental causes. Reeling mill closures stemmed from bankruptcies, governmental readjustment programs, conversions into defense plants, bombings, and post-war business rationalization. Mulberry acreage shrank principally owing to wartime food shortages and profitable post-war alternatives, particularly orcharding. This paper contrasts changes observed in two of the most specialized Japanese cocoon-producing regions, Gumma Prefecture, on the Kanto lowlands where sweet potatoes and upland rice characteristically followed mulberry, and the Nagano Basin, representative of highland basins in central and northern Honshu, where orchards commonly replaced mulberry. Proportional losses in both reeling capacity, measured in number of reeling machines, and in mulberry acreage were above the national average in the Nagano Basin and below it in Gumma. Governmental policies and local factors caused these differences.

Creativity Expressed in Drawing and its Relationship to Orneriness

Abstract: Research by Lindgren and Lindgren (3, 4 ) has demonstrated a relationship between tendencies to regard oneself as \"ornery\" or \"cantankerous\" and creativeness as expressed in the writing of cartoon captions as rated by judges. The present study attempted to test the hypothesis that a similar relationship exists between such self-rated \"orneriness\" and creativeness expressed in drawing. Ss were 82 men and 175 women, all psychology students at San Francisco State College, who were each given an 8X 10-in. sheet of paper and asked to spend 5 min. drawing, sketching, or designing a postage stamp that might be issued by any country to commemorate any event or honor any person. Drawings were to be as interesting and/or attractive as possible.' Drawings were then rated on a 7-point scale for level of creativity by 3 judges working independently and using a forced-discribucion method described elsewhere (3, 4 ) .:: Ss also took the Asymmetrical Preference Test (APT) , a 30-item, forcedchoice, self-rating test based on two sets of adjectives from a study by Barron ( 1 ) . One set were adjectives used self-descriptively by Barron's Ss who expressed preferences for \"asymmetrical\" paintings (such as those by Picasso, Modigliani, and Toulouse-Lautrec), and the other set were adjectives used self-descriptively by Ss preferring \"symmetrical\" paintings (such as those by Botticelli, Corot, and Gainsborough). Correlations of .24 and .3O ( 9 < .05) have been reported for APT scores and the level of creativity expressed in cartoon captions written by men and by women, respectively (2, 3 ) . Present data supported the hypothesis, for Pearsonian rs between rated creativeness in drawing and APT scores were .25 for women and .35 for men ( p < ,001 ) .

County Antiquities Legislation, New Hope for Archaeological Preservation

Abstract: Abstract An ordinance to protect archaeological sites, adopted by Marin County, California, is described, and its potential significance on a broader level is discussed.

Consistency as a Factor in Predicting Grades

Abstract: This study attempted to determine whether individual differences in intra-individual consistency are reliable over time and whether future grades can be predicted more accurately for consistent students—those whose grades do not vary much from course to course—than for students with “spotty” records. Measures of intra-individual consistency were computed from grades obtained early in school and from grades obtained later for several samples of students. These measures showed no reliability over time, and there were no differences between consistent and inconsistent students with regard to the accuracy of prediction of future grades. It was recommended that considerable caution be used in attributing any significance to the degree of consistency or inconsistency manifested by a student's academic record.

The Swing to Community Mental Health

Abstract: IN THE 1950's this America worried about itself, yet even its anxieties were products of abundance. The title of a brilliant book was widely misinterpreted, and . . . America began to call itself \"the affluent society.\" There was introspection about Madison Avenue and tail fins; there was discussion of the emotional suffering taking place in the suburbs. In all this, there was an implicit assumption that the basic grinding economic problems had been solved in the United States. In this theory the nation's problems were no longer a matter of basic human needs, of food, shelter, and clothing. Now they were seen as qualitative, a question of learning to live decently amid luxury. While this discussion was carried on, there existed another America. In it dwelt somewhere between 40,000,000 and 50,000,000 citizens of this land. They were poor. They still are.t

The International Finance Corporation

Abstract: AMONG THE major world development organisations, the International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, is the only international financial institution which finances private enterprise projects in developing countries without government guarantee. ThE. IFC seems to be the ideal candidate to carry supply side economics to the Third World. Though it has been in Existence for over 25 years, its activities have gone largely unreported or unpublicised. This paper is directed towards assessing the ability of the IFC to meet the challenge of revitalisi~g the private sector economy in the developing countries. This paper will address the following: ( 1) a bri€f assessment of the ecor..omic plight of developing countries; (2) a discussion of the IFC and its role, functions, operations, objectives and outlook; (3) an analysis of IFC i~vestments, 1956-83, including br~akdown by loan and equity investments, geogra. ph1cal region c:.nd industrial sector; (4) an evaluation of IFC's recent operations; and (5) cor:clusions and implications.

An evaluation of hazards from immersion of plutonium in the marine environment.

Abstract: The potential hazard due to a single immersion and subsequent release of plutonium was evaluated on the basis of its possible incorporation in the marine food chains including the alga, Porphyra, and the seaweed products agar and alginic acid. The hazards were estimated by comparing the recommended permissible body burdens for large populations (1/10th occupational permissible body burden) with the expected body burden calculated on the basis of very conservative assumptions. The concentration of plutonium from a single release in the sea that would lead to the permissible body burden through the fish food chain was calculated on the basis of published concentration factors. The value of the concentration of plutonium to give this body burden was found to be 6.4 × 10–2 μCi/ml assuming a single intake of 200 gms of fish per individual. The expected body burdens from Porphyra, agar, and alginic acid were then calculated on the basis of the calculated plutonium concentration and the published concentration factor for seaweed. Calculations were also made of various diffusion parameters using six published diffusion models to obtain areas of contamination with time and the duration of a hazardous concentration.