Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1984"
TL;DR: Two experiments were conducted to increase the initiations and duration of social interactions between autistic and nonhandicapped youths and the importance of teaching generalized social responding in particular subenvironments was emphasized.
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to increase the initiations and duration of social interactions between autistic and nonhandicapped youths. Experiment 1 taught two autistic youths to initiate and elaborate social interactions with three age-appropriate and commonly used leisure objects; a radio, a video game, and gum. The students were first taught to use the objects and subsequently instructed in the related social skills. The youths generalized these social responses to other non-handicapped peers in the same leisure setting. A second experiment trained a third autistic youth to emit similar social leisure skills. The use of the leisure objects and the related social skills were taught at the same time. The autistic youth learned these skills and generalized them to other handicapped peers in the same leisure setting. The importance of teaching generalized social responding in particular subenvironments was emphasized.
193 citations
TL;DR: The centipedes and possible insects found at a new fossil site near Gilboa, New York, may represent the earliest records known for these groups of terrestrial arthropods.
Abstract: A new fossil site near Gilboa, New York, is one of only three where fossils of terrestrial arthropods of Devonian age have been found. The new Gilboan fauna is younger than the other two but richer in taxa. Fragmentary remains and nearly whole specimens assigned to Eurypterida, Arachnida (Trigonotarbida, Araneae, Amblypygi, and Acari), Chilopoda [Craterostigmatomorpha(?) and Scuterigeromorpha(?)], and tentatively to Insecta (Archaeognatha) have been found. The centipedes and possible insects may represent the earliest records known for these groups.
153 citations
TL;DR: Conference sur les affinites entre les Champignons Secotioides et les Agaricaceae et leurs voies evolutives.
Abstract: Conference sur les affinites entre les Champignons Secotioides et les Agaricaceae et leurs voies evolutives
145 citations
TL;DR: Copepods and chaetognaths from the Southern California Bight had higher 15N:14N ratios than did those from the North Pacific Central Gyre, and little geographic or temporal variation was observed in zooplanktonic fY3C.
Abstract: Copepods and chaetognaths from the Southern California Bight had higher 15N:14N ratios than did those from the North Pacific Central Gyre. Within the bight, zooplankters were more enriched in 15N when N03- was the major nitrogenous nutrient for phytoplankton than at other times. The 15N enrichment is related to the degree of exchange of nitrogen between the euphotic zone and deeper water, and the low 15N:14N ratio in the central gyre is probably also related to the importance of nitrogen fixation. In contrast, little geographic or temporal variation was observed in zooplanktonic fY3C.
130 citations
120 citations
TL;DR: Abondance, composition specifique and distribution des graines enfouies dans les marais sales de la Baie de San Francisco.
Abstract: Abondance, composition specifique et distribution des graines enfouies dans les marais sales de la Baie de San Francisco
112 citations
TL;DR: A generalization of Wagner's dynamic programming model for the replacement economy decision problem is presented and multiple alternative challengers to a current defender are considered, and each component cash flow of each challenger can vary independently according to the time of acquisition.
Abstract: A generalization of Wagner's dynamic programming model for the replacement economy decision problem is presented. The model, illustrated by numerical examples, classifies relevant cash flows into three components: capital transfers, operating disbursements, and operating revenues. Conceptually, this model could be extended easily to an arbitrary number of component cash flows. Multiple alternative challengers to a current defender are considered, and each component cash flow of each challenger can vary independently according to the time of acquisition; thus differential inflation and prospective technological changes could be dealt with easily. A PASCAL implementation of the model, included as an appendix, was used to identify prospectively optimal sequences of assets in three numerical examples.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, data were gathered from 258 telephone respondents indicating the existence of a para-social interaction by the viewing audience toward local television newscasters, and they concluded that there was a para social interaction between viewers and the news anchors.
Abstract: In this exploratory study, data were gathered from 258 telephone respondents indicating the existence of a para‐social interaction by the viewing audience toward local television newscasters.
74 citations
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: Since Zadeh (1971) introduced similarity relations and fuzzy orderings, a great deal of work has been done in studying properties of these relations and their applications.
Abstract: Since Zadeh (1971) introduced similarity relations and fuzzy orderings, a great deal of work has been done in studying properties of these relations and their applications. The reader is referred to recent volumes edited by Gupta and Sanchez (1982), Yager (1982), and Gupta, Ragade and Yager (1979) for a representative sample of publications in this area.
69 citations
TL;DR: Cell division rate, carbon fixation per cell, cell width and chloroplast length of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin were determined at 30 different combinations of light intensity and temperature, finding that cells grown at 23–25° C tended to be larger than those grown at lower temperatures, possibly due to increased carbon fixation each cell coupled with lower division rates.
Abstract: Cell division rate, carbon fixation per cell, cell width and chloroplast length of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin were determined at 30 different combinations of light intensity and temperature Division rate peaked at 23° C or less depending on light intensity For each light intensity studied, carbon fixation increased directly with growth temperature from 14 to 25° C The slope of this relationship was modified by light intensity Cells grown at 23–25° C tended to be larger than those grown at lower temperatures, possibly due to increased carbon fixation per cell coupled with lower division rates Chloroplasts were largest at a combination of temperatures above 21° C and low light intensities This effect could cause cells to sink at a higher than normal rate due to reduced vacuole size and is presented as a possible mechanism affecting the distribution of P tricornutum
59 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss what should playgrounds for young children be like, and do those design suggestions that have appeared in the contemporary literature make a difference? What design factors seem to influence preschool children?
Abstract: What should playgrounds for young children be like? Do those design suggestions that have appeared in the contemporary literature make a difference? What design factors seem to influence preschool ...
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TL;DR: Evidence is provided that A. sylvaticus adapts to the terrestrial habitat through behavioral rather than physiological mechanisms, and could be altered through acclimation to higher temperatures.
Abstract: The physiological and behavioral ecology of the terrestrial amphipod Arcitalitrus sylvaticus (Haswell, 1880) was investigated. Four main aspects were examined: thermal tolerance and thermal acclimation, water loss, resistance to desiccation (as survival), and orientation along a humidity gradient. Thermal tolerance was not affected by the body weight of the amphipod but could be altered through acclimation to higher temperatures. Transpiration rates were affected by body weight, i.e., small amphipods lost water faster than larger amphipods. In dry air (20% relative humidity) and moist air (100% relative humidity) transpiration rates were directly affected by temperature. The survival of A. sylvaticus was tested at various temperature-humidity combinations; survival for periods longer than 48 h was achieved only at relative humidities of 100% at temperatures less than 30°C. In an experimental chamber designed to maintain an internal gradient of 50-100% relative humidity, a higher frequency of position records was recorded on the more humid side. In contrast, amphipods placed inside a chamber with a uniform relative humidity of 100% showed no preference to chamber side. The results provide evidence that A. sylvaticus adapts to the terrestrial habitat through behavioral rather than physiological mechanisms.
TL;DR: A representative sample of the literature in the field of autism was reviewed to ascertain the potential impact of the available information on the development of educational programs to teach students with autism to function in a wide variety of heterogeneous community environments as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A representative sample of the literature in the field of autism was reviewed to ascertain the potential impact of the available information on the development of educational programs to teach students with autism to function in a wide variety of heterogeneous community environments. Limitations in the research literature were identified with regard to the artificial nature of settings, tasks, materials, teaching formats, and curriculum content. Suggestions are made as to ways in which research efforts can be directed towards enabling educators to better assist these students to function more independently and ultimately to live, work, and recreate in a variety of noninstitutional environments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electronic spectra and equilibrium constants for addition of 3-picoline to a series of symmetrically and unsymmetrically phenyl-substituted ZnTPP derivatives have been measured.
TL;DR: Infection of fibroblast cell lines initiated from BALB/c or NFR mice with coxsackievirus B3 or B4 resulted in infections which persisted for a limited number of subpassages of the infected cells in most cases, but for over a year in one case.
Abstract: Infection of fibroblast cell lines initiated from BALB/c or NFR mice with coxsackievirus B3 (CBV-3) or B4 (CBV-4) resulted in infections which persisted for a limited number of subpassages of the infected cells in most cases, but for over a year in one case. In all instances primary acute infections were characterized by cytopathology and release of infectious virus progeny. Viral antigen could be detected during the acute phase of infection, but not in subcultured infected cells. Infectious center assays showed that every cell was infected during the acute phase of infection, but that from the first subcultivation on, the numbers of cells which were able to initiate infection were greatly reduced. The long term persistent CBV-3 infection was characterized by wide fluctuations in titers of virus released into the supernatant fluids. Interferon did not appear to play a role in maintenance of the persistent infection. Information derived from studies on mechanisms of CBV persistence in thein vitro model may help to elucidate the role of CBV in chronic human diseases such as myocarditis.
TL;DR: The pH-Ki profile over the pH range 6.5-9.5 was consistent with the formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex which resembled the metastable tetrahedral reaction intermediates occurring during acylation and deacylation of chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis.
TL;DR: In this article, the rotational energy of the nascent fragments of the two spin components of the OH( 2 Σ + ) was analyzed and the experimental results strongly suggest that the vibrational OH torsion mode of the parent H 2 O 2 is promoted into rotation of the fragments, which is also supported by theoretical arguments.
TL;DR: The persistence of virus for up to 28 days in NFR nude mice is longer than has been reported previously, and offers an opportunity for further study of the role of T-cells in virus persistence and myocarditis.
Abstract: NFR nude (nu/nu) and euthymic (+/nu) littermates were infected with coxsackievirus B3 (CBV-3) and assayed for virus persistence in the heart, pancreas and spleen, for development of myocarditis and for antibody production. The virus grew to higher titer and persisted longer in hearts of nu/nu mice. In both types of mice there was comparable myocarditis with a mononuclear cell inflammatory response, and there was some evidence of chronic lesions for up to 21 days in +/nu and 28 days in nu/nu mice. Antibody of the IgM class was present at 7 days in both strains of mice. Thereafter, +/nu mice produced high titers of virus-specific IgG antibody, while nu/nu mice produced little or no viral IgG antibody. The persistence of virus for up to 28 days in NFR nude mice is longer than has been reported previously, and offers an opportunity for further study of the role of T-cells in virus persistence and myocarditis.
TL;DR: In this article, six adults with severe disabilities were taught to purchase coffee in a community sit-down restaurant using a 46 step task analysis, a prompt hierarchy of least to greatest prompts, and social reinforcement.
Abstract: Six adults with severe disabilities were taught to purchase coffee in a community sit-down restaurant. Skills in the community were taught using a 46 step task analysis, a prompt hierarchy of least to greatest prompts, and social reinforcement. Generalization was assessed across two restaurants with similar characteristics and one with dissimilar characteristics (i.e., a fast food restaurant). At the completion of training, the people involved in the study demonstrated competencies equal to non-handicapped customers and they maintained these skills at a two to five month follow-up assessment.
01 Jun 1984
TL;DR: EMG as a physiological measure for transfer of training functioned well in detecting the psychophysiological affect of stressful imagery and developing self-regulation of a "cultivated low arousal state" as a countermeasure to tensed muscular reaction to stressful imagery.
Abstract: This study compared the efficacy of five relaxation training procedures, four of which employed EMG auditory feedback: (1) biofeedback only (BF), (2) autogenic training phrases (ATP), (3) music (MU), (4) autogenic training phrases and music (ATP & MU), and (5) a control group, in developing self-regulation of a “cultivated low arousal state” as a countermeasure to tensed muscular reaction to stressful imagery. Twenty subjects established a pre- and posttraining frontalis region EMG biofeedback baseline measurement. Sixteen subjects were assigned at random to the 25-minute taped relaxation training procedure. After eight training sessions (4 weeks), MU and ATP & MU groups achieved highly significant differences when compared with the control group. The ATP & MU group attained the lowest postbaseline arousal level measured by the EMG. EMG as a physiological measure for transfer of training functioned well in detecting the psychophysiological affect of stressful imagery.
TL;DR: In this article, the constancy in excitation energy of the lowest 2+ state in the Sr isotopes across sthe N=56 subshell closure is shown to result from a reduction in the 2 p 1 2 −2 p 3 2 proton spin-orbit splitting as the 2 d 5 2 neutron orbital is filled.
TL;DR: There may be various pathogenic or immunopathogenic mechanisms by which CBV-4 can produce myocarditis, and a murine model system for evaluation of myocarditic and cardiotropic properties of strains of group B, type 4 coxsackievirus was developed.
Abstract: A murine model system for evaluation of myocarditic and cardiotropic properties of strains of group B, type 4 coxsackievirus (CBV-4) was developed in male BALB/c mice 4 weeks of age Differing cardiotropic and myocarditic properties could be identified among field strains within the CBV-4 serotype These properties were consistent for the virus strains, and were independent of the infecting virus dose Virus replication in the heart appeared to be essential for development of myocarditis, but some infected hearts with high levels of infectious virus did not show myocarditis Two of the myocarditic strains showed different histopathology in infected hearts; with one strain (Mil) the myocarditis was characterized by a marked inflammatory reaction with occasional accompanying myofiber necrosis With the other strain (Bol), necrosis was the predominant finding, with a much lesser degree of inflammation These findings suggest that there may be various pathogenic or immunopathogenic mechanisms by which CBV-4 can produce myocarditis
TL;DR: The results indicate that sensory awareness training reduced self-stimulatory behaviors, but that these behaviors were still being emitted at a high rate.
Abstract: Sensory awareness training procedures were used to reduce the self-stimulatory behavior of a profoundly retarded female. Self-stimulatory behaviors were directly observed and recorded using a 15-second momentary time sample procedure for 10-minute recording periods. An alternating treatment design was used to compare the effects of treatment and nontreatment. Tactile, olfactory, and gustatory materials were used to stimulate the person's senses. Generalization was assessed across noncompliant behaviors. The results indicate that sensory awareness training reduced self-stimulatory behaviors, but that these behaviors were still being emitted at a high rate. Suggestions for further research are made, and the use of "traditional" sensory awareness training procedures is questioned.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors draw some conclusions about the limitations of mainstreaming, based on a comparison between the author's experiences as director of a "mainstreaming" project (in this case, on ethnic studies) and her experiences as coordinator of a Women's Studies program.
Abstract: This article draws some conclusions about the limitations of ‘mainstreaming’, based on a comparison between the author's experiences as director of a ‘mainstreaming’ project (in this case, on Ethnic Studies) and her experiences as coordinator of a Women's Studies program. Integrating the curriculum and building autonomous programs are fundamentally different projects. ‘Mainstreaming’, while important, cannot represent the full scope, complexity, vitality, and contextuality of Women's Studies. Women's Studies has its own subject, gender, just as other disciplines have their central subjects. The new body of knowledge and theory about gender cannot be assimilated into ‘traditional’ departments and disciplines. Women's Studies is in the process of constituting itself a discipline; and knowing a discipline implies familiarity with the central issues of a given discourse, a knowledge of its central questions and controversies, an awareness of resonances among texts, and participation in the institutions and activities generating new knowledge and ideas. It is this sense of relationship among texts, ideas, empirical findings, theories, even the personalities and visions of individual human beings that cannot be fully transmitted in any mainstreaming project. Only in autonomous programs can Women's Studies continue its evolution toward disciplinary status and achieve its full intellectual and political promise.
TL;DR: Trypanosoma lucknowi n.
Abstract: Trypanosoma lucknowi n. sp. was isolated in culture from one of 126 Macaca mulatta originating from the vicinity of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Trypanosoma lucknowi is distinctive because of the large number of epimastigotes and trypomastigotes which, in culture, exhibit no movement or only a slight bending of the flagellar end. This limited motility coincides with a free flagellum which is either completely absent or rudimentary. The microorganism is cloned readily, and the description is based upon such cultures. Trypanosoma lucknowi shows pronounced differences from other trypanosomes of South Asian macaques and from "aflagellar" African trypanosomes. The ultrastructural demonstration of a cytostome and contractile vacuole suggests ultimate grouping with stercorarian trypanosomes. A 3-D reconstruction of the flagellar pocket/cytostome region is included.
TL;DR: The position that early diagnosis, early seizure control, and early multidisciplinary intervention are crucial in reducing the poor prognosis in severe tuberous sclerosis cases is presented.
Abstract: This case study presents the history of a child diagnosed with severe tuberous sclerosis (TS) with an original prognosis of severe to profound mental retardation. Infantile spasms and seizures were eventually controlled, and with educational and therapeutic intervention, this child progressed until she was functioning within normal limits by age 4. This paper presents the position that early diagnosis, early seizure control, and early multidisciplinary intervention are crucial in reducing the poor prognosis in such cases.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In the last decade, the electron transport system (ET) has gained popularity and has even been preferred by some (Bamstedt, 1980; as mentioned in this paper ) to determine energy flow in the food web.
Abstract: Determining and modeling the flow of energy and matter in the food web is perceived to be a key to our understanding of the productivity and other properties of the ecosystem (Platt et al., 1981). The measurement of metabolic rates has been a major part of our undertaking to determine energy flow. The oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production of individual organisms as well as representative samples of communities have been our primary measures of metabolic rates. In the last decade, the activity of the electron transport system (Packard, 1971) has gained popularity and has even been preferred by some (Bamstedt, 1980).