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Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed new venture start-up activities undertaken by 71 entrepreneurs and found that those who were able to start a business were more aggressive in making their businesses real.

930 citations


Book
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Interaction in the Language Curriculum offers an innovative theory of language education integrating curriculum practice, research and teaching It emphasises the interdependence of knowledge and values and stresses the central importance of learning as a social process as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Interaction in the Language Curriculum offers an innovative theory of language education integrating curriculum practice, research and teaching It emphasises the interdependence of knowledge and values and stresses the central importance of learning as a social processLeo van Lier argues that moral as well as intellectual and practical principles must underlie curriculum development and everyday teaching, captured in his triple focus on Awareness, Autonomy, and Authenticity In addition to its rich grounding in language education practice, the book draws support for his position from diverse sources in sociology, philosophy and cognitive science, from the work of Bourdieu, Giddens, Wittgenstein, Peirce, Vygotsky, Bakhtin, and Dewey In the current broadening context of language education this study makes an important contribution to research It presents a coherent philosophical theory as well as considering practical issues in implementation of a new language curriculum As such, it will be of great benefit to teachers, applied linguists and educationalists generally

768 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Captive breeding should be viewed as a last resort in species recovery and not a prophylactic or long-term solution because of the inexorable genetic and phenotypic changes that occur in captive environments.
Abstract: The use of captive breeding in species recovery has grown enormously in recent years, but without a concurrent growth in appreciation of its limitations. Problems with (1) establishing self-sufficient captive populations, (2) poor success in reintroductions, (3) high costs, (4) domestication, (5) preemption of other re- covery techniques, (6) disease outbreaks, and (7) maintaining administrative continuity have all been signif- icant. The technique has often been invoked prematurely and should not normally be employed before a care- ful field evaluation of costs and benefits of all conservation alternatives has been accomplished and a determination made that captive breeding is essential for species survival. Merely demonstrating that a spe- cies" population is declining or has fallen below what may be a minimum viable size does not constitute enough analysis to justify captive breeding as a recovery measure. Captive breeding should be viewed as a last resort in species recovery and not a prophylactic or long-term solution because of the inexorable genetic and phenotypic changes that occur in captive environments. Captive breeding can play a crucial role in re- covery of some species for which effective alternatives are unavailable in the short term. However, it should not displace habitat and ecosystem protection nor should it be invoked in the absence of comprehensive ef- forts to maintain or restore populations in wild habitats. Zoological institutions with captive breeding pro- grams should operate under carefully defined conditions of disease prevention and genetic~behavioral man- agement. More important, these institutions should help preserve biodiversity through their capacities for public education, professional training, research, and support of in situ conservation efforts.

672 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: McKee and Wong as mentioned in this paper argue for a revision of code-based and individual learner-based views of second-language learning based on a two-year qualitative study of adolescent Chinese-immigrant students conducted in California in the early 1990s, in which the authors and their research associates followed four Mandarin-speaking students through seventh and eighth grades, periodically interviewing them and assessing their English-language development.
Abstract: In this article, Sandra McKay and Sau-Ling Wong argue for a revision of code-based and individual learner-based views of second-language learning. Their position is based on a two-year qualitative study of adolescent Chinese-immigrant students conducted in California in the early 1990s, in which the authors and their research associates followed four Mandarin-speaking students through seventh and eighth grades, periodically interviewing them and assessing their English-language development. In discussing their findings, McKay and Wong establish a contextualist perspective that foregrounds interrelations of discourse and power in the learner's social environment. The authors identify mutually interacting multiple discourses to which the students were subjected, but of which they were also subjects, and trace the students' negotiations of dynamic, sometimes contradictory, multiple identities. Adopting B. N. Peirce's concept of investment, McKay and Wong relate these discourses and identities to the students...

661 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an extremely low mass companion to the solar-type star 70 Virginis is inferred from the observed periodic Doppler reflex motion of the primary during 8 yr. The minimum mass (M2 sin i) of 70 Vir "B" is 6.6-9 MJ, which falls in the mass range associated with "extrasolar giant planets" (0.3-15 MJ).
Abstract: An extremely low mass companion to the solar-type star 70 Virginis is inferred from the observed periodic Doppler reflex motion of the primary during 8 yr. The minimum mass (M2 sin i) of 70 Vir "B" is 6.6 Jovian masses (MJ), which falls in the mass range associated with "extrasolar giant planets" (0.3-15 MJ). An orbital fit to the velocities yields a period P = 116.6 days, an amplitude K = 318 m s-1, and an eccentricity e = 0.40. The residuals to the fit scatter by 8 m s-1, consistent with the errors. Thus 70 Vir B and 51 Peg B represent the first planets found outside our solar system. Alternatively, the probability that 70 Vir B is an orbiting brown dwarf of mass M > 40 MJ is ~1%, requiring an extreme (face-on) orbital inclination of i < 9°. With a likely mass of 6.6-9 MJ, 70 Vir B lies in the nebulously defined domain between solar system planets and brown dwarfs. Its effective temperature is computed to be ~90°C. The formation of such giant planets in eccentric orbits is not explained by current theory.

486 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The phylogenetic compositions of bacterioplankton assemblages from San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay, Calif., differed substantially when analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; these differences are consistent with the results of previous studies demonstrating differences in their metabolic capabilities.
Abstract: The phylogenetic compositions of bacterioplankton assemblages from San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay, Calif., differed substantially when analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; these differences are consistent with the results of previous studies demonstrating differences in their metabolic capabilities. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of complex microbial assemblages was sensitive and reliable, and the results were reproducible as shown by experiments with constructed and naturally occurring assemblages.

446 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1996-Genetics
TL;DR: QTLs affecting early and late growth were generally distinct, mapping to different chromosomal locations indicating separate genetic and physiological systems for early and later murine growth.
Abstract: Body size is an archetypal quantitative trait with variation due to the segregation of many gene loci, each of relatively minor effect, and the environment. We examine the effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on age-specific body weights and growth in the F2 intercross of the LG/J and SM/J strains of inbred mice. Weekly weights (1-10 wk) and 75 microsatellite genotypes were obtained for 535 mice. Interval mapping was used to locate and measure the genotypic effects of QTLs on body weight and growth. QTL effects were detected on 16 of the 19 autosomes with several chromosomes carrying more than one QTL. The number of QTLs for age-specific weights varied from seven at 1 week to 17 at 10 wk. The QTLs were each of relatively minor, subequal effect. QTLs affecting early and late growth were generally distinct, mapping to different chromosomal locations indicating separate genetic and physiological systems for early and later murine growth.

320 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a framework of course design processes was proposed for teaching ESL courses for Chinese health care workers at a Boston nursing home and a 7th grade social studies course for ESL students at an international school.
Abstract: 1 Teachers as course developers 2 A framework of course design processes 3 Designing workplace ESOL courses for Chinese health care workers at a Boston nursing home 4 Designing a 7th grade social studies course for ESL students at an international school 5 Designing an English for academic purposes course for post-graduate students in Ecuador 6 Designing a writing component for Teen courses at a Brazilian educational institute 7 Planning an advanced listening comprehension elective for Japanese college students 8 A curriculum framework for corporate language programs

227 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The functional results, presented here, are correlated to the x-ray structures of the mutants, and structural changes explain the functional alterations observed.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted while residing next to a crack house in El Barrio, New York, for almost five years, this paper analyzed how the social and economic marginalization of second and third-generation Puerto Rican immigrants in the inner city has polarized violence and sexuality against women and children both within the family and on the street.
Abstract: Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted while residing next to a crack house in El Barrio, New York, for almost five years, this article analyses how the social and economic marginalization of second- and third-generation Puerto Rican immigrants in the inner city has polarized violence and sexuality against women and children both within the family and on the street. Traditional working-class patriarchy has been thrown into crisis by the restructuring of the global economy and the expansion of women's rights. Unable to replicate the rural-based models of masculinity and family structure of their grandfathers' generation, a growing cohort of marginalized men in the de-industrialized urban economy takes refuge in the drug economy and celebrates a misogynist, predatory street culture that normalizes gang rape, sexual conquest, and paternal abandonment. Marginalized men lash out against the women and children they can no longer support economically nor control patriarchally. (Abstract Adapted from Source: British Journal of Criminology, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press) New York Ethnographic Studies Sociocultural Factors Socioeconomic Factors Immigrant Offender Hispanic Offender Hispanic Violence Hispanic Male Hispanic Adult Adult Male Adult Offender Adult Violence Sexual Assault Offender Masculinity Gender Role Ideology Drug Trafficking Urban Environment Sexual Assault Causes Violence Causes 05-00

175 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a simple model of a metropolitan housing market is presented identifying three interrelated submarkets and estimating equations for rent, housing prices and urban land prices using two-stage least squares.
Abstract: In attempting to explain why housing prices, rents and urban land prices vary so dramatically between U.S. metropolitan areas, a simple model of a metropolitan housing market is presented identifying three interrelated submarkets. Estimating equations for rent, housing prices and urban land prices are identified and estimated using two-stage least squares. The empirical results provide strong support for the theoretical model concerning how these three submarkets interact. The results also suggest that household income and construction costs are the most important factors causing housing prices, rents and land prices to vary between metropolitan areas.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Biased discussion was found to occur to a greater degree when communication mode was computer-mediated, and the group members were not in conflict prior to the discussion.
Abstract: One advantage of groups is that they have access to a larger pool of expertise and knowledge than individual group members. However, groups are sometimes ineffective at exchanging information. This tendency has been called biased discussion. The present study examines the effects of communication mode face-to-face vs. computer mediated, and Prediscussion information distribution characteristics on biased discussion. Biased discussion was found to occur to a greater degree when communication mode was computer-mediated, and the group members were not in conflict prior to the discussion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that culture is not a rigid or static entity, but a dynamic, in constant flux across individuals within cultures, and across time, and use the dimension of individ...
Abstract: We argue that culture is not a rigid or static entity. Instead, it is dynamic, in constant flux across individuals within cultures, and across time. In this article, we use the dimension of individ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The problems to estimating and calculating downside deviation'(DD)':m: asset allocation and performance measurement applic~tions and downsiderisk will be synonymous with DO.
Abstract: 94132). W hen the first article on downside risk , was published (see Sortino and " '" '" Hopelain [1980]), there were no applications of downside risk in the investment community. .Now, "a"growing number of practitioners are using downside risk in various portfolio management"applications. We want to ,support this movement, but we would like to call attention to some critical problems that we find in our continued research on the subject. Balzer [1994] and Harlow [1991] have examined various ways to conceptualize 'downside risk. Both conclude that deviations below some set value that must be ,'.. . earned at a minimumIn order to prevent bad outcomes are preferred to.downside probability or shortfall risk. We concur with this finding and will focus here on the problems atteA4an~ to estimating and calculating downside deviation'(DD)':m: asset allocation and performance measurement applic~tions. For the remainder of the article, downsiderisk Will be synonymous with DO.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1996-Nature
TL;DR: Using molecular identification methods it is shown that some monotropes are highly specific in their fungal associations and at least one species, Pterosporo andromedea is specialized on a single species group within the genus Rhizopogon.
Abstract: MONOTROPES (Monotropoideae, Ericaceae) are achlorophyllous, epiparasitic plants that receive all of their fixed carbon from green plants through a common ectomycorrhizal association rather than by a direct parasitic connection (Fig. 1)1,2. Using molecular identification methods we show that some monotropes are highly specific in their fungal associations and at least one species, Pterosporo andromedea is specialized on a single species group within the genus Rhizopogon. Phylogenetic analysis of the Monotropoideae shows that specialization has been derived through narrowing of fungal associations within the lineage containing P. andromedea. High specificity is contrary to past predictions for the Monotropoideae and for plant communities in general, raising many questions about the roles of mycorrhizal specificity in ecosystem function.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present six examples of real-world strategic decision in support of a process approach to the making and implementing of such decisions, which suggests a need for further research and exposition of this critically important subject.
Abstract: Posits that a process perspective on strategic decision making is more likely to yield a successful outcome. Conceives the strategic decision‐making process as a composite of the concept of strategic gap and the managerial decision‐making process. Presents six examples of real‐world strategic decision in support of a process approach to the making and implementing of such decisions. The evidence in support of a process perspective on strategic decision making suggests a need for further research and exposition of this critically important subject.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results based on responses to the Job Descriptive Index indicated a strong relationship between openness and satisfaction with co-workers and individuals who were not completely "out" in the workplace were more satisfied with their pay and tended to make more than those who were " out" to both their bosses and their co- workers.
Abstract: The social environment of the workplace is an important component of job satisfaction. Different groups perceive that environment in different ways. For gay men and lesbians an important factor may be how "open" they can be about their sexual orientation in the workplace. This study assesses the relation between openness about one's sexual orientation in the workplace and job satisfaction among gay men and lesbians. Results based on responses to the Job Descriptive Index from samples in Indianapolis and San Francisco indicated a strong relationship between openness and satisfaction with co-workers. In addition, individuals who were not completely "out" in the workplace were more satisfied with their pay and tended to make more than those who were "out" to both their bosses and their co-workers. Possible implications of these results regarding job satisfaction issues for lesbians and gay men are discussed.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed 24 years (1972-1995) of verified incidents of mountain lions killing domestic animals (n = 2,663) to examine trend, distribution, and types of conflicts in California.
Abstract: We compiled and analyzed 24 years (1972-1995) of verified incidents of mountain lions killing domestic animals (n = 2,663) to examine trend, distribution, and types of conflicts in California. To model the relationships between mountain lion depredation and various human activity and habitat factors, we tested 2 predictive models. Domestic sheep depredation in counties was significantly (P< 0.05) related to amount of suitable mountain lion habitat. We hypothesize that increasing domestic sheep depredation may reflect regional increases in the distribution and abundance of mountain lions. A regression model of percent pet depredation indicated a significant (P < 0.05) association with average annual new house development (1979-1993). Counties with significant pet depredation are in the same regions where public safety problems have occurred and reflect a radiation of human activity into mountain lion habitat. Mountain lion depredation data may be a useful index of regional mountain lion activity. Livestock and pet depredation problems are increasing in different regions of the state for different reasons; pet depredations are increasing the most rapidly. Pet depredation may be a useful indicator of mountain lion proximity to humans.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the effectiveness of an intervention designed to facilitate the social inclusion of three students who experienced significant physical and intellectual challenges and, as a result, experienced significant depression and anxiety.
Abstract: This investigation analyzed the effectiveness of an intervention designed to facilitate the social inclusion of three students who experienced significant physical and intellectual challenges and, ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results obtained from domain swapping experiments demonstrated that the single amino acid sequence difference near the C terminus of these enzymes did not alter the enzyme's substrate specificity, however, swapping a region near the N termini of the truncated form of FucT III into an homologous region in Fuc T V produced a protein with both alpha1,3- andalpha1,4-fucosyltransferase activity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: College students were asked to view a documentary film depicting events surrounding the life and death of a prominent gay politician, and data on the mood of the subjects were collected and analyzed in light of Devine's model of prejudice.
Abstract: In order to understand better the relation between "media contact" and attitudes, college students were asked to view a documentary film depicting events surrounding the life and death of a prominent gay politician. The participants completed the Attitudes Toward Homosexuals Scale during screening sessions and either prior to or after viewing the documentary. The film had a significant and positive effect on attitudes. In addition, data on the mood of the subjects were collected and analyzed in light of Devine's (1989) model of prejudice. The findings suggest possible extensions for Devine's model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that women using triphasic pills experience greater sexual interest and response than those using monophasics.
Abstract: The relationship between use of oral contraceptives and sexuality in university women who completed the McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire was examined. Pill users reported sexual intercourse earlier, were less likely to be virgins, more likely to have a sex partner, more apt to be engaging in petting and intercourse than nonusers, and reported more frequent intercourse than sexually active nonusers. Nonusers reported a greater frequency and enjoyment of anal intercourse than pill users. The prediction that pill users would have less vaginal lubrication than nonusers was supported. Contrary to prediction, pill users reported a higher frequency of sexual thoughts and fantasies, and level of sexual interest than active nonusers. Triphasic Orthonovum 7/7/7 (OR7/7/7) users reported more sexual thoughts and fantasies and had higher Sexual Interest (Factor 1) scores than monophasic Orthonovum 1/35 (OR1/35) users. Triphasic users as a group enjoyed sexual activity more, were more aroused during sexual activity, and had higher Sexual Interest factor scores than monophasic users. Triphasic users reported more sexual thoughts and fantasies, sexual interest and had higher Sexual Interest factor scores than nonusers, while monophasic users did not. Monophasic users reported less vaginal lubrication than nonusers, whereas triphasic users did not. Comparisons of OR7/7/7 and OR1/35 users with nonusers revealed the same findings. Results suggest that women using triphasic pills experience greater sexual interest and response than those using monophasics. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current increase in the use of incarceration represents such a “march of folly,” as discussed by the authors argues, which is being driven by the notion that criminals are morally inferior and that they respond only to the threat of serious punishment.
Abstract: Societies, from time to time throughout history, have marched toward disaster with the acquiescence of otherwise sensible people. The current increase in the use of incarceration represents such a “march of folly.” Prison expansion is being driven by the notion that criminals are morally inferior and that they respond only to the threat of serious punishment. These assumptions are simplistic and socially divisive. Furthermore, incarceration is very expensive and fails to deal effectively with the reality that most criminals are returned to society. Criminal laws need to be reformed so that incarceration is reserved for the most serious violent offenders.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analyses of various dependent measures, which dissociated GMP from parameter components with regard to force characteristics, revealed that parameter learning, but not GMP learning, was enhanced by high CI practice.
Abstract: This study extended previous work (Sekiya, Magill, Sidaway, & Anderson, 1994) by examining whether the contextual interference (CI) effect could be found when task variations were controlled by the same generalized motor program (GMP) but differentiated on the basis of overall force parameter modifications. A subsidiary aim, of this study was to determine how the amount of practice influenced the CI effect. During 2 acquisition sessions and 2 retention sessions, participants (N = 24) performed 3 task variations in either a blocked (low CI) or serial (high CI) condition. The task variations shamed, the same relative force structures but differed in the amount of overall force that had to be produced. Analysis of a general error measure revealed a strong CI effect, indicating that overall force parameter modifications of the same GMP created the Cl effect. Analyses of various dependent measures, which dissociated GMP from parameter components with regard to force characteristics, revealed that para...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared denitrification rates obtained using an adaptation of the acetylene block technique to rates estimated from benthic flux nutrient stoichiometry in the subtidal sediments of Tomales Bay, California (USA).
Abstract: We compared denitrification rates obtained using an adaptation of the acetylene block technique to rates estimated from benthic flux nutrient stoichiometry in the subtidal sediments of Tomales Bay, California (USA). By amending whole cores with acetylene and saturating nitrate concentrations, we obtained potential denitrification rates, which ranged between 4 and 30 mmol N m−2 d−1. We determined the apparent Michaelis constant (Kapp) and the maximum potential rate (Vmp) of the denitrifying community and used these constants in a rectangular hyperbola to estimatein situ denitrification rates. Both the Kapp and Vmp of the denitrifying community exhibited significant variation over both depth in the sediment column and time of sampling.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that order statistics are the only functions that are continuous comparison meaningful means on powers of simple orders, and they are also the only function that can be used for continuous comparison on simple orders.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines social science empirical research on the relationship between race, class, and the distribution of environmental hazards and the theoretical perspectives which have emerged to explain environmental inequities and discusses the link between the environmental justice movement, which seeks to confront the causes and consequences of environmental inequalities, and social science research on environmental inequity.
Abstract: The toxic pollution problem is composed of several interre- lated parts which are involved in the process of production, use, and disposal of chemicals and products considered necessary for society. Each day, millions of pounds of toxic chemicals are used, stored, disposed of, and transported in and out of communities throughout the United States. Most Americans assume that pollution and other environmental hazards are problems faced equally by everyone in our society. But a growing body of research shows that the most common victims of environmental hazards and pollution are minorities and the poor. Disproportionate exposure to envi- ronmental hazards is part of the complex cycle of discrimination and depri- vationfaced by minorities in the United States. This article examines social science empirical research on the relationship between race, class, and the distribution of environmental hazards and the theoretical perspectives which have emerged to explain environmental inequities. The article also discusses the link between the environmental justice movement, which seeks to confront the causes and consequences of environmental inequities, and social science research on environmental inequity.

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Apr 1996-Langmuir
TL;DR: In this article, the ion exchange constants of four substituted aromatic anions, o-, m-, and p-nitrobenzo, were evaluated to evaluate factors that affect the extent of organic anion binding to charged micellar interfaces.
Abstract: In order to evaluate factors that affect the extent of organic anion binding to charged micellar interfaces, the ion exchange constants of four substituted aromatic anions, o-, m-, and p-nitrobenzo...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Comparative genomic hybridization was used to analyze seven autologous uveal melanomas with both formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and fresh-frozen specimens and identified genetic changes similar to those found in more recent tumors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measure auditors' knowledge content using a cognitive script approach suggested in Choo (1989b) and link them to auditors's judgment performance, and suggest that multiple discriminant analyses (MDA) may be a tool for linking auditors" knowledge and judgment performance.
Abstract: The goal of this study is to measure three dimensions of auditors' knowledge content using a cognitive script approach suggested in Choo (1989b) and link them to auditors' judgment performance. The results show that auditors' knowledge content in a going-concern task differ by the extent of their knowledge distinctiveness, abstractness, and contingency for the task. These knowledge differences, which produce performance differences, may be observed from auditors' cognitive scripts developed through repeated exposure to the task. The results also suggest that multiple discriminant analyses (MDA) may be a tool for linking auditors' knowledge and judgment performance. Moreover, repeated exposure, defined as the number of times an auditor had performed a specific task, may be a promising alternative proxy for auditors' expertise in a going-concern task. When the experiment was repeated with a hold-out sample of 27 auditors, the derived discriminant function in the main experiment did not overfit the data. Overall, this study contributes to the audit judgment literature by providing some empirical evidence and insights on how auditors' script-based knowledge content is linked to their judgment performance.