Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 1997"
TL;DR: It was found that teams using this computer-mediated communication system (CMCS) could not outperform traditional (face-to-face) teams under otherwise comparable circumstances and relational links among team members were found to be a significant contributor to the effectiveness of information exchange.
Abstract: Many organizations are forming “virtual teams” of geographically distributed knowledge workers to collaborate on a variety of workplace tasks. But how effective are these virtual teams compared to traditional face-to-face groups? Do they create similar teamwork and is information exchanged as effectively? An exploratory study of a World Wide Web-based asynchronous computer conference system known as Meeting Web™ is presented and discussed. It was found that teams using this computer-mediated communication system (CMCS) could not outperform traditional (face-to-face) teams under otherwise comparable circumstances. Further, relational links among team members were found to be a significant contributor to the effectiveness of information exchange. Though virtual and face-to-face teams exhibit similar levels of communication effectiveness, face-to-face team members report higher levels of satisfaction. Therefore, the paper presents steps that can be taken to improve the interaction experience of virtual teams. Finally, guidelines for creating and managing virtual teams are suggested, based on the findings of this research and other authoritative sources.
710 citations
TL;DR: For the three stars HR 3522 (G8V), HR 5185 (F7V), and HR 458 (F8V) as discussed by the authors, the velocity semiamplitude is 77 m s-1 and a period of 14.65 days, implying a semimajor axis of 0.11 AU and a minimum mass for the companion of M2 sin i = 0.84MJUP.
Abstract: We report Keplerian Doppler velocity variations, consistent with orbiting "51 Pegasi-type" planets, for the three stars HR 3522 (G8V), HR 5185 (F7V), and HR 458 (F8V). HR 3522 exhibits a velocity semiamplitude of 77 m s-1 and a period of 14.65 days, implying a semimajor axis of 0.11 AU and a minimum mass for the companion of M2 sin i = 0.84MJUP. For HR 5185, the semiamplitude is 469 m s-1, and the period is 3.3128 days, implying an orbital radius of 0.0462 AU and a minimum mass of 3.87MJUP. For HR 458, the semiamplitude is 74 m s-1, and the period is 4.61 days, implying an orbital radius of 0.057 AU and a minimum mass of 0.68MJUP. These three companions, along with 51 Peg b, may constitute a heretofore unrecognized class of planets, defined by circular orbits, Jupiter-like masses, and orbital radii less than ~0.2 AU. The relatively large orbital radius for HR 3522 (0.11 AU) precludes tidal circularization, suggesting that the circular orbits are primordial. During the past 9 years, the velocity residuals to the Keplerian fit of HR 3522 exhibit a long-term systematic trend, suggestive of an additional companion. HR 5185 exhibits velocity residuals that fluctuate erratically by ~70 m s-1, which are as yet unaccounted for. HR 5185 has a rotation period very close to the orbital period of the planet, suggesting that the companion may have tidally locked the primary.
481 citations
TL;DR: This paper found high agreement across countries in identifying the emotions portrayed in the photos, demonstrating the reliability of the JACFEE, and cross-national differences were found in the exact level of agreement for photos of anger, contempt, disgust, fear, sadness, and surprise.
Abstract: Substantial research has documented the universality of several emotional expressions. However, recent findings have demonstrated cultural differences in level of recognition and ratings of intensity. When testing cultural differences, stimulus sets must meet certain requirements. Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE) is the only set that meets these requirements. The purpose of this study was to obtain judgment reliability data on the JACFEE, and to test for possible cross-national differences in judgments as well. Subjects from Hungary, Japan, Poland, Sumatra, United States, and Vietnam viewed the complete JACFEE photo set and judged which emotions were portrayed in the photos and rated the intensity of those expressions. Results revealed high agreement across countries in identifying the emotions portrayed in the photos, demonstrating the reliability of the JACFEE. Despite high agreement, cross-national differences were found in the exact level of agreement for photos of anger, contempt, disgust, fear, sadness, and surprise. Cross-national differences were also found in the level of intensity attributed to the photos. No systematic variation due to either preceding emotion or presentation order of the JACFEE was found. Also, we found that grouping the countries into a Western/Non-Western dichotomy was not justified according to the data. Instead, the cross-national differences are discussed in terms of possible sociopsychological variables that influence emotion judgments.
474 citations
Book•
13 Mar 1997TL;DR: The Learning Spiral and the Reading Teacher as mentioned in this paper are two of the main factors that influence reading in L2/FL 2/FL 3 Designing the reading course 4 Preparing to Read 5 Vocabulary Before Reading 6 During Reading 7 Vocabulary During Reading 8 Reviewing Reading 9 Vocabulary After Reading 10 Teaching Literature 11 Assessing Reading Ability 12 Planning a Reading Lesson 13 The Learning Spiral
Abstract: 1 What is Reading? 2 Factors That Influence Reading in L2/FL 3 Designing the Reading Course 4 Preparing to Read 5 Vocabulary Before Reading 6 During Reading 7 Vocabulary During Reading 8 Reviewing Reading 9 Vocabulary After Reading 10 Teaching Literature 11 Assessing Reading Ability 12 Planning a Reading Lesson 13 The Learning Spiral and The Reading Teacher
381 citations
TL;DR: A re-examination of Hofstede's country classifications is presented in this article, where the authors find that many shifts have occurred in work-related value structures over the past three decades.
Abstract: Nearly 3 decades have passed since Hofstede (1980) collected the data used to classify countries by their underlying work-related value structures. The present study, in which recent data from 9 countries in 4 continents was collected, is a reexamination of his country classifications. The results suggest that many shifts have occurred since Hofstede's study in 1980. These shifts are related to some of the major environmental changes that have occurred.
377 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore a possible connection between stellar photospheric Li depletion, pre-mainsequence stellar rotation, the presence of a massive protoplanetary disk, and the formation of a planetary companion.
Abstract: High-precision radial-velocity observations of the solar-type star 16 Cygni B (HR 7504, HD 186427), taken at McDonald Observatory and at Lick Observatory, have each independently discovered periodic radial-velocity variations indicating the presence of a Jovian-mass companion to this star. The orbital fit to the combined McDonald and Lick data gives a period of 800.8 days, a velocity amplitude (K) of 43.9 m s-1, and an eccentricity of 0.63. This is the largest eccentricity of any planetary system discovered so far. Assuming that 16 Cygni B has a mass of 1.0 M☉, the mass function then implies a mass for the companion of 1.5/sin i Jupiter masses. While the mass of this object is well within the range expected for planets, the large orbital eccentricity cannot be explained simply by the standard model of growth of planets in a protostellar disk. It is possible that this object was formed in the normal manner with a low-eccentricity orbit and has undergone postformational orbital evolution, either through the same process that has been proposed to have formed the "massive eccentric" planets around 70 Virginis and HD 114762, or by gravitational interactions with the companion star 16 Cygni A. It is also possible that the object is an extremely low mass brown dwarf formed through fragmentation of the collapsing protostar. We explore a possible connection between stellar photospheric Li depletion, pre-mainsequence stellar rotation, the presence of a massive protoplanetary disk, and the formation of a planetary companion.
346 citations
TL;DR: Deaf children's learning of English appears to benefit from the acquisition of even a moderate fluency in ASL, regardless of age and IQ.
Abstract: This article presents the findings of a study of the relationship between American Sign Language (ASL) skills and English literacy among 160 deaf children. Using a specially designed test of ASL to determine three levels of ASL ability, we found that deaf children who attained the higher two levels significantly outperformed children in the lowest ASL ability level in English literacy, regardless of age and IQ. Furthermore, although deaf children with deaf mothers outperformed deaf children of hearing mothers in both ASL and English literacy, when ASL level was held constant, there was no difference between these two groups, except in the lowest level of ASL ability. The implication of this research is straightforward and powerful: Deaf children's learning of English appears to benefit from the acquisition of even a moderate fluency in ASL.
256 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the center dominance in the maximal center gauge for SU(2) lattice gauge theory and showed that the center projection is associated with thin vortices of the projected configurations.
Abstract: We find, in close analogy to Abelian dominance in the maximal Abelian gauge, the phenomenon of center dominance in the maximal center gauge for SU(2) lattice gauge theory. The maximal center gauge is a gauge-fixing condition that preserves a residual ${Z}_{2}$ gauge symmetry; ``center projection'' is the projection of SU(2) link variables onto ${Z}_{2}$ center elements, and ``center dominance'' is the fact that the center-projected link elements carry most of the information about the string tension of the full theory. We present numerical evidence that the thin ${Z}_{2}$ vortices of the projected configurations are associated with ``thick'' ${Z}_{2}$ vortices in the unprojected configurations. The evidence also suggests that the thick ${Z}_{2}$ vortices may play a significant role in the confinement process.
240 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed nineteen research investigations of inclusive educational programs, practices, and outcomes for students with severe disabilities and identified six broad themes that emerged through triangulation across studies offer guidelines for research and practice in inclusive schools in the coming decade.
Abstract: Nineteen research investigations of inclusive educational programs, practices, and outcomes for students with severe disabilities are reviewed. The studies represent a broad diversity of questions, methodologies, and participants. The focus of each investigation fell into one of five categories: (a) parents' perceptions of the pursuit and impact of inclusive educational placement, (b) issues and practices in inclusive schools and classrooms, (c) the cost of inclusive educational placement, (d) educational achievement outcomes for students in inclusive classrooms, and (e) social relationships and friendships in inclusive settings. Six broad themes that emerged through triangulation across studies offer guidelines for research and practice in inclusive schools in the coming decade.
229 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that as predicted, African wild dog packs generally consist of an unrelated alpha male and female, subdominant close relatives, and offspring of the breeding pair.
Abstract: The African wild dog is a highly social, pack-living predator of the African woodland and savannah. The archetypal wild dog pack consists of a single dominant breeding pair, their offspring, and non-breeding adults who are either offspring or siblings of one of the breeding pair. Non-breeding adults cooperate in hunting, provisioning and the protection of young. From these observations follows the prediction that the genetic structure of wild dogs packs should resemble that of a multigenerational family, with all same-sexed adults and offspring within a pack related as sibs or half-sibs. Additionally, a higher kinship between females from neighboring packs should be evident if females tend to have small dispersal distances relative to males. We test these predictions through analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and 14 microsatellite loci in nine wild dog packs from Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. We show that as predicted, African wild dog packs generally consist of an unrelated alpha male and female, subdominant close relatives, and offspring of the breeding pair. Sub-dominant wild dogs occasionally reproduce but their offspring rarely survive to 1 year of age. Relatedness influences the timing and location of dispersal events as dispersal events frequently coincide with a change in pack dominance hierarchy and dispersers often move to areas with a high proportion of close relatives.
226 citations
TL;DR: The Individualism-Collectivism Interpersonal Assessment Inventory (ICIAI) as discussed by the authors is an individual-based assessment inventory of individualistic versus collectivistic tendencies in four social relationships.
Abstract: Cross-cultural research would be greatly aided by the availability of psychometrically sound measures of meaningful cultural dimensions of variability on the individual level. We report six studies that establish the validity and reliability of an individual-based assessment inventory of individualistic versus collectivistic tendencies in four social relationships (the Individualism-Collectivism Interpersonal Assessment Inventory-ICIAI). The results of the first five studies provide strong evidence for the reliability and validity of the ICIAI. The sixth study, including data from four different countries and four different ethnic groups within the United States, demonstrate the utility of the ICIAI to map cultural differences in multiple contexts and rating domains.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the net and gross metabolism of Tomales Bay, a temperate climate estuary in northern California, and found that the bay oxidizes a subsidy of organic carbon from outside the system, in excess of inorganic nutrients supplied to it from outside and in addition to material cycling within it.
Abstract: We have studied the net and gross metabolism of Tomales Bay, a temperate climate estuary in northern California. Tomales Bay has proved to be heterotrophic, implying that the bay oxidizes a subsidy of organic carbon from outside the system, in excess of inorganic nutrients supplied to it from outside and in addition to material cycling within it. Net organic oxidation releases dissolved inorganic nutrients, and the system exports these dissolved inorganic products. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus is exported to the ocean via mixing and constitutes the most direct record of net ecosystem production (NEP). Excess dissolved inorganic nitrogen is lost to denitrification. Excess dissolved inorganic carbon largely results in alkalinity elevation and hydrographic export of alkalinity due to sulfate reduction. The negative NEP of this system results in little release of CO2 to the atmosphere, because of this alkalinity elevation. A major purpose of the study was to ascertain the relative importance of various sour...
TL;DR: In this paper, data collected in three Californian estuaries indicate that hypersaline conditions exist during the dry summers typical of a Mediterranean climate and that this seasonal hypersalinity is common.
Abstract: Data collected in three Californian estuaries indicate that hypersaline conditions exist during the dry summers typical of a Mediterranean climate. The generalised seasonal and longitudinal hydrographic structures are described and explained. It is argued that this seasonal hypersalinity is common and that it represents a major class of estuaries. The observed accumulation of salt indicates surprisingly long residence times in small basins which have free exchange with the ocean. This semi-isolation of the inner basin leads to a large build-up or severe depletion of nutrients, pollutants and plankton in these systems. Of concern are the trends to increase pollutant loading in the same systems that are experiencing an increase in residence times owing to freshwater extraction in the watershed.
TL;DR: In this article, a period of 4.231 days, a velocity amplitude of 56 ± 1 m s-1, and a velocity curve that is essentially sinusoidal, all in excellent agreement with Mayor & Queloz.
Abstract: Doppler measurements of 51 Pegasi have been made from 1995 October through 1996 August, with a precision of 5 m s-1. We find a period of 4.231 days, a velocity amplitude of 56 ± 1 m s-1, and a velocity curve that is essentially sinusoidal, all in excellent agreement with Mayor & Queloz. The only viable interpretation is a companion having minimum mass, m sin i = 0.45 MJupiter, in a circular orbit of radius of 0.051 AU, with an eccentricity less than 0.01. Alternative explanations involving stellar surface phenomena such as pulsation or spots are ruled out. The lack of tidal spin-up of the star constrains the mass of the companion to be less than 15 MJupiter. If the tidal Q-value is less than ~106 for the planet (close to Jupiter's presumed value), then internal dissipation is adequate to circularize the orbit and synchronize the planet's rotation. After subtracting the best-fit Keplerian velocity curve, the residuals exhibit no apparent variations at a level of 5 m s-1 during 10 months. The absence of further reflex motion along with limits from IR speckle observations rule out additional companions in a large portion of the parameter space of mass and orbital radius, including all masses greater than 1 MJupiter within 2.0 AU.
TL;DR: The authors found that 25% of the health care providers in these eight counties hire CHWs; the hiring projections indicate that opportunities are expanding for these frontline professionals; the majority of growth is in public health departments and community-based organizations.
Abstract: Community health workers (CHWs) are community members who serve as frontline health care professionals. They generally work with the underserved and are indigenous to the community in which they work-ethnically, linguistically, socioeconomically, and experientially. This article presents the results of a survey of 197 systematically selected health care providers in eight Bay Area counties. The authors found that 25% of the health care providers in these eight counties hire CHWs. The hiring projections indicate that opportunities are expanding for these frontline professionals; the majority of growth is in public health departments and community-based organizations. The majority of CHWs are women (66%) of color (77%) with a high school degree or less (58%). A total of 44% earn an annual salary of $20,00 to $25,000; 30% make more than $25,001. AIDS and maternal and child health are the two major content foci of CHW work.
TL;DR: This paper examined patterns of pleiotropic effects on mandibular morphology at individual gene loci to determine whether the effects of individual genes are restricted to functionally and developmentally related traits.
Abstract: The genotypic basis of morphological variation is largely unknown. In this study we examine patterns of pleiotropic effects on mandibular morphology at individual gene loci to determine whether the pleiotropic effects of individual genes are restricted to functionally and developmentally related traits. Mandibular measurements were obtained from 480 mice from the F2 generation of an intercross between the LG/J and SM/J mouse strains. DNA was also extracted from these animals, and 76 microsatellite loci covering the autosomes were scored. Interval mapping was used to detect chromosomal locations with significant effects on various mandibular measurements. Sets of traits mapping to a common chromosomal region were considered as being affected by a single quantitative trait locus (QTL) for mandibular morphology. Thirty-seven such chromosomal regions were identified spread throughout the autosomes. Gene effects were small to moderate with the allele derived from the LG/J strain typically leading to larger size. When dominance was present, the LG/J allele was typically dominant to the SM/J allele. Most loci affected restricted functional and developmental regions of the mandible. Of the 26 chromosomal regions affecting more than two traits, 50% affect the muscular processes of the ascending ramus, 27% affect the alveolar processes carrying the teeth, and 23% affect the whole mandible. Four additional locations affecting two traits had effects significantly associated with alveolar regions. Pleiotropic effects are typically restricted to morphologically integrated complexes.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore how externally-imposed power constraints are expressed in everyday practices constituting differential HIV infection rates within distinct population groups in San Francisco, demonstrating the need for contextualized understandings of how power relations structure individual behavior in the transmission of HIV.
Abstract: Participant observation fieldwork among street-level heroin injectors in San Francisco demonstrates the need for contextualized understandings of how power relations structure individual behavior in the transmission of HIV. Problematizing macro/micro dichotomies, we explore how externally-imposed power constraints are expressed in everyday practices constituting differential HIV infection rates within distinct population groups. The pragmatics of income-generating strategies and the symbolic hierarchies of respect and identity shape risky behavior. The political economy and symbolic representations of race, class, gender, sexuality, and geography organize chronic social suffering and distort research data. Traditional paradigms of applied public health elide power relations and overemphasize individual behavior. Ignoring the centrality of power prevents a full understanding of the who, why, how, and where of HIV infection.
TL;DR: The identification of O3 in spectra of the saturnian satellites Rhea and Dione indicates the presence of trapped O3 is thus no longer unique to Ganymede, suggesting that special circumstances may not be required for its production.
Abstract: The satellites Rhea and Dione orbit within the magnetosphere of Saturn, where they are exposed to particle irradiation from trapped ions. A similar situation applies to the galilean moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, which reside within Jupiter's radiation belts. All of these satellites have surfaces rich in water ice. Laboratory studies of the interaction of charged-particle radiation with water ice predicted the tenuous oxygen atmospheres recently found on Europa and Ganymede. However, theoretical investigations did not anticipate the trapping of significantly larger quantities of O2 within the surface ice. The accumulation of detectable abundances of O3, produced by the action of ultraviolet or charged-particle radiation on O2, was also not predicted before being observed on Ganymede. Here we report the identification of O3 in spectra of the saturnian satellites Rhea and Dione. The presence of trapped O3 is thus no longer unique to Ganymede, suggesting that special circumstances may not be required for its production.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Aspects of wheelchair stability, particularly the effects of wheelchair configuration and of different riding surfaces, are important engineering issues affecting wheelchair safety and Interpretation of the results highlights wheelchair stability mechanics.
Abstract: An understanding of adverse incidents and injuries sustained by active wheelchair riders, who live and work in the mainstream of society, is needed to improve safety via wheelchair design, selection, and configuration. We interviewed 109 riders who had experienced incidents, in order to identify the causes of incidents and injuries they suffered. Participants reported n = 253 incidents (53% in powered wheelchairs, 47% manual) occurring within a 5-year period, comprised of 106 (42%) "Tips and Falls," 84 (33%) "Component Failures," and 63 (25%) "Other" events. Sixty-eight (27%) of the incidents caused injuries requiring medical attention, including 13 hospitalizations. Direction of Tips and Falls was associated with wheelchair type (manual or powered) and with different riding surfaces. Aspects of wheelchair stability, particularly the effects of wheelchair configuration and of different riding surfaces, are important engineering issues affecting wheelchair safety. Interpretation of the results highlights wheelchair stability mechanics. Potential design improvements are discussed.
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify important selection attributes for customers dining at Chinese restaurants in the state of Indiana, and the determinant and predicting factors in customers' intentions to return to Chinese restaurants.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to identify important selection attributes for customers dining at Chinese restaurants in the state of Indiana, and the determinant and predicting factors in customers' intentions to return. A closed-ended questionnaire was used, and a systematic sampling approach was employed to survey a sample of customers in three Chinese restaurants in Indiana. The data were analyzed using factor and multiple regression analysis. A four-dimensional structure was established from 14 selection attributes. The results of the study indicated four dimensions that were significantly related to the likelihood of customers returning to the same restaurants, as follows: “Food and Environment,” “Service and Courtesy,” “Price and Value,” and “Location, and Advertising and Promotion.”
TL;DR: This work uses new analytical and molecular techniques to examine nonadditive interactions of microsatellite markers and estimated QTL that influence adult body weight in mice and finds significant epistasis for large numbers of the two locus comparisons.
Abstract: Most evolutionarily and agriculturally important traits are affected by many genes (quantitative trait loci, or QTL) of relatively small effect. Usually the genetics of these traits are examined by indirect statistical analysis of the covariance among relatives, rather than by direct analyses. We use new analytical and molecular techniques to examine nonadditive interactions of microsatellite markers and estimated QTL that influence adult body weight in mice. Offspring of a cross between a large inbred mouse strain (LG/J) and a small inbred strain (SM/J) were intercrossed to form a segregating F2 generation. Using 76 microsatellite markers and 19 estimated QTL, we estimate gene-level epistasis and population-level epistasis for body weight at 10 weeks for 534 F2 mice. Significant epistasis was found for large numbers of the two locus comparisons using both markers and previously detected QTL. There are many genes segregating for adult body weight in this cross and many of these genes appear to interact epistatically. The discovery of potentially extensive epistasis has important implications for evolutionary models.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of computer programs for the assessment and cognitive behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders is presented, focusing on the use of computers for clinical diagnoses, as substitutes for paper and pencil assessment measures, as the sole providers of behavior therapy and as an adjunct to clinician guidance.
TL;DR: Low-discrepancy sampling as mentioned in this paper is a sampling method that uses non-random "random" numbers to generate simulated price paths, where a set of randomly generated values for the stochastic variables in a simulation will tend to have clumps of values close to each other in some regions and bare spots elsewhere, so a large number may have to be generated to have good coverage everywhere.
Abstract: Low-discrepancy ("quasi-random") sampling methods offer the possibility of significantly enhancing the simulation models used in derivative valuation by using non-random "random" numbers to generate simulated price paths. The idea is that a set of randomly generated values for the stochastic variables in a simulation will tend to have clumps of values close to each other in some regions and bare spots elsewhere, so a large number may have to be generated in order to have good coverage everywhere. Low-discrepancy sequences are non-random sets of numbers designed to cover the space more evenly, which allows the simulation to produce accurate valuation with fewer generated price series. Several alternatives exist for producing such sets, including algorithms devised by Sobol, by Halton, and by Faure. In this article, the authors give a detailed explanation of how these procedures work and how the low-discrepancy sets are generated. They then provide a comparison test among them for several types of path-dependent options, finding that the Sobol set generally appears to do the best.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present spectra of Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) covering the range 1.4-2.5 μm that were recorded when the comet was 7 AU from the Sun.
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the restoration goal of self-sustainability, but only in the context of a long-term goal, and considers the impact of processes arising outside of the restoration site as of greater importance than restoration itself.
Abstract: Successional models are used to predict how restoration projects will achieve their goals. These models have been developed on different spatial and temporal scales and consequently emphasize different types of dynamics. This paper focuses on the restoration goal of self-sustainability, but only in the context of a long-term goal. Because of the temporal scale of this goal, we must consider the impact of processes arising outside of the restoration site as of greater importance than restoration itself. Because ecological systems are open, restoration sites will be subjected to many external influential processes. Depending on the landscape context, the impact of these processes may not be noticeable, or, at the other extreme, they may prevent the achievement of restoration objectives. A second issue is to emphasize the nature of processes in the long term, that they are a complex of characteristics such as magnitude, frequency, and extent. Ecological systems are only adapted to a range of values in each of these characteristics. Restoration often combines goals that are of different scales. Models appropriate to these goals need consideration.
TL;DR: In this paper, the mediating role of cognitive moral development (CMD) in marketing ethics models has been examined, and the results seem to support the existence of statistically significant relationships between CMD and role conflict and ambiguity.
Abstract: Researchers in marketing ethics have identified the importance of cognitive moral development (CMD) in marketing ethics models. This study looks at selected correlates of role conflict and role ambiguity in marketing, especially the mediating role of CMD. Of the correlates examined, the results seem to support the existence of statistically significant relationships between CMD and role conflict and ambiguity. Implications for practitioners are provided. For example, the study could have direct implications for management personnel who have the responsibility of hiring ethical people and helping them address any role conflict or ambiguity that may arise from their job.
TL;DR: Data indicate that the white shark is endothermic, and it appears that the heat retention system in lamnid sharks has allowed them to inhabit cold water and remain active predators of swift and agile prey.
Abstract: Stomach temperatures of three white sharks, Carcharodoncarcharias, (one reported previously and two new individuals) were intermittently recorded by acoustic telemetry at the South Farallon Islands, central California. Temperature profiles of the water column were obtained concurrently. Stomach temperatures were elevated over ambient water temperatures by as much as 14.3 °C. Stomach temperatures varied within a narrow range while ambient water temperature fluctuated over a much larger range, showing that this species regulates its body temperature. These data, in combination with previous work on the physiology and anatomy of white sharks, indicate that the white shark is endothermic. It appears that the heat retention system in lamnid sharks has allowed them to inhabit cold water and remain active predators of swift and agile prey.
TL;DR: There is genetical variability for DA in these characters, although its level was low (4.4% of the total variation in this particular F2 population), and eleven QTLs were detected for FA, suggesting that there is very little genetic variability for FA.
Abstract: An interval mapping procedure was used to search for and describe the effects of any quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for directional asymmetry (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of 10 bilateral mandible characters in house mice. It was hypothesized that more QTLs would be found for DA than for FA, but that any discovered for FA should tend to exhibit dominance. All mandible characters were triply measured and 76 microsatellite markers were scored in an average of 471 mice from the F2 intercross of the Large (LG/J) and Small (SM/J) inbred strains. A total of 16 QTLs significantly affected DA in nine of the 10 mandible characters, and this was more than the 9.5 expected by chance alone. These QTLs were found on seven of the 19 chromosomes, often at or near locations of QTLs affecting the mean of the two sides for various dimensions on the mandible. It was concluded that there is genetical variability for DA in these characters, although its level was low (4.4% of the total variation in this particular F2 population). Eleven QTLs were detected for FA, suggesting that there is very little genetic variability for FA, at least as seen in the mandible characters in this particular F2 population. As hypothesized, however, these QTLs did tend to exhibit dominance.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated deaf signers' and non-signers' ability to discriminate human faces photographed under different conditions of orientation and lighting (the Benton Test of Facial Recognition).
Abstract: On-line comprehension of American Sign Language (ASL) requires rapid discrimination of linguistic facial expressions. We hypothesized that ASL signers' experience discriminating linguistic facial expressions might lead to enhanced performance for discriminating among different faces. Five experiments are reported that investigate signers' and non-signers' ability to discriminate human faces photographed under different conditions of orientation and lighting (the Benton Test of Facial Recognition). The results showed that deaf signers performed significantly better than hearing non-signers. Hearing native signers (born to deaf parents) also performed better than hearing nonsigners, suggesting that the enhanced performance of deaf signers is linked to experience with ASL rather than to auditory deprivation. Deaf signers who acquired ASL in early adulthood did not differ from native signers, which suggests that there is no 'critical period' during which signers must be exposed to ASL in order to exhibit enhanced face discrimination abilities. When the faces were inverted, signing and nonsigning groups did not differ in performance. This pattern of results suggests that experience with sign language affects mechanisms specific to face processing and does not produce a general enhancement of visual discrimination. Finally, a similar pattern of results was found with signing and nonsigning children, 6-9 years old. Overall, the results suggest that the brain mechanisms responsible for face processing are somewhat plastic and can be affected by experience. We discuss implications of these results for the relation between language and cognition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined what exogenous variables best explained the travel demand for Mainland Chinese tourists to Hong Kong, and used an OLS multiple regression analysis to identify the best subset of seven exogenous factors to determine the demand model.