Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1985"

Group Work, Interlanguage Talk,and Second Language Acquisition.

Abstract: The use of group work in classroom second language learning has long been supported by sound pedagogical arguments. Recently, however, a psycholinguistic rationale for group work has emerged from second language acquisition research on conversation between non-native speakers, or interlanguage talk. Provided careful attention is paid to the structure of tasks students work on together, the negotiation work possible in group activity makes it an attractive alternative to the teacher-led, “lockstep” mode and a viable classroom substitute for individual conversations with native speakers.

Intercultural Encounters The Management of Compliments by Japanese and Americans

Abstract: Two types of inquiry were used to explore the norms governing the management of compliments in Japan and the United States. The first, a semistructured interview, revealed great differences in the frequency of complimenting behavior and in the hierarchy of attributes praised. Incidents from these interviews were used to construct a Complimentary Mode Questionnaire that was then administered to larger samples of Japanese and Americans. The resulting data indicated there were highly significant differences in the reported praising behavior of members of the two cultures. These differences appeared with regard to the status of communicative partners and with regard to the attributes admired. No sex differences were found. When the Japanese were expected to prefer more indirect forms of praise they also showed greater preference for many direct forms; when Americans were expected to prefer more direct forms of praise, they showed surprising preference for indirect forms. The relations of these patterns to oth...

Ecological isolation in Artemia: population differences in tolerance of anion concentrations

Abstract: Artemia cysts were collected from 15 North American habitats: 6 sea-water salterns where the prevailing anion is chloride and nine inland lakes where the prevailing anion is either chloride, sulfate, or carbonate. On a yeast diet, 14 of the 15 populations have optimum nauplius-to-adult viability in media with sodium concentrations of 1.1-1.3 M (with sodium comprising > 90% of relative molar cationic composition). However, nauplii from Jesse Lake require less concentrated media (0.6 M sodium) for the first week of development. The range of anionic tolerance of each population greatly exceeds the range encountered in the source water. Saltern shrimps live in waters with less than 5% sulfate (expressed as percentage molar anionic composition), yet thrive in media with up to 29% sulfate. Penley Artemia tolerate laboratory media which are 23% carbonate, although Penley Lake is reported to contain < 1% carbonate relative molar anionic composition. Each of the four populations from carbonate lakes tolerates 0.2% to 66% of the anionic molar composition as carbonate. Media with high carbonate concentrations (up to 11 g carbonate/l, pH 9.7, obligate low magnesium and calcium) killed shrimps from high-chloride habitats but permitted nauplius-to-adult development of Artemia from 5 low-chloride lakes (Penley, Fallon, Kiathuthlanna, Jesse, and Mono lakes). Low-carbonate media (<0.2 g combined carbonate and bicarbonate/1) distinguished clusters of populations by the criterion of tolerance of chloride/sulfate (Cl/SO4) ratio. In complex solutions, differences in Cl/SO4 ratio are confounded with changes in osmolarity, ionic strength, pH, and specific gravity. Observation of viability of Artemia in an array of media matched for the other parameters revealed authentic population differences in tolerance of Cl/SO4 ratios. In order of descending relative chloride tolerance, the sequence is: 3 Caribbean populations, 6 other populations from high-chloride habitats, and 3 populations tested from low-chloride habitats (Fallon, Penley, and Jesse). Jesse nauplii show the least tolerance of high absolute chloride concentration. In medium No. 70 (1.1 M sodium, Cl/SO4 molar ratio of 2.5, 80 g total dissolved solids/1) all populations except Jesse Lake Artemia have high fertility and viability, much higher than when cultured in sea water. Interpopulation matings in No. 70 and other permissive media produced fertile F, and F2 progeny. Thus, these 15 populations belong to the A. franciscana Kellogg superspecies. Some populations (or clusters of populations) are ecologically isolated in nature and represent incipient species or sibling species.

Using a Behavior Chain Interruption Strategy to Teach Communication Skills to Students with Severe Disabilities

Abstract: Two adolescents with severe disabilities were taught pictorial communication skills using an interrupted behavior sequence strategy. The independent variable involved insertion of a typical operant instructional trial for teaching communication skills into the midst of ongoing predictable sequences of behaviors, such as making toast or washing dishes, rather than at the beginning of the task performance. Results indicated the strategy was effective, and are discussed in terms of motivational factors and in terms of potential application of the strategy in community settings.

pH profile of the adsorption of nucleotides onto montmorillonite. I. Selected homoionic clays.

Abstract: The effect of pH and adsorbed ions on the adsorption of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides on montmorillonite clay was studied experimentally. The specific nucleotides examined were: 5 prime-AMP; 3-prime AMP; and 5 prime-CMP. The pH of the clay samples was adjusted to various levels in the 2-12 pH range using microliter volumes of concentrated acid (1N HCl) and base (1NHNaOH). It was found that preferential adsorption among nulceotides was dependent on the pH level and on the characteristics of the substituted metal cation and anion exchange mechanisms. Below pH 4, adsorption was attributed to cation and anion exchange mechanisms. Above pH 4, however, adsorption was attributed to the complexation mechanisms occurring between the metal cations in the clay exchange site and in the biomolecule. The possible role of homoionic clays in the concentration mechanisms of biomonomers in the prebiotic environment is discussed.

A Rationale for Reliabilism

Abstract: pattern of inference if it contains psychologically real elements cor responding to all the steps of that pattern. It merely instantiates that pattern if there is some step that is not explicitly included but merely implicitly as sumed. This distinction makes sense, I suggest, if we suppose that our or dinary, routine reasoning, as in perceptual judgment, operates according to something like the following rule, which I call the taking-for-granied rule. This content downloaded from 130.212.18.96 on Fri, 30 Sep 2016 20:15:31 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Differential utilization of space and food by the inshore rockfishes (Scorpaenidae: Sebastes) of Carmel Bay, California

Abstract: Six rockfish species were found to be common in the Carmel Bay kelp forests. Five of these occupy spatial zones that are more or less distinct from one another. Three species (S. atrovirens, S. chrysomelas, and S. carnatus) occupy species-specific spatial zones while two others (S. serranoides and S. melanops), although spatially distinct from each other, occupy zones that overlap completely with a sixth species, S. mystinus. Food overlap values (PSI) indicate that S. mystinus has low competitive overlap with all other species, and hence can coexist with two species using the same habitat. Dietary arrays reflect the distinct spatial zones occupied by most of the rockfishes. Structural characteristics associated with feeding (maxillary, intestine, and gill raker length) suggest that these species are differentially adapted in regard to feeding morphology. The coexistence of these rockfishes appears to be the result of the partitioning of food and space resources, rather than the result of stochastic events which appear to be important in the structuring of some coral-reef fish communities. S. mystinus juveniles represent a major trophic link between adult piscivores and the planktonic organisms upon which the juveniles feed. A sustained crash in S. mystinus numbers might have a negative effect on abundance of kelp forest piscivorous species.

pH profile of the adsorption of nucleotides onto montmorillonite. II. Adsorption and desorption of 5'-AMP in iron-calcium montmorillonite systems.

Abstract: The interaction of 5-prime-AMP with montmorillonite saturated with various ratios of two metals found ubiquitously on the surface of earth, that is, iron and calcium, is investigated. Adsorption and desorption of the nucleotide were studied in the pH range of 2-12 at three levels of addition: 0.080, 0.268 and 0.803 mmole 5-prime-AMP per gram of clay. Two desorption stages were employed - H2O wash and NaOH extraction (pH = 12.0). 5-prime-AMP was preferentially adsorbed on the Fe-containing clays relative to the Ca clay. The nucleotide was fully recovered by the two desorption stages, mostly by the NaOH extraction. The evidence at hand indicates that 5-prime-AMP reaction with clay is affected by electrostatic interactions involving both attraction and repulsion forces. Some specific adsorption, possibly the result of covalent bonding and complex formation with the adsorbed ion, cannot be ruled out for iron but does not appear to operate for calcium. Changes in pH cause varying degrees of attaction and repulsion of 5-prime-AMP and may have been operating on the primitive earth, leading to sequences of adsorption and release of this biomolecule.

Relationships among sexual behavior, hot flashes, and hormone levels in perimenopausal women

Abstract: Forty-three perimenopausal women kept daily records of menstrual cycles and sexual activity. Data on hot flashes and plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were obtained at two points during the menopausal transition. The prospective data yielded a significant negative association between hot flash ratings and regularity of sexual intercourse at both time points. A significant negative correlation was found between estradiol (in the early part of the cycle) and hot flashes ratings at the first data point only, and positive correlations were found between hot flashes and ratio of testosterone to estradiol (T/E) at both. Frequency of sexual intercourse and level of plasma estradiol were higher, and T/E and hot flash ratings were lower in “early” perimenopausal women who were still having cycles at least once every 30 days, as compared with “late” perimenopausal women who were cycling less often. It was concluded that a close association exists between increasing irregularity of menstrual cycles, hot flashes, declining estradiol levels, and declining frequency of intercourse during the perimenopause. Causal relationships remain to be established.

The Training and Generalization of Social Interaction during Breaktime at Two Job Sites in the Natural Environment

Abstract: Four high-school age students with autism and severe handicaps were trained to initiate and sustain social interactions with nonhandicapped peers in a commonly shared breakroom at two community job sites. The generalization of social behavior to nontrained coworkers was probed in the same setting during natural breaktimes. A multiple-baseline across subjects design was used to assess the effectiveness of a training package based on concurrent training of chains of responses using systematic prompting and reinforcement of correct behavior. Generalization was promoted using a multiple exemplar strategy. The results showed that all participants acquired a chain of social break behaviors using one peer trainer. Two participants displayed generalization of social responses prior to the acquisition of the complete chain. Two participants required training with multiple peers prior to the occurrence of generalization.

The distribution and temporal dynamics of the estuarine macroalgal community of San Francisco Bay

Abstract: Long-term sampling of intertidal macroalgae along permanently marked transects within San Francisco Bay has shown a marked decline in overall species number along the estuarine gradient from the ocean to the river, presumably as a result of decreasing salinity and a progressive lack of hard substrata in the upstream direction. Green algae penetrated further landward than either brown or red species. Seasonally, macroalgal species diversity is lowest during the winter-spring months when salinity, temperature, and irradiance are at yearly minima. Macroalgal abundance as measured by percent cover was maximum during the late spring near the mouth of the estuary and during late summer towards the head. The seasonal increase in algal abundance is related to increasing salinity, temperature, and light availability to the bottom. The summer increase in irradiance is due to the longer photoperiod, increased frequency of day-time low tides, and reduced levels of suspended sediments. The aperiodic occurrence of algal blooms in San Pablo Bay may be caused by a combination of physical factors which are ultimately associated with the river inflow. A hypothesis based on interannual differences in river inflow and the contribution of phytoplankton to nutrient cycles in the benthos is presented to explain the occurrence of nuisance algal blooms.

Reference Person Influence on Career Women's Dress:

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of situational and personality characteristics on the acceptance of normative and informational influence by career women from refe...

An Analysis of Response-Contingent Learning Experiences for Young Children

Abstract: The effects of contingent feedback on the learning and affective behavior of young children with severe and multiple handicaps was examined Three children, ranging in age from 8 months to 25 months, were provided contingent learning experiences via electromechanical apparatus The study addressed three questions: (a) Could these young children be taught to increase the frequency of a low incidence behavior through the use of contingent feedback?, (b) Could electromechanical devices operated by parents be utilized for this training?, (c) Did these response-contingent learning experiences facilitate development of an awareness of the contingent feedback as measured by increased positive affective responses and attention? Results indicated that all three children increased the frequency of the target behavior The data are equivocal as to whether or not children showed an awareness of the response-contingent feedback These findings are discussed in light of developmental and learning theories Implications

Five Factor Scales for Internal-External Control and their Relations to Measures of Adjustment.

Abstract: A partir d'une serie de tests de personnalite Collins a degage 4 configurations elementaires rendant compte du «controle externe interne» (attribution de causalite): croyance en un monde difficile, en un monde juste, en un monde previsible, en un monde politiquement solidaire. Les echelles de controle externe-interne de Rotter et de Levenson sont-elles pertinentes, de ce point de vue?

Origin of Lacustrine Rocks of Wilkins Peak Member, Wyoming

Abstract: Wilkins Peak Member of the Green River Formation, with its interbeds of trona, oil shale, and dolomitic mudstone, contrasts markedly with the predominantly oil-shale and calcitic mudstone sequences of the remainder of the succession. Much discussion has centered on the origin of these lacustrine rocks. A perennial meromictic (stratified) lake model has been replaced in recent years by a playa-lake model. The subsurface stratigraphy, however, was not well known when the models were developed. Paleogeographic reconstruction indicates that the region was subjected to variations in hydrographic conditions mainly in response to climatic fluctuations. During humid subtropical periods, widespread during the deposition of the Tipton Shale Member and Laney Member, the lakes were p edominantly open meromictic systems with rivers entering the basin from the north. These environmental conditions were modified during deposition of the Wilkins Peak Member as the climate became more arid, and along the southern margin of the basin, shallow, saline-alkaline playa lakes formed in response to these changes. The widespread occurrence in the subsurface of fluvial clastic sequences of the Wasatch Formation associated with the Wilkins Peak Member would indicate that the playa lakes were frequently flooded and freshened by southern drainage systems. Therefore, the lakes were continuously undergoing modifications under the influence of climatic and possibly tectonic processes. A composite model is supported that combines aspects of both the meromictic and playa-lake models. Beca se of these complexities, it is unlikely that one modern lake can serve as an analog for ancient Lake Gosiute.

An Analysis of the Effects of Early Intervention Services for Infants and Toddlers with Moderate and Severe Handicaps

Abstract: The effectiveness of an early intervention program which featured combination home and center based, transdisciplinary team services for children with moderate to severe disabilities and their parents is discussed. Program evaluation was conducted utilizing multiple methods including pre-posttest comparisons of child change as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the Uniform Performance Assessment System, a project curriculum objectives checklist, and pre-posttest comparisons of parent behavior change as measured on the Parent Behavior Progression Scale. Comparisons indicated statistically significant positive behavioral changes for both children and their parents. No relationship was found, however, between amount of child developmental progress and parenting behavior.

Qualitative Research Methods in Special Education: Ethnography, Microethnography, and Ethology:

Abstract: Although recent publications and conference presentations provide evidence that special educators are interested in new ways of doing research, alternatives to traditional quantitative research pra...

First-principles approach for effective elastic-moduli calculation: Application to continuous fractal structure

Abstract: We present a new first-principles approach to the calculation of effective elastic moduli of composites based on the iterative solution of the Dyson equation for elastic wave scatterings in inhomogeneous media. Application of the method to the examination of elastic scaling behavior of a continuous fractal shows that the moduli associated with different elastic eigenmodes exhibit distinct exponents in scaling with the size of the system.

Tutorial on fuzzy logic in simulation

Abstract: The objective of this tutorial is to introduce to the simulation community another tool that is now available. This tool is best known under the name of Fuzzy Set Theory. This tutorial contains a brief discussion of the current trends in simulation which we believe justify the need of this new tool. Kept to a minimum, the Introduction to fuzzy sets will be strictly limited to the case of a finite number of elements. Most attention will be devoted to fuzzy logic. It is precisely fuzzy logic which lends itself to growth in the simulation of situations that arise in real life either because of the inexactness of the environment, or because of the inexactness/imprecision of the available data.

Production and Characterization of a Polymer from Arthrobacter sp

Abstract: An Arthrobacter sp. isolated from a glucose-sucrose agar plate was found to produce a neutral, extremely viscous, opalescent extracellular polymer. Growth, polymer production, and rheological properties and chemical composition of the isolated polymer were examined. The polymer was found to be substantially different from other arthrobacter polymers. Some unusual properties included irreversible loss of viscosity with high temperature and degradation of the polymer during fermentation and upon storage at 4 degrees C. Other characteristics included dependence on sucrose for polymer production, relative pH stability, increased viscosity with increased salt concentration, and pseudoplasticity. The polymer was found to be composed primarily (if not entirely) of d-fructose. The fructose content and other characteristics suggested that the polymer was a levan.

Cooperative Group Tasks and Their Relationship to Peer Acceptance and Cooperation

Abstract: This study suggests that cooperative learning tasks may be helpful in developing peer acceptance and cooperation in learning-disabled children. As a result of cooperative learning tasks that were done with learning-disabled boys, there occurred changes in peer acceptance and cooperation. The subjects of this study were 28 learningdisabled boys, ages 10 through 15 years old. The cooperative learning tasks were administered in a series of 17 sessions of approximately 30 minutes each. Peer acceptance was measured by a sociogram while cooperation was measured by forced choice cards task. Significant positive results indicated improvement in peer acceptance and cooperation. Analysis of high and low scores plus the factors of severity of disability, socioeconomic level, and high motivation did not have differences that were statistically significant. However, explosiveness and 1Q did appear to be significant factors in these cooperative learning tasks. Consequently, this study suggests cooperative learning tasks and procedures for using them which may be helpful in developing peer acceptance and cooperation in learning-disabled children.