Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1989"

American-Japanese cultural differences in intensity ratings of facial expressions of emotion

Abstract: Findings from a recent study by Ekmanet al. (1987) provided evidence for cultural disagreement about the intensity ratings of universal facial expressions of emotion. We conducted a study that examined the basis of these cultural differences. Japanese and American subjects made two separate intensity ratings of Japanese and Caucacian posers portraying anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. The Americans had higher mean intensity ratings than the Japanese for all emotions except disgust, regardless of the culture or gender of the poser. Americans gave happy and angry photos the highest intensity ratings, while Japanese gave disgust photos the highest ratings. But there was considerable cross-cultural consistency in the relative differences among photos.

Selenate Reduction to Elemental Selenium by Anaerobic Bacteria in Sediments and Culture: Biogeochemical Significance of a Novel, Sulfate-Independent Respiration

Abstract: Interstitial water profiles of SeO42−, SeO32−, SO42−, and Cl− in anoxic sediments indicated removal of the seleno-oxyanions by a near-surface process unrelated to sulfate reduction. In sediment slurry experiments, a complete reductive removal of SeO42− occurred under anaerobic conditions, was more rapid with H2 or acetate, and was inhibited by O2, NO3−, MnO2, or autoclaving but not by SO42− or FeOOH. Oxidation of acetate in sediments could be coupled to selenate but not to molybdate. Reduction of selenate to elemental selenium was determined to be the mechanism for loss from solution. Selenate reduction was inhibited by tungstate and chromate but not by molybdate. A small quantity of the elemental selenium precipitated into sediments from solution could be resolublized by oxidation with either nitrate or FeOOH, but not with MnO2. A bacterium isolated from estuarine sediments demonstrated selenate-dependent growth on acetate, forming elemental selenium and carbon dioxide as respiratory end products. These results indicate that dissimilatory selenate reduction to elemental selenium is the major sink for selenium oxyanions in anoxic sediments. In addition, they suggest application as a treatment process for removing selenium oxyanions from wastewaters and also offer an explanation for the presence of selenite in oxic waters.

Internal working models of caregiving and security of attachment at age six

Abstract: This study describes the relation between internal working models of caregiving, child attachment, and maternal behavior in the home. Thirty-two mothers of 6-year-old children were observed in the home and subsequently interviewed regarding experiential and affective dimensions of parenting. Interviews were examined in order to assess the quality of the mother's thinking regarding two dimensions of caregiving (secure base, competence) which we hypothesized to be related to attachment security. Results indicated a strong correspondence between internal working models of caregiving and child mental representations of attachments as measured from the child's response to a laboratory reunion. The correspondence between mental representations of caregiving and maternal behavior in the home was limited. Representation ratings were most strongly associated with competence-supporting behavior. Implications for infant mental health research and program evaluation are discussed.

Tomales Bay, California: A case for carbon-controlled nitrogen cycling

Abstract: Data collected over the summer-autumn dry season in Tomales Bay, California, demonstrate that system to be exporting dissolved P and importing dissolved fixed N. A simple explanation for the observed pattern is net system heterotrophy by about 8%, with < 2% of the system primary production of organic C being oxidized by denitrification. The loss of fixed N to denitrification consumes the dissolved inorganic N (DIN) liberated through the 8% excess organic oxidation over organic production. There is a small hydrographic loss of dissolved organic N (DON). The DIN deficit for primary production is therefore caused by the system C metabolism. Thus, C metabolism has profound effect on the N cycle, even though this denitrification rate is trivial to the C cycle. We believe that this pattern of C-controlled N cycling has wide general application.

A problem-solving approach to social skills training in employment settings with mentally retarded youth

Abstract: The present study examined two approaches to teaching social behaviors to 3 developmentally disabled youths in work contexts. In one approach, a problem-solving procedure was learned and transferred to different materials. Conversational probes monitored interactions between disabled employees and their co-workers and customers. A multiple baseline design demonstrated that the training produced generalization and maintenance of the targeted social behaviors to the work settings: A second approach based on a role-playing intervention produced no substantial generalization in the work setting. A social validation questionnaire administered to co-workers supported the efficacy of the problem-solving training procedure. The efficacy of social problem-solving training was discussed in terms of sufficient exemplars, common stimuli, and self-mediations.

Content Analysis in Entrepreneurship Research: The Case of Initial Public Offerings:

Abstract: This paper focuses on the use of content analysis, which is a potentially valuable yet infrequently used research method, in the study of management and entrepreneurial endeavors. Specifically, att...

Hydrogen sulfide oxidation by abundant nonhemoglobin heme compounds in marine invertebrates from sulfide-rich habitats

Abstract: Several animals from hydrogen sulfide-rich marine habitats were found to contain unusual heme compounds (hematins) at levels of up to 10 mM; these hematins catalyzed the oxidation of sulfide and may protect the animals from sulfide poisoning. Freshly captured specimens of the echiuran worm Urechis caupo contained 0–10 mM hematin in their coelomic fluid. This hematin was present within coelomocytes in addition to 0.5–2 mM hemoglobin present in these cells as a functional oxygen-binding hemoprotein. The hematin was present in granules, and was not associated with a globin, cytochrome, or other protein known to have a heme prosthetic group. The hematin catalyzed oxidation of hydrogen sulfide. Further studies revealed that similar hematins were present in gill tissues of bivalve molluscs, which harbor vast numbers of endosymbiotic sulfur bacteria. Hematin was found at 1.0 mM, in addition to 0.1 mM hemoglobin, in the gill tissue of the clam Solemya reidi. Hematin was also found at 1–2 mM in gill tissue of two other clams, Calyptogena magnifica and Lucinoma annulata, in addition to < 0.4 mM hemoglobin. These clam hematins also appeared to be catalysts of sulfide oxidation.

Soluble Sugars as the Carbohydrate Reserve for CAM in Pineapple Leaves Implications for the Role of Pyrophosphate:6-Phosphofructokinase in Glycolysis

Abstract: Neutral ethanol-soluble sugar pools serve as carbohydrate reserves for Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) leaves. Levels of neutral soluble sugars and glucans fluctuated reciprocally with concentrations of malic acid. Hexose loss from neutral soluble-sugar pools was sufficient to account for malic acid accumulation with about 95% of the required hexose accounted for by turnover of fructose and glucose pools. Hexose loss from starch or starch plus lower molecular weight glucan pools was insufficient to account for nocturnal accumulation of malic acid. The apparent maximum catalytic capacity of pyrophosphate:6-phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) at 15°C was about 16 times higher than the mean maximum rate of glycolysis that occurred to support malic acid accumulation in pineapple leaves at night and 12 times higher than the mean maximum rate of hexose turnover from all carbohydrate pools. The apparent maximum catalytic capacity of ATP-PFK at 15°C was about 70% of the activity required to account for the mean maximal rate of hexose turnover from all carbohydrate pools if turnover were completely via glycolysis, and marginally sufficient to account for mean maximal rates of acidification. Therefore, at low night temperatures conducive to CAM and under subsaturating substrate concentrations, PPi-PFK activity, but not ATP-PFK activity, would be sufficient to support the rate of glycolytic carbohydrate processing required for acid accumulation. These data for pineapple establish that there are at least two types of CAM plants with respect to the nature of the carbohydrate reserve utilized to support nighttime CO2 accumulation. The data further indicate that the glycolytic carbohydrate processing that supports acidification proceeds in different subcellular compartments in plants utilizing different carbohydrate reserves.

Teaching Generalized Communicative Behaviors within Interrupted Behavior Chain Contexts

Abstract: Three students with severe disabilities were taught to request items or events within interrupted behavior chain contexts The interrupted behavior chain strategy involved inserting a typical instructional trial into the midst of an ongoing predictable sequence of behaviors such as getting a jacket and going outside or obtaining and operating a simple toy Additionally, generalization probes were conducted in a variety of nontraining settings to determine whether responses taught within interrupted routines would generalize to “out-of-routine” contexts in which the child requested items to begin, rather than to resume, an activity The results demonstrated that for each of the three students the responses acquired within interrupted chains of behavior generalized to a variety of naturally occurring, out-of-routine contexts and are discussed in relation to teaching self-initiated communicative behaviors

Territorial-Defense Interactions with Neighbors and Strangers in Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rats

Abstract: The long-term, fixed occupancy of a territory by the banner-tailed kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys spectabilis ) suggests that neighbor tolerance would be beneficial to maintaining territorial claims. I examined interactions of same-sex neighbor and non-neighbor pairs in contests related to territorial defense. As predicted, banner-tailed kangaroo rats tolerated neighbors and tended to avoid them. Neighbor pairs of either sex engaged in neutral activities compared to more time in agonistic interactions with strangers. When rats attacked, they directed fewer attacks toward neighbors, waited longer to attack them, and ceased to attack sooner. Fighting occurred in only 22% of the encounters and did not escalate when a territorial owner was paired with either a neighbor or a stranger. D. spectabilis apparently avoids fights and defends its territory in other ways. Familiarity could account for tolerance between neighbors, with olfactory information obtained at sandbathing sites at least one means of communicating neighbor identity.

I pledge a legiance tothe flag: Three studies in word segmentation

Abstract: Three experimental tasks explored young children's metalinguistic awareness of word boundaries. First, preschool children recited word-by-word pieces which differed in abstractness and familiarity of vocabulary. Second, a teaching task was employed to train and then sample selected items taken from the recited pieces, representing words with cards. The data suggested that several strategies were employed: segment-by-phrase, segment-by-syllable, and segment-by-word. Children were less successful in segmenting the more abstract piece than the concrete one, and they tended to revert to a phrase strategy and/or to change abstract words into more common vocabulary. Error analysis revealed growing awareness of the functors a and the. In a third experiment, preschool and kindergarten children segmented phrases using the functors a, an, my, or and phrases using phonetically similar embedded syllables (e.g., hold my nose; gold miner). Segmentation scores increased with age; even the 4½- to 5-year-olds were highly successful, segmenting with 60% accuracy, and by age 6–6½, they were correctly segmenting 75% of the phrases. Children who had begun to read performed better overall than their same-age peers who had not. Children were more successful with my, or, and word-medial a than with an and word-initial a; embedded syllables tended to be easier than functors, especially for the younger subjects. In conclusion, the years from age 4½- to 6½ appear to be a period of vigorous development of word segmentation skills. During this period, children use increasingly complex strategies – first phrasal, then syllabic, and finally a full word strategy – and they demonstrate a growing knowledge of function words as well as content words. Functors vary in difficulty and developmental sequence due to differences in stress, amount of ambiguity with phonetically similar embedded syllables, semantic complexity, and salience of reference to the young child.

Letters: Learning, Rather Than Play or Work

Abstract: I n the August-September 1989 Educational Researcher, James Block responded to my article, \"Work or Learning: Implications of Classroom Metaphors\" (Marshall, 1988). In this article, I point out the prominence of the work metaphor in the thinking of researchers and teachers and how the use of this metaphor has restricted our conceptualizations of and our research on classroom processes. I also provide examples of the contrast often made by researchers, educators, and students between schoolwork and play, and hence do not deny the contextual validity of the work-play metaphor (as Block claims). My point is rather that the use of these metaphors reflects and guides classrooms as they are instead of as they could be with a shift in conceptualization. Block (1989) argues that a good route to making classrooms better learning settings may be based on students' actual experiences; therefore, schoolwork should be more playlike. My concern with this approach is that students' experiences reflect current classroom practices. Indeed, as Block notes, he and others have found that few students perceive classrooms—as they are, that is—in learning terms. I believe that a better starting place lies in changing teaching/learning practices so that classrooms can become learning settings. We will then be in a better position to ascertain whether students perceive class-

Selecting the Most Appropriate Primary Learning Medium for Students with Functional Vision

Abstract: It is essential that educators select a primary learning medium for a student with functional vision. In this article, definitions for primary and secondary learning media are presented. Five major...

The Preschool Blind Child Can Be a Cane User.

Abstract: Teaching blind, preschool-age children to use a long cane in travel is a relatively new concept in orientation and mobility This article examines this issue and discusses potential advantages of e

Perceptions of self‐care in Sweden: a cross‐cultural replication

Abstract: This cross-cultural study attempted to replicate the nursing phenomena of self-care and self-concept using two self-reporting instruments. Both instruments were translated from English into Swedish and administered on a convenience basis to 187 Swedish subjects, 117 women and 70 men, ages 19-66, compulsory to university educated, and residing in the southern districts of Sweden. Swedish mean self-care scores were lower (112.5) than the United States normative group of university nursing and psychology students, but the mean was comparable to East German (113.6) reported from an earlier study. Self-concept scores were similar to Nebraska teachers and East Germans. Alpha coefficients were used to assess reliability, ANOVA for differences, and item correlation of self-care agency were organized by factor analysis with four subfactors identified. The derived subscales appeared to identify potentially useful factors to aid in unravelling the complexity of the self-care agency construct. Study limitations were addressed. Cross-cultural directives for international nursing are discussed.

The Case for Comparable Worth

Abstract: Comparable worth is a necessary and feasible remedy for the systematic, sex-related pay inequities found in most contemporary work organizations. It is necessary because discriminatory pay practices of the past were not fully addressed by equal employment opportunity legislation, and their effects have been perpetuated by conventional pay administration practices. It is feasible because it can be assessed and implemented simply, often using data already available, at a relatively small cost to the organization. Arguments against the necessity of comparable worth are based largely on academic studies of pay discrimination, which differ from comparable worth studies in their context, purpose, methods, and results. Arguments against the feasibility of comparable worth center on potential costs and technical criticisms of comparable worth pay policies, objections contradicted by the facts of actual comparable worth implementation.

Modelling valued preference relations

Abstract: A theory of valued weak preference relations is described. The transitivity property of a strict preference relation and an indifference relation associated with a weak preference relation are established. The model presented is based on Lukasiewicz-like multiple-valued logic; it uses triangular norms with zero divisors. A similar approach works in the case of t-norms without zero divisors. >