Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1995"

In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio

Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Violating apartheid in the United States 2. A street history of El Barrio 3. Crackhouse management: addiction, discipline, and dignity 4. 'Goin' legit': disrespect and resistance at work 5. School days: learning to be a better criminal 6. Redefining gender on the street 7. Families and children in pain 8. Vulnerable fathers 9. Conclusion Epilogue.

Going to Extremes: Managing Service Encounters and Assessing Provider Performance:

Abstract: The authors advance a framework for analysis and comparison of service encounters using three neglected dimensions—duration, affective content, and spatial proximity. They focus on service encounte...

Resource polymorphisms in vertebrates

Abstract: Discrete resource polymorphisms occur in various vertebrate species and probably occur more frequently than is generally appreciated. They are manifested in a number of ways, including morphological, behavioral and life history characters. Research on a number of unrelated taxa suggests that resource polymorphisms may be underestimated as a diversifying force and potentially play important roles in population divergence and initial steps in speciation. In an ecological context, they are important in resource partitioning and reducing intraspecific competition. Recent research suggests that the mechanisms maintaining these polymorphisms may be similar in diverse taxa, that phenotypic plasticity is important, and that some are under simple genetic control.

Influence of sulfide inhibition of nitrification on nitrogen regeneration in sediments

Abstract: Nitrification, a central process in the nitrogen cycle, converts ammonium to nitrite or nitrate. In experiments with estuarine sediment, addition of 60 and 100 μM hydrogen sulfide (HS − ) reduced nitrification by 50 and 100 percent, respectively. Aerobic incubation of ammonium-enriched sediment slurries showed that previous HS − exposure reduced nitrification for at least 24 hours; nitrification rates recovered slowly after one-time HS − exposure. Sulfide inhibition of nitrification could limit nitrogen loss through coupled nitrification-denitrification and may contribute to the previously observed difference in net nitrogen cycling between freshwater and marine sediments. This interaction could also exacerbate eutrophication in coastal environments.

Introduction, dispersal and potential impacts of the green crab Carcinus maenas in San Francisco Bay, California

Abstract: The North Atlantic portunid crab Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) has invaded the North Pacific Ocean following more than two centuries of global dispersal due to human activities. C. maenas was first collected in San Francisco Bay, California, in 1989–1990, where its distribution and prey selectivity were investigated in 1992–1994. It has become abundant in shallow, warm lagoons (which as favorable and retentive microhabitats may have served as invasion incubators) and spread throughout the north, central and south bays. It may have arrived in ballast water, on fouled ships, amongst algae with imported live bait or lobsters, or by intentional release; genetic comparisons of the Bay population with possible source populations may aid in defining the transport mechanism. C. maenas' eurytopic nature, its high breeding potential, and its diet and feeding behavior suggest the potential for extensive ecosystem alterations through predator-prey interactions, competition, disturbance, and indirect effects. Although both negative economic impacts through reduction or disruption of fisheries and positive impacts of providing bait and human-food fisheries have been documented in a few regions, the potential economic impacts in San Francisco Bay remain largely unknown.

A new model for Mars atmospheric dust based upon analysis of ultraviolet through infrared observations from Mariner 9, Viking, and Phobos

Abstract: We propose key modifications to the Toon et al. (1977) model of the particle size distribution and composition of Mars atmospheric dust, based on a variety of spacecraft and wavelength observations of the dust. A much broader (r(sub eff) variance approximately 0.8 micrometers), smaller particle size (r(sub mode) approximately 0.02 micrometers) distribution coupled with a 'palagonite-like' composition is argued to fit the complete ultraviolet-to-30-micrometer absorption properties of the dust better than the montmorillonite-basalt, r(sub eff) variance = 0.4 micrometers, r(sub mode) = 0.40 dust model of Toon et al. Mariner 9 (infrared interferometer spectrometer) IRIS spectra of high atmospheric dust opacities during the 1971-1972 Mars global dust storm are analyzed in terms of the Toon et al. dust model, and a Hawaiian palagonite sample (Rousch et al., 1991) with two different size distribution models incorporating smaller dust particle sizes. Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) emmission-phase-function (EPF) observations at 9 micrometers are analyzed to retrieve 9-micrometer dust opacities coincident with solar band dust opacities obtained from the same EPF sequences (Clancy and Lee, 1991). These EPF dust opacities provide an independent measurement of the visible/9-micrometer extinction opacity ratio (greater than or = 2) for Mars atmospheric dust, which is consistent with a previous measurement by Martin (1986). Model values for the visible/9-micrometer opacity ratio and the ultraviolet and visible single-scattering albedos are calculated for the palagonite model with the smaller particle size distributions compared to the same properties for the Toon et al. model of dust. The montmorillonite model of the dust is found to fit the detailed shape of the dust 9-micrometer absorption well. However, it predicts structured, deep aborptions at 20 micrometers which are not observed and requires a separate ultraviolet-visible absorbing component to match the observed behavior of the dust in this wavelength region. The modeled palagonite does not match the 8-to 9-micrometer absorption presented by the dust in the IRIS spectra, probably due to its low SiO2 content (31%). However, it does provide consistent levels of ultraviolet/visible absorption, 9-to 12-micrometer absorption, and a lack of structured absorption at 20 micrometers. The ratios of dust extinction opacities at visible, 9 micrometers, and 30 micrometers are strongly affected by the dust particle size distribution. The Toon et al. dust size distribution (r(sub mode) = 0.40,r(sub eff) variance = 0.4 micrometers, r(sub cwmu) = 2.7 micrometers) predicts the correct ratio of the 9- to 30-micrometer opacity, but underpredicts the visible/9-micrometer opacity ratio considerably (1 versus greater than or = 2). A similar particle distribution width with smaller particle sizes (r(sub mode) = 0.17, r(sub eff) variance = 0.4 micrometers, r(sub cwmu) = 1.2 micrometers) will fit the observed visible/9-micrometer opacity ratio, but overpredicts the observed 9-micrometer/30-micrometer opacity ratio. A smaller and much broader particle size distribution (r(sub mode) = 0.002, r(sub eff) variance = 0.8 micrometers, r(sub cwmu) = 1.8 micrometers) can fit both dust opacity ratios. Overall, the nanocrystalline structure of palagonite coupled with a smaller, broader distribution of dust particle sizes provides a more consistent fit than the Toon et al. model of the dust to the IRIS spectra, the observed visible/9-micrometer dust opacity ratio, the Phobos occulation measurements of the dust particle sizes (Chassefiere et al., 1992), and the weakness of surface near IR absorptions expected for clay minerals (Clark, 1992; Bell and Crisp, 1993).

“Not Just For Bikers Anymore”: Popular Representations of American Tattooing

Abstract: Aux Etats-Unis, la pratique du tatouage etait autrefois un signe distinctif des marins, des criminels ou des motards et, d'une maniere generale, des couches defavorisees. Aujourd'hui, cette pratique s'est repandue au sein de populations au statut socio-culturel plus eleve et est souvent revendiquee comme une forme d'art legitime. En etudiant le traitement du sujet par les medias, l'approche des sciences humaines et le discours tenu par les adeptes du tatouage et des ornements corporels eux-memes, l'A. s'interroge sur la representativite de ces « nouveaux tatoues » . Il met en evidence l'emergence d'une nouvelle imagerie basee sur la fiction d'un passe mythique, primitif et tribal . Il pose la question de savoir si le caractere naguere subversif de ces pratiques a ete neutralise par leur banalisation, et si cette diffusion temoigne d'une evolution des valeurs sociales concernant le corps

Logistics of Famine Relief

Abstract: This chapter contains a discussion of the logistical aspects of famine relief efforts, where first- and third-world logistics—as discussed in Chapter 3—meet. This presents a situation where nations with advanced logistics techniques operate in areas at the other end of the spectrum, to the extent that they have almost no logistics infrastructure in place. Famine relief efforts provide a view of public-sector, or not-for-profit, international logistics efforts, where monetary profit may not be the motivating factor.

Fine-grained opinion, probability, and the logic of full belief

Abstract: Personal or subjective probability entered epistemology as a cure for certain perceived inadequacies in the traditional notion of belief. But there are severe strains in the relationship between probability and belief. They seem too intimately related to exist as separate but equal; yet if either is taken as the more basic, the other may suffer.

Bayesian process control for attributes

Abstract: We consider a process control procedure with fixed sample sizes and sampling intervals, where the fraction defective is the quality variable of interest, a standard attributes control chart methodology. We show that relatively standard cost assumptions lead to formulation of the process control problem as a partially observed Markov decision process, where the posterior probability of a process shift is a sufficient statistic for decision making. We characterize features of the optimal solution and show that the optimal policy has a simple control limit structure. Numerical results are provided which indicate that the procedure may provide significant savings over non-Bayesian techniques.

Effectiveness of acoustic “prey”: Environmental enrichment for a captive African leopard (Panthera pardus)

Abstract: In the course of developing active naturalistic exercise opportunities for zoo felines at moderate cost, a computer-controlled acoustic prey device was established. Changes in the behavior of a 16-year-old melanistic leopard (Sabrina) were studied as she learned to actively pursue bird sounds and obtained food treats as a function of the activity. By the twenty-ninth day she began to capture all 24 bird parts supplied on the feeder belt and continues to actively use the opportunity on a daily basis. General activity and apparent well-being have been enhanced, while stereotypic behaviors have decreased. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Medical decision making and people with disabilities: a clash of cultures

Abstract: n discussions of medical decision making as it applies to people with disabilities, a major obstacle stands in I the way: the perceptions and values of disabled people (particularly disability rights advocates and disabled social scientists) and of many nondisabled people (particularly health care professionals, ethicists, and health policy analysts), regarding virtually the whole range of current health and medical-ethical issues (treatment decision making, health care access and health care rationing, medical costcontainment, and assisted suicide), seem frequently to conflict with one another. This divergence in part grows out of the sense, common among people with disabilities, that their interactions with “the helping professions,” medical and social service professionals, are adversarial. But those differences of opinion also stem more basically from a clash of fundamental values. This paper addresses, in historical perspective, the ways in which the status of persons with disabilities as a stigmatized minority group affects medical decision making. It also examines the efforts of disability rights activists to prevent discrimination against persons with disabilities in current medical culture. Finally, it raises questions about how the rights of people with disabilities will fare as new care standards are developed and implemented. In recent years, a majority of Americans with disabilities have come to view themselves as members of a stigmatized minority group. A Louis Harris survey of adults with disabilities documents that new self-perception, particularly among the younger generations. Among those surveyed, 54 percent of disabled adults under the age of fortyfour regarded people with disabilities as a minority group “like Blacks or Hispanics,” and 84 percent believed people

Bilingualism in a multilingual society : psycho-social and pedagogical implications

Abstract: The TESOL Quarterly welcomes evaluative reviews of publications relevant to TESOL professionals. In addition to textbooks and reference materials, these include computer and video software, testing instruments, and other forms of nonprint materials.

Family Patterns of Reaction to a Child with a Learning Disability A Mediational Perspective

Abstract: The impact of a child's learning disability on the family system is explored with regard to the general consequences for the system and to the parents' abilities to react to the problems generated for the child and family. Feuerstein's concept of mediated learning experience is proposed as a useful way of understanding the process issues, to assess parental reactions, and to guide more productive and adaptive interventions. Four prototypical patterns of family response are presented, with descriptions of the mediational restrictions and potentialities embedded within them. Implications are presented for both dysfunctional responses and the development of positive and adaptive reactions.

Standardization vs. conventionalization

Abstract: Reponse a l'article precedent intitule «Performative utterances: a reply to Bach and Harnish» ou M. Reimer critique la theorie indirecte et standardisee de l'enonciation performative developpee par l'A.. Rejetant les objections qui lui ont ete faites, l'A. montre que l'alternative proposee par Reimer repose sur des fondements errones

Multiple Mechanisms Provide Tolerance to Environmental Sulfide in Urechis caupo

Abstract: SYNOPSIS. During tidal exposure the echiuran worm Urechis caupo encounters toxic sulnde in its burrow microhabitat on the marine mudflat. Although sulnde freely penetrates the two respiratory epithelia (the body wall and hindgut) and tissue cytochrome oxidases are extremely sulnde sensitive, the worm tolerates sulnde concentrations which exceed environmental exposures. Sulnde tolerance results from a suite of sulnde detoxification mechanisms that extend from the coelomic fluid to the epithelial surfaces. The coelomic fluid is rich in hemoglobin and hematin, both of which bind sulfide and catalyze the oxidation of sulfide to thiosulfate in vitro . Peripheral defense mechanisms responsible for protection of aerobic epithelia from sulfide poisoning may include mucus secretion, sulfide oxidation by symbiotic bacteria and/or specialized organelles termed SOBs, and sloughing of sulfide damaged cells. Thiosulfate, the principal detoxification endproduct produced in vivo, is eliminated primarily by diffusion across the hindgut, and sulfur metabolites may be sequestered and eliminated by the anal sacs. Based on a hypothetical model, we conclude that sulfide tolerance in U. caupo is due primarily to the sulfide oxidation activity of the coelomic fluid and that the specialized integument and hindgut protect the metabolically active, sulfide-exposed epithelial cells. These sulfide detoxification mechanisms may allow populations of this filter-feeding worm to exploit nutrient-rich, sulfidic environments.

Auditors' Judgment Performance under Stress: A Test of the Predicted Relationship by Three Theoretical Models

Abstract: Three competing theories of stress and judgment performance, namely, working memory capacity theory (Eysenck [1979]), cue utilization theory (Easterbrook [1959]), and coping behavior theory (Folkman [1984]) were compared for their efficacy in explaining the form of stress-induced performance changes in auditors' judgment. Two studies were conducted to test the goodness of fit of the three predicted stress-judgment relationships.The first study was a five-phase field research that included the development of an Audit Mental Stress Scale and the usage of a complex audit judgment case. The results indicated that the cue utilization theory had a higher explanatory power than the other two competing theories. In accordance with this theory, auditors' judgment performance improved as stress increased from a low to moderate level with optimal performance efficiency occurring at a moderate level of stress, and thereafter a decrement in judgment performance at an excessive level of stress. In other words, there wa...

Addressing the Challenges of Families with Multiple Risks

Abstract: All families face challenges throughout their lifespan. For a significant segment of the population, however, these challenges are multiple and constitute risks for the children and other family members. This article reviews the changing structures and characteristics of the American family and discusses the increased influence of several societal concerns, including poverty, substance abuse, and exposure to violence. These issues are considered in light of their potentially deleterious effects on child and family development and functioning. Recommendations include collaborations among educators, other service providers, and families to address the complex needs and challenges presented by families experiencing multiple risks.

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in a male sexually transmitted disease clinic population by interview, wet mount microscopy, and the InPouch TV test.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE--To determine the prevalence of trichomoniasis in male patients from their urine at a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Clinic using the InPouch TV culture system. METHODS--Two hundred and four patients were examined for STD infections. Their ages ranged between 17 and 72 years. Depending on their clinical symptoms tests were ordered for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia, and for syphilis. Each patient submitted a clean catch urine specimen for trichomonas testing. A 15 ml aliquot of urine was centrifuged and a drop of the sediment examined microscopically. The remainder was cultured in the InPouch TV test. Each pouch was examined at 24 h, 48 h, and 5 days. RESULTS--Twenty-four of the 204 patients (12%) were culture positive for Trichomonas vaginalis and only three of these were wet mount positive. CONCLUSION--The InPouch TV test demonstrated an epidemiological important infected male population that was not indicated by wet mount microscopy.