Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1983"

The gas-grain interaction in the interstellar medium - Thermal accommodation and trapping

Abstract: The paper develops a numerical model for calculating thermal accommodation coefficients alpha sub T and trapping functions f sub t for gases incident on solid surfaces. The method is especially designed for astrophysical applications in that it treats economically and with moderate accuracy (+ or - 20%) the dependences of alpha sub T and f sub t on finite and different surface and gas temperatures for a large number of gas-surface combinations. In particular, the method is applied to the astrophysical combinations of hydrogen and helium gases incident on graphite, silicon, and ice surfaces. Graphs are presented of the dependence of alpha sub T and f sub t on interstellar gas temperatures in the range of 10 to 10,000 K and grain temperatures in the range 10 to 1000 K, assuming the current estimates of the gas-surface physical parameters such as the composition and the Debye temperature of the grain material, the repulsive range of the surface potential, and the gas-grain adsorption energy.

Composition, export and faunal utilization of drift vegetation in the salt river submarine canyon

Abstract: Submarine canyons may be particularly important in the transport process of drift seagrasses and seaweeds from highly productive shallow lagoon areas to deeper water. We studied the composition, export, and faunal utilization of shallow, nearshore benthic vegetation as it was transported to offshore areas via the Salt River submarine canyon on the island of St Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The study was conducted using a saturation diving system (NULS-1: Hydrolab) during two missions in April and August, 1980. Using bottom drifters deployed in Salt River Bay and the submarine canyon, we recorded net benthic current flow up to 2 cm s−1 moving out of the lagoon and down the canyon to deeper water. Using bottom nets set up at the canyon head and at the 29 m isobar, and from transect surveys and drift clump samples, we determined drift plant export rates and drift clump biomass and species composition. The dominant drift plants were Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and algae in the genera Dictyota, Dictyopterus, and Diloplus. During the second mission, the seagrass Halophila decipiens became more abundant, both in the drift and in large patches along the canyon floor. In both missions, more drift was collected in the nets during high wind conditions than during calmer days. Calculated turnover times ranged from 0·01 to 4·4 days for algae in the order Dictyotales and 4·4 to 18 days for Thalassia blades. Total exported biomass of drift vegetation varied between 1·4 to 65·1 kg wet wt day−1. Samples of drift vegetation contained mostly juvenile forms of both invertebrates and fishes, but in relatively low numbers. Faunal numbers were most strongly related to rate of drift movement.

Observations of a Persistent Upwelling Center off Point Conception, California

Abstract: Centers of intensified upwelling occur throughout the world and are often associated with topographic irregularities along the coasts and continental shelves. Preliminary observations from a study near Point Conception, California, as well as previous observations from Peru, near 15°S, provide us with some generalizations about coastal upwelling centers. The mean structures of these centers appear to be well-defined regions of low temperature, high nutrient concentrations and low phytoplankton abundance, with characteristic gradients of each of these variables away from the center. The biological productivity of these centers results in the generation of organic particles. The impact of this near-surface productivity on the sediments will depend on the physical structure of the upwelling centers and the variability of this structure.

Simultaneous Direct and Indirect Calorimetry

Abstract: Much of our knowledge of respiration rates is derived from measurements of oxygen uptake, one method of indirect calorimetry. The amount of oxygen consumed per unit time is often calculated from the decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in an enclosed air or water volume and then converted to equivalent heat production by using Ivlev’s [5] oxycalorific coefficient of 4.8 cal cm-3 O2 consumed (= 450 kJ mol-1). This average conversion factor was stoichiometrically determined by Ivlev and subsequently shown to be valid for fully aerobic living organisms [6, 7]; it can actually vary between 442 when the substrate is fat or protein and 477 kJ mol-1 when carbohydrate is oxidized [5]. For further discussion and new calculations of the oxycaloric equivalent see Appendix C.

Crossmodal Transfer of Stimulus Control: Preparing Students with Severe Multiple Disabilities for Audiological Assessment.

Abstract: Crossmodal transfer of stimulus control procedures was used to establish reliable responding to an auditory cue in three severely multiply handicapped students who had previously failed to demonstr...

Measuring aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of benthic infauna under natural conditions

Abstract: Some species of invertebrates, particularly benthic infauna, show extreme metabolic fluctuations, from a truly basal metabolic rate while quiescent in anaerobic mode to higher rates as a result of physical activity whether they are anaerobic or aerobic. The fluctuations may be random or cyclic, endogenous, induced by experimental conditions, or by natural changes in environmental conditions; they are readily seen and quantified by direct calorimetry. Biochemists studying anaerobic metabolism sometimes find large quantitative variations in metabolite concentration between individual test organisms. One source of variability may be the variability in the metabolic activity of the control and experimental animals. Information contained in heat flow recordings could be useful in normalizing data and making more precise correlations between actual metabolic rates and chemical measures of metabolism. Theoretical enthalpy changes from known anaerobic end products and results of direct calorimetry do not agree at present. Continual comparisons, leading to consistent agreement or satisfactory explanation of their discrepancy, are necessary to demonstrate full understanding of anaerobic metabolism.

A Note on the Possible Ecological Significance of Chemotaxis in Certain Ciliated Protozoa1

Abstract: Caracterisation d'un attractif isole a partir de bacterie et agissant a la fois sur Paramecium a alimentation bacterienne et sur son predateur naturel Didinium. Etude des relations ecologiques entre les cilies a alimentation bacterienne et leurs predateurs cilies en tenant compte du facteur bacterien chimiotactique commun

Family Metaphors: The Language of an Independence Revolution

Abstract: The metaphorical element in political statements usually gets treated as trimming, while we look for the content of the statement-explicit principles, grievances, demands, projects. Instead, historians could follow literary critics and social anthropologists in making deeper sense of symbolic language. We need methods for identifying the source, character, and persuasive function of political metaphors, criteria for judging which ones have really counted and why. In this essay I suggest four criteria for measuring the importance of a particular metaphor: (1) whether political discourse relied on it, (2) whether

Search for Fractional Charges in Water

Abstract: Results are presented from a search for fractional charges in water from a variety of natural sources. About 30 000 water drops have been measured, comprising 51 ..mu..g of water and dissolved materials. No evidence for fractional charge was seen.

Behavior and Taxonomic Status of Grayson's Dove

Abstract: Zenaida graysoni ne se trouve plus que dans les volieres. Comparaison morphologique et comportement avec Z. macroura. Z.g. doit etre considere comme une espece valide, proche de Z.m.

Search for Fractional Charges Produced in Heavy-Ion Collisions at 1.9 GeV/nucleon

Abstract: An experiment was performed to capture fractionally charged particles produced in heavy-ion collisions and to concentrate them in samples suitable for analysis by various techniques. Two of the samples so produced have been searched, with use of an automated version of Millikan's oil drop apparatus. The beam was /sup 56/Fe at 1.9 GeV/nucleon, incident on a lead target. Less than one fractional charge per 1.0 x 10/sup 4/ Fe-Pb collisions was found to be produced, and, with further assumptions, less than one per 2.0 x 10/sup 6/ collisions.

The Adolescent Visually Impaired Female

Abstract: The authors examine the complexities of being an adolescent visually impaired female. The need for parental and professional support during these critical years is emphasized. Practical suggestions...

A Self‐Image Inventory: Its Theoretical Background, Reliability and Validity*

Abstract: Wylie (1974) points out that there is a lack of adequate theoretical development in the investigation of the self-concept. The result is a proliferation of operational definitions with no clear understanding of the relationship between operations, between constructs. and between the constructs and their operationalizations. In this article we make explicit the theoretical component of self to which this Self-Image Inventory relates. The article presents the inventory and twenty years of research experience with it. The inventory is found to be both reliable and valid for measuring the self-image as a role specific component of self.

Improving the performance of UCSD Pascal via microprogramming on the PDP-11/60

Abstract: UCSD Pascal is implemented as a machine-independent virtual machine. This virtual machine is usually interpreted on a host computer by machine language instructions, which, in turn, are often interpreted by microcode. Performance of a virtual machine is generally a function of the number of levels of interpretation required to perform a computation. By bypassing one or more of these layers, it should be possible to enhance performance.To test this hypothesis, a Pascal interpreter was written for the PDP-11/60. After analysis of the Pascal machine, changes were made that interpreted selected portions of the virtual machine directly in microcode.This paper describes the microcode which was added, and discusses the improvements which resulted.

Strengthening Connections Between Schools and Communities: A Method of Improving Urban Schools.

Abstract: Strategies, successful, and unsuccessful, for community involvement in the schools: outcomes, foreseen and unforeseen.

Sodium values of Chinese condiments and their use in sodium-restricted diets,

Abstract: Counseling a Chinese patient on a low-sodium diet can be an arduous task for the dietitian. Special consideration of cultural beliefs, food preferences, and food practices must be incorporated into the individualized instruction. Equally important is the need for familiarity with the sodium values of frequently consumed foods and condiments indigenous to the Chinese population. To date, published sodium determinations for such items are quite limited. Representative samples of commonly used Chinese seasonings and sauces were collected. Analysis was performed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Many of the condiments often forbidden in the sodium-restricted diet contained less than 200 mg. sodium per teaspoon in all the samples tested. These included: sweet bean sauce, rinsed and unrinsed fermented black beans, hoisin sauce, satay sauce, fermented bean cake, and rinsed and unrinsed dried shrimp. These data can give the dietitian the option of calculating these often "forbidden" items into the sodium-restricted diet. Factors to be considered are the patient's typical meal pattern, situational needs, comprehension level, degree of compliance, and other available information.

Instability of optimal equilibria in the minimum mass design of uniform shallow arches

Abstract: Necessary and sufficient conditions for the minimum mass design of arbitrarily loaded uniform shallow arches are derived. The problem is posed as an optimal control problem with mass as the criterion, initial curvature and axial load as design variables, and with the differential equations of axial and transverse equilibrium of the arch as side conditions. Thus, an optimal equilibrium is associated with each optimal design, and the stability of these equilibria becomes an integral part of the problem solution. As an example, the design process is carried out for the sinusoidally loaded hinged-hinged arch with a fixed span. It turns out that, depending on the given load amplitude, the optimal equilibrium can be unstable, stable after snap-through, and nonunique with one equilibrium unstable and the other stable after snap-through, at the design load of the arch. In addition, a necessary condition for a local minimum is the same as the usual critical point condition in stability analysis, thus assuring the instability of the arch at the optimum. A brief survey of earlier work on the optimal design of arches and curved beams is also included.

Understanding Courts as Policy Makers

Abstract: The part that courts play in the making of public policy long has been a subject of great interest in the United States. That interest has grown a good deal during the last three decades, a period of perceived expansion in the activism and power of the judiciary. Governing Through Courts' is one reflection of the scholarly community's current interest in courts as policy makers. This book, edited by Richard Gambitta, Marlynn May, and James Foster, is a collection of 14 essays. The book and several of the essays grew out of the experience of the editors and some of the contributors as National Endowment for the Humanities Fellows at the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1979-1980. Two of the editors are political scientists, the other a sociologist; the other contributors are a mixture of social scientists (primarily from political science) and legal scholars and practitioners. The book is divided into three parts: the first consists of three broad examinations of courts and their part in the policy-making process; the second includes several essays on the work of the courts in particular policy areas and contexts, including the one chapter in the book that focuses on nonAmerican courts; the final part, although it is the broadest in subject matter, has running through its essays a concern with the indirect and long-term impact of litigation and court decisions. The work's most notable feature is the diversity of the subject matter and perspectives presented in it. The book does not offer a single clear point of view on judicial governance or one distinct analytic approach to it. Thus it does not make a coherent statement on courts as policy makers. Despite this limitation, I think the book is a useful addition to the admittedly voluminous body of scholarly literature in this area. Legal scholars who are not familiar with social science research on judicial policy making will find that the breadth of the book's concerns makes it a good introduction. Many