Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1993"

Teaching ESL writing

Abstract: Chapter 1 Overview of Native English Speaker (NES) Composition Beginnings The Expressive School The Cognitive School Early Writing Process Research Basic Writers Current Research Trends The Social Nature of Writing Ethnographic Research and Composing Processes Computers and Composition Teaching James Kinneavy and Traditional Rhetoric The Reading-Writing Connection Individualization and Collaboration in the Classroom Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) Testing and Assessing Writing Classroom Implementation Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 2 Overview of ESL Composition Early ESL Methods Controlled Writing "Free Writing"/Guided Writing Language-Bases Writing The Pattern/Product Approach The Process Movement Current Trends and Research Composing and Revising processes Contrastive Analysis/Error Analysis Cohesion/Coherence The Process-Product Classroom Communicative Competence Collaborative Learning Computer-assisted Language Learning (C.A.L.L.) Proficiency Testing Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 3 Pedagogical Issues in ESL Writing Cross-Cultural Communication The cross-Cultural ESL Writing Classroom The ESL Writing Teacher as Cultural Informant Learning and Teaching Styles Contrastive Rhetoric Schema Theory The Writing-Reading Connection Differences Between Speaking and Writing Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 4 Curriculum and Syllabus Design Curriculum Development Designing a Curriculum Statement Syllabus Development Syllabus Design for Writing Courses Horizontal and Vertical Syllabi Designing the Linear Syllabus Designing the Modular Syllabus Content-Based Syllabus Design Evaluating and Revising Existing Curricula/Syllabi Planning Curriculum and Syllabus Revision Evaluating Textbooks Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 5 Blind Random: The First Weeks Learning about Student (and Teacher) Styles Planning Ahead Teacher-Student Responsibilities Operating Procedures The First Day Lesson Plans Troublespots Student diversity Lack of Community Mismatches in Student-Teacher perceptions Uneven Pacing Student "Resistance" to Change Levels of Anxiety Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 6 Collaborative and Cross-Cultural Activities Selection and Design Criteria for Classroom Activities Start-Ups The First Days: Introductions Warm-Ups Collaborative learning and Group Work Planning Group work The Journal (Daybook, Learning Log) Cross-Cultural Activities Group Projects Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 7 English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and Integrated Skills Activities Sequencing Assignments Sample Sequences The Writing-Reading Connection Journal (Daybook, Learning Log) Writing and Reading Reading(and Writing about) Peer and Self-Writing Nonfiction Readingand Writing Readingand Writing about Literature Integrated Skills Activities Surveys Games, Role-Play, and Writing Situations and Writing Designing Activities and Writing Assignments Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 8 Responding to Student Writing Student Response Issues in Peer Review Peer Review Worksheets Alternative Audiences Teacher Response Conferencing Mini-conferencing Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 9 Evaluating Student Writing Accuracy and Fluency Revision Grading Scales Analytic Scoring Holistic Scoring Teacher Evaluation Forming a Philosophy of Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Cover Sheets Evaluating Evaluation Portfolio Assessment Plagiarism Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing Chapter 10 Teaching ESL Writing: Becoming a Professional Individual Professional Development Theory: The Foundation of the Profession From Theory to Practice: Reflective Teaching Action Research Conclusion Discussion Questions/Writing APPENDICES Appendix 1: Personality Surveys Appendix 2: Learning and Teaching Style Surveys Appendix 3: Teacher Observation Sheets GLOSSARY ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WORKS CITED

Surface Ices and the Atmospheric Composition of Pluto

Abstract: Observations of the 1.4- to 2.4-micrometer spectrum of Pluto reveal absorptions of carbon monoxide and nitrogen ices and confirm the presence of solid methane. Frozen nitrogen is more abundant than the other two ices by a factor of about 50; gaseous nitrogen must therefore be the major atmospheric constituent. The absence of carbon dioxide absorptions is one of several differences between the spectra of Pluto and Triton in this region. Both worlds carry information about the composition of the solar nebula and the processes by which icy planetesimals formed.

Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample

Abstract: Research of the past two decades has shown that cultures exert considerable influence over emotion. Most, if not all, of the cross-cultural research reported to date have been on samples obtained in different countries. Although it is important to address questions of cross-cultural similarities and differences via the testing of between-country differences, we need to be concerned with possible cultural differenceswithin countries as well. The assessment of cultural differences within countries would have implications for not only our conceptual understanding of cultural influences on emotion, but also our empirical methods and procedures. In this study, American subjects were self-classified into one of four ethnic groups, and provided us with data concerning affect intensity, display rule attitudes, self-reported emotional expression, emotion labeling, and intensity ratings. The results indicated considerable differences in emotion judgments, display rules, and self-reported emotional expressions as a function of ethnicity within an American sample. The differences are discussed in terms of the need to search for psychologically meaningful and relevant definitions of culture which would cut across ethnicity or country.

Ices on the Surface of Triton

Abstract: The near-infrared spectrum of Triton reveals ices of nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, of which nitrogen is the dominant component. Carbon dioxide ice may be spatially segregated from the other more volatile ices, covering about 10 percent of Triton's surface. The absence of ices of other hydrocarbons and nitriles challenges existing models of methane and nitrogen photochemistry on Triton.

Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by zinc-ejecting aromatic C -nitroso compounds

Abstract: RETROVIRAL nucleocapsid and gag-precursor proteins from all known strains of retroviruses contain one or two copies of an invariant sequence, Cys-X2-Cys-X4-His-X4-Cys1,2, that is populated with zinc in mature particles3. Modification of cysteine or histidine residues results in defective packaging of genomic viral RNA and formation of non-infectious particles4–8, making these structures potentially attractive targets for antiviral therapy3,8. We recently reported that aromatic C-nitroso ligands of poly(ADP–ribose) polymerase preferentially destabilize one of the two (Cys-X2-Cys-X28-His-X2-Cys) zinc-fingers with concomitant loss of enzymatic activity9,10, coincidental with selective cytocidal action of the C-nitroso substituted ligands on cancer cells11. Based on the occurrence of (3Cys, 1 His) zinc-binding sites in both retroviral nucleocapsid and gag proteins and in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase12, we reasoned that the C-nitroso compounds may also have antiretroviral effects. We show here that two such compounds, 3-nitrosobenzamide and 6-nitroso-l,2-benzopyrone, inhibit infection of human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 in human lymphocytes and also eject zinc from isolated HIV-1 nucleocapsid zinc fingers and from intact HIV-1 virions. Thus the design of zinc-ejecting agents that target retroviral zinc fingers represents a new approach to the chemotherapy of AIDS.

Disruptive selection and the genetic basis of bill size polymorphism in the African finch Pyrenestes

Abstract: MECHANISMS producing and maintaining discrete polymorphisms have long fascinated evolutionary biologists1,2. Despite the ubiquity of non-sex-limited polymorphisms in vertebrates, the evolutionary factors maintaining them are well understood in only a few instances3. The African finch Pyrenestes is unique among birds in exhibiting a non-sex-determined polymorphism in bill size4,5. Morphs breed randomly with respect to bill size and differ in diet and feeding performance on soft and hard seeds4,6. I present here: (1) new data showing that the polymorphism appears to result from a single genetic factor; (2) support from long-term field studies for earlier suggestions that disruptive selection is acting on bill size; and (3) data revealing the presence of a possible third, much larger morph. Results suggest that the polymorphism may have arisen through single mutations, where morphs occupy distinct adaptive peaks through differences in feeding performance on seeds differing in hardness.

Spontaneous vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): evidence for vocal learning.

Abstract: Two female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and their 2 male offspring were presented with an underwater keyboard to observe how the dolphins would use such a system to obtain specific objects and activities. When a dolphin pressed visual forms on the keyboard, whistles were generated underwater, and the dolphin was given a specific object or activity. Both vocal and nonvocal behaviors were recorded. Only the males used the keyboard. In the 1st year spontaneous vocal mimicry and productive use of facsimiles of the computer-generated whistles were recorded. In the 2nd year productive use increased significantly over mimicry, and apparent combinations of discreet whistle facsimiles in behaviorally appropriate contexts were observed. The patterns of vocal mimicry and production suggest a new model for analyzing dolphin vocalizations and vocal development with respect to signal structure and organization.

Integrated play groups: A model for promoting the social and cognitive dimensions of play in children with autism

Abstract: This investigation provides a description of a multifaceted model to promote peer play, and an evaluation of its impact on the social and cognitive dimensions of play in three children with autism. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the model application. A multiple-probe design across participants demonstrated (a) decreases in isolate play and collateral gains in more social forms of play, and (b) decreases in stereotyped object play and collateral gains in functional object play. While no symbolic play was observed in any of the participants during baseline, two participants demonstrated symbolic play in the final condition. Generalization and social validation measures indicated (a) advances in play behaviors were not limited to the play groups but observed in other contexts, and (b) were accompanied by language gains. Implications are discussed in terms of preferred service delivery models as well as of the importance of social interaction for the development of play and language.

To Walk in Two Worlds—Or More? Challenging a Common Metaphor of Native Education

Abstract: The metaphor of teaching students to “walk in two worlds” is frequently used to describe the goals of education for indigenous groups in the United States. Far more than a poetic device, the metaphor runs deep in our collective consciousness and permeates many everyday conversations. In this article, we critically examine five assumptions that lie behind the metaphor. We argue that walking in two worlds not only masks the complexity of choices faced by Native Alaskan and American Indian students, but also dangerously reduces their options.

Critical states in 2D disk-shaped type-II superconductors in periodic external magnetic field

Abstract: Following the procedure of Mikheenko and Kuzovlev, we present analytical solutions of field and current patterns in thin film disk-shaped type-II superconductors in perpendicular time-varying periodic external magnetic fields. We also calculate the magnetic moment and effective susceptibility. The analysis is carried out within the framework of the critical state model assuming a constant critical current. Our results are compared to that of Mikheenko and Kuzovlev; and we discuss the discrepancies.

American-japanese cultural differences in attributions of personality based on smiles

Abstract: Several studies have already documented how Americans and Japanese differ in both the expression and perception of facial expressions of emotion in general, and of smiles in particular. These cultural differences can be linked to differences in cultural display and decoding rules (Ekman, 1972; and Buck, 1984, respectively). The existence of these types of rules suggests that people of different cultures may hold different assumptions about social-personality characteristics, on the basis of smiling versus non-smiling faces. We suggest that Americans have come to associate more positive characteristics to smiling faces than do the Japanese. We tested this possibility by presenting American and Japanese judges with smiles or neutral faces (i.e., faces with no muscle movement) depicted by both Caucasian and Japanese male and female posers. The judges made scalar ratings of each face they viewed on four different dimensions. The findings did indicate that Americans and Japanese differed in their judgments, but not on all dimensions.

Potamocorbula amurensis: Comparison of clearance rates and assimilation efficiencies for phytoplankton and bacterioplankton

Abstract: This study compared clearance and assimilation of natural bacterioplankton (< 1.2 pm) and cultured phytoplankton by an Asian bivalve, Potamocorbula amurensis. The average clearance rate for bacterioplankton was 45 ml h-l clam-’ and was independent of the size (shell length, wet wt including shell, or dry tissue wt) of the clam. The clearance rate for phytoplankton is given byf = 162 + 166 x WW orf = -40 + 199 x L whereJ; WW, and L are clearance rate (ml h-l), wet weight including shell (g), and shell length (cm). Bacteria were readily assimilated by P. amurensis. Gross assimilation was 73% after 49 h compared to 90% for Isochrysis galbana. Net assimilation was 45 and 53% for bacterioplankton and I. galbana, respectively. Bacterial carbon appeared to be respired faster than algal carbon. As seen in other bivalves, feces production increased and assimilation efficiency decreased at higher food concentrations. At the mean bacterioplankton and phytoplankton standing stocks found in northern San Francisco Bay, bacteria supplied - 13 and 16% of the sum of bacteria and phytoplankton C and N, respectively, consumed by a 1 -cm P. amurensis. We calculate that a 1 -cm clam could double its C biomass in 22 1 d by feeding on bacterioplankton and in 26 d by feeding on phytoplankton.

Price limits and stock market volatility in Taiwan

Abstract: There is no theoretical basis for determining whether the imposition of circuit breakers will have the desired effect of reducing stock market volatility A commonly cited benefit ascribed to price limits is that such measures provide a cooling-off period, allowing investors to re-evaluate market information and to reformulate a new investment strategy Another benefit is that price limits allow order imbalances to be publicized and that therefore they work to attract value traders In both these ways, proponents claim, price limits protect the market from violent movements Opponents of price limits argue that they serve no purpose other than to slow down or delay a price change They argue that even though price limits can stop the price of a share from free falling on the trading day when a shock hits, the price will continue to move toward equilibrium as new limits are established in subsequent trading periods According to this view, price limits only prolong the number of trading days it will take for the market to adapt to a disturbance toward equilibrium Given the above diverse viewpoints, the effects of price limits is an issue to be empirically tested Employing a projected standard deviation series with heteroscedasticity corrected as a measurement for stock volatility, and using both daily and monthly data, we test the hypothesis that a narrower price limit will curtail price fluctuation Our results do not show that price limits have a significant impact on reducing equity price volatility On the contrary, we find that price limits tend to slightly exacerbate price volatility We also find that serial correlations of stock returns are inversely related to the range of price limits, implying a delaying effect of price limits

Business students' and practitioners' ethical decisions over time

Abstract: This paper compares the ethical decisions and attitudes of business students and practitioners. Recent unpublished data from a national study of over 1600 students are contrasted with information reported previously. Students are found consistently to make less ethical choices than practitioners, and there is some indication that students are making less ethical choices in the 1980s than in the 1960s. In addition, both students and practitioners agree that buyers should beware, view the role of business more narrowly, and find fewer incentives to behave ethically over time. Codes of ethics appear to be less influential than the individual's strong personal value system and one's superiors behaving ethically; support for codes is declining. The paper concludes with observations about the limitations and possibilities for survey research in this area drawing on other studies that used the same instrument utilized for this paper. Some implications for future research are suggested.

A longitudinal study of the relationships between overload, social support, and burnout among nursing educators.

Abstract: The major purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationships between role overload, social support, and burnout among nursing educators over a period of time. Eighty-four nursing educators from eight campuses of a state university system completed a questionnaire twice, within a two-year interval. Data analyses consistently revealed the following: 1) Emotional exhaustion correlated significantly and positively with a demanding job, time pressure, and feelings of job inadequacy; 2) Burnout (i.e., emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of students, and a sense of decreased accomplishment) correlated significantly and negatively with social support from one's chairperson and peers. Predictor variables from the initial data set were regressed on the burnout data of two years later. The variable--job demands--was the strongest predictor of emotional exhaustion. Chairperson support was the strongest predictor of both depersonalization toward students and a person's sense of accomplishment two years later. The reported chronic exhaustion among educators in this study should be of concern. An awareness of the role of social support and overload as associated with burnout can help educators develop policies to assure peak performance on the job.

English in China.

Abstract: 由于人们越来越认识到英语教学在全球的影响以及世界英语(World Englishes)的蔓延,现在读到一本非常适时的有关地球上人口最多的国家的英语教学的论文集,是令人高兴的。在过去十年里,用英语出版了许多有关中国英语教学的书刊,其中也包括一些综合性的有较高研究水平的博士论文。但是 Dzau 的论文集是由英语作为二语教学的专业人员为同行用英语写的有关这个

The disturbance regime of an old‐growth forest in coastal California

Abstract: This study deals with the disturbance regime of an old-growth, mixed-evergreen forest with a canopy composed of Arbutus menziesii, Lithocarpus densiflora, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus chrysolepis, Q. wislizenii, and Sequoia sempervirens. 80 canopy gaps were randomly selected from throughout a 230-ha watershed. Of the land area sampled, 11.1 to 16.6 % was within gaps. Gap area had a mode of < 50m2 and a range of 6–3437 m2. Gaps were formed by snags, snaps, tips, and slope failures. Although < 10 % of the gaps sampled were due to slope failures, these accounted for 43 % of the total land area within gaps. All snags resulted from the death of a Pseudotsuga or Arbutus individual, the widely branched trunks of Arbutus individuals accounted for most of the irregularly shaped gaps, and larger gaps resulted from the death of Pseudotsuga and Sequoia individuals, averaging 119 and 111 m2 respectively, than from the death of Lithocarpus or Arbutus, averaging 54 and 52 m2. Gaps were more frequent over concave sections of slopes and large gaps were more frequent on north-facing slopes. The creation of a gap increased disturbance to the adjacent canopy, with half of the gaps formed through more than one disturbance. The relationship of disturbance regime to topography, the influence of canopy species biology on gap properties, and the repeated events involved in gap formation all indicate a fine scale variation in the pattern of gaps and their characteristics.

Prior interpersonal contact with and attitudes towards gays and lesbians in an interviewing context.

Abstract: The impact of previous interpersonal contact or exposure to male homosexuals and lesbians on interviewing strategy was assessed. Previous research on attitudes toward homosexuals suggests that prior exposure reduces the negativity of attitudes toward homosexuals. In support of that research and research looking at the use of confirmatory questioning strategies in social interactions, it was expected that individuals with prior exposure to homosexuals and/or positive attitudes toward homosexuals would choose fewer negative information-seeking questions for a proposed interview. The results support previous research findings regarding attitudes towards gay men and lesbians and suggest that pre-interview attitudes and prior exposure may influence interviewer strategy.

Proton NMR Spectroscopy of Model Hemes

Abstract: Hemes and heme proteins are vital components of essentially every cell of every living organism. Their roles in cells include 1 the transport of dioxygen in the red blood cells of higher animals (hemoglobin); 2 the storage of dioxygen in the muscles of higher animals (myoglobin); 3 the transport of electrons in the respiratory chains of organisms as diverse as bacteria, yeasts, algae, plants, and animals, and in photosynthetic cells from those of the simplest photosynthetic bacteria to those of higher plants (cytochromes a, b, c, d, f); 4 synthesis, modification and degradation of fatty acids, steroid and adrenal hormones, anesthetics and xenobiotics (cytochromes P-450); 5 activation and metabolism of hydrogen peroxide (peroxidases, myeloperoxidase, haloperoxidases, catalases, etc.); and 6 metabolism of the oxides of nitrogen and sulfur (nitrite reductase, sulfite oxidase, etc.).

The Effects of Social Interaction Training on High School Peer Tutors of Schoolmates with Severe Disabilities

Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of social interaction training on the social interactions directed by high school students without disabilities toward peers with severe disabilities. Eight high school students who were peer tutors in a classroom for students with severe disabilities were matched in pairs and then randomly assigned to interact with and serve as partners for four classmates with severe disabilities. Only one participant in each peer tutor pair received the social interaction training. A statistical analysis indicated that the training increased the frequency of initiations of interactions directed from the students without disabilities toward their partners with severe disabilities. There was also an increase in the proportion of interactions that were social in nature, with a resulting decrease in the frequency of task-related interactions, as well as a significant increase in targeted social behaviors of the participants with severe disabilities.

Analytical foundations of current-feedback amplifiers

Abstract: Current-feedback amplifiers (CFAs), also called transimpedance amplifiers, are a special type of operational amplifier (op-amp) which exploit clever circuit topologies in conjunction with high-speed complementary bipolar processes in order to achieve extremely fast dynamics, such as gain-bandwidth products in the gigahertz range and settling times to 0.1% in the 10 ns range. The analytical foundations of CFAs are discussed. Specific topics include CFA dynamics, second-order effects, noise in CFAs, and application considerations. >

Latest Cretaceous basin formation within the Salinian terrane of west-central California

Abstract: Sedimentologic details provide new information about the controversial Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary history of the Salinian terrane, a displaced crustal block located in the California Coast Ranges. The preserved Upper Cretaceous strata were deposited as part of a fan-delta-submarine-fan system along the margin of a topographically steep basin bounded by normal faults. Coarse-grained sediments, derived from local basement rocks and volcanic rocks of a mature magmatic arc, were shed southward from a basement high north of the basin. Sediment compositions suggest connections to the southwestern Mojave Desert region. Paleomagnetic data collected from the central Salinian terrane indicate minimal northward transport relative to cratonal North America and support the hypothesis of an origin in southern California, rather than in southern Mexico/Central America. The Upper Cretaceous Salinian basin may have formed as an east-west-trending fore-arc graben that partitioned the Cordilleran arc into northern and southern segments, like the Sunda Strait, an extensional basin in Indonesia. Sunda Strait is a transition zone between Java, where the oceanic plate is subducting at right angles to the magmatic arc, and Sumatra, where the oceanic plate is subducting at an oblique angle. Like the right-lateral Central fault in Sumatra, right-lateral faults in the Sierra Nevada accommodated oblique subduction and facilitated extension where the subducting angle changed. The Late Cretaceous structures that accommodated extension in the Salinian terrane are not visible because of subsequent Cenozoic tectonism, which has slivered the terrane from a compact block into pieces that now extend from the Transverse Ranges to coastal locations north of San Francisco.

English Literacy in the U.S.: National Policies, Personal Consequences

Abstract: This article examines the relationship between U.S. national policies on literacy, available literacy programs, and individual lives. Beginning with a discussion of the expanding role of English literacy in U.S. immigration policies, this article examines the pressures to become literate in English with consideration given to the resources that are available to do so. In the second section, language use in immigrant families is discussed with a focus on native language loss and the consequences of this loss for intergenerational relationships. The article concludes with suggestions for an approach to literacy in which the links between national policies and personal lives are made explicit. The authors make recommendations for policy and practice that take into account the plurality of literacies and the possibilities for nurturing families and communities through the development of native and second language literacy resources.

Managing Social Predicaments Created by Others: A Comparison of Japanese and American Facework.

Abstract: This study is a comparison of US American and Japanese cultures in terms of the incidence and management of face threatening predicaments perpetrated by others. Eleven categories of other‐induced predicaments were found in both Japanese and US American samples. The relative occurrence of each type of situation was not significantly different between cultures. It was hypothesized that US Americans are more likely than Japanese to employ remedial responses of humor, accounts, and aggression, and Japanese are more likely than US Americans to employ remedial responses of apology and remediation. These predictions were supported.