Showing papers by "San Francisco State University published in 2011"
TL;DR: The correlation between complexEF and academic achievement varied across ages, but the developmental pattern of the strength of these correlations was remarkably similar for overall math and reading achievement, suggesting a domain-general relation between complex EF and academic Achievement.
972 citations
Kyoto University1, Brookhaven National Laboratory2, KEK3, Nagoya University4, Université Paris-Saclay5, University of Washington6, University of Connecticut7, University of Bern8, Spanish National Research Council9, University of Southern Denmark10, University of Rome Tor Vergata11, Forschungszentrum Jülich12, University of Wuppertal13, Osaka University14, San Francisco State University15, Indiana University16, Graduate University for Advanced Studies17, American Physical Society18, University of Edinburgh19, University of Southampton20, Aix-Marseille University21, National Chiao Tung University22, Roma Tre University23, Columbia University24, Autonomous University of Madrid25, University of Mainz26
TL;DR: The determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor, and the decay-constant ratio arising in semileptonic $$K \rightarrow \pi $$K→π transition at zero momentum transfer are reported on.
Abstract: We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D- and B-meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle physics community. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor f+(0), arising in semileptonic K -> pi transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio fK/fpi of decay constants and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements Vus and Vud. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of SU(2)LxSU(2)R and SU(3)LxSU(3)R Chiral Perturbation Theory and review the determination of the BK parameter of neutral kaon mixing. The inclusion of heavy-quark quantities significantly expands the FLAG scope with respect to the previous review. Therefore, for this review, we focus on D- and B-meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters, since these are most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. In addition we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant alpha_s.
901 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview and synthesis of the key aspects of subsurface hydrology, including water quantity and quality, related to global change and potential impacts of groundwater on the global climate system.
809 citations
TL;DR: In this article, structural vulnerability is defined as a positionality that imposes physical/emotional suffering on specific population groups and individuals in patterned ways, a product of class-based economic exploitation and cultural, gender/sexual, and racialized discrimination, as well as complementary processes of depreciated subjectivity formation.
Abstract: Latino immigrants in the United States constitute a paradigmatic case of a population group subject to structural violence. Their subordinated location in the global economy and their culturally depreciated status in the United States are exacerbated by legal persecution. Medical Anthropology, Volume 30, Numbers 4 and 5, include a series of ethnographic analyses of the processes that render undocumented Latino immigrants structurally vulnerable to ill health. We hope to extend the social science concept of "structural vulnerability" to make it a useful concept for health care. Defined as a positionality that imposes physical/emotional suffering on specific population groups and individuals in patterned ways, structural vulnerability is a product of class-based economic exploitation and cultural, gender/sexual, and racialized discrimination, as well as complementary processes of depreciated subjectivity formation. A good-enough medicalized recognition of the condition of structural vulnerability offers a tool for developing practical therapeutic resources. It also facilitates political alternatives to the punitive neoliberal policies and discourses of individual unworthiness that have become increasingly dominant in the United States since the 1980s.
634 citations
TL;DR: Reducing LGBT-related school victimization will likely result in significant long-term health gains and will reduce health disparities for LGBT people, and should be educational and public health priorities.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Adolescent school victimization due to lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) status is commonplace, and is associated with compromised health and adjustment. Few studies have examined the long-term implications of LGBT school victimization for young adult adjustment. We examine the association between reports of LGBT school victimization and young adult psychosocial health and risk behavior. METHODS: The young adult survey from the Family Acceptance Project included 245 LGBT young adults between the ages of 21 and 25 years, with an equal proportion of Latino and non-Latino White respondents. A 10-item retrospective scale assessed school victimization due to actual or perceived LGBT identity between the ages of 13 and 19 years. Multiple regression was used to test the association between LGBT school victimization and young adult depression, suicidal ideation, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and social integration, while controlling for background characteristics. Logistic regression was used to examine young adult suicide attempts, clinical levels of depression, heavy drinking and substance use problems, sexually transmitted disease (STD) diagnoses, and self-reported HIV risk. RESULTS: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender-related school victimization is strongly linked to young adult mental health and risk for STDs and HIV; there is no strong association with substance use or abuse. Elevated levels of depression and suicidal ideation among males can be explained by their high rates of LGBT school victimization.
503 citations
TL;DR: It is experimentally demonstrated, for the first time, that such Airy beams morph into nondiffracting Bessel beams in their far-field.
Abstract: We observe optical trapping and manipulation of dielectric microparticles using autofocusing radially symmetric Airy beams. This is accomplished by exploiting either the inward or outward transverse acceleration associated with their chirped wavefronts. We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, that such Airy beams morph into nondiffracting Bessel beams in their far-field. Furthermore, the ability of guiding and transporting microparticles along the primary rings of this class of beams is explored.
491 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the theoretical underpinnings of consumer experience by examining the definitions of experience and the contextual nature of consumer experiences and propose a framework to better understand this construct in a hospitality and tourism context.
426 citations
Vanderbilt University1, Shizuoka University2, Arizona State University3, University of Oxford4, University of Gothenburg5, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University6, Imperial College London7, McMaster University8, Institute of Science and Technology Austria9, University of Groningen10, Aarhus University11, University of Maryland, College Park12, University of Colorado Boulder13, University of California, Irvine14, University of Exeter15, University of Lausanne16, University of New Mexico17, University of Cambridge18, Australian National University19, University of Houston20, University of Edinburgh21, University of California, Santa Barbara22, Princeton University23, University of Chicago24, Montana State University25, Simon Fraser University26, Villanova University27, Queen's University28, Cornell University29, University of Louisville30, United States Department of Agriculture31, École Normale Supérieure32, University of Sussex33, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich34, University of Kentucky35, Flinders University36, Michigan State University37, Georgia Institute of Technology38, University of California, Davis39, Pennsylvania State University40, University of Toronto41, University of Sheffield42, University of Regensburg43, University of Helsinki44, University of Vermont45, VU University Amsterdam46, University of Osnabrück47, Harvard University48, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology49, University of Copenhagen50, Royal Holloway, University of London51, University of California, Santa Cruz52, University of Arizona53, University of Oklahoma54, University of Texas at Austin55, University of Strasbourg56, University of Bristol57, University of Liverpool58, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill59, Rice University60, University of Zurich61, University College London62, Newcastle University63, James Cook University64, University of Montpellier65, University of North Carolina at Greensboro66, University of California, Riverside67, ETH Zurich68, University of St Andrews69, William Paterson University70, University of Michigan71, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign72, University of Bern73, University of Western Ontario74, University of California, Berkeley75, University of the Ryukyus76, University of Florence77, University of Tennessee78, North Carolina State University79, Humboldt University of Berlin80, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven81, Smithsonian Institution82, University of Nevada, Reno83, San Francisco State University84
TL;DR: It is argued that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explained the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality, but these arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature.
Abstract: Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explaining the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality. However, we believe that their arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature. We will focus our comments on three general issues.
383 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a 12-item scale measure of calling is proposed to measure the consuming, meaningful passion people experience toward a specific domain, and the scale's reliability and unidimensional structure across contexts and over time.
Abstract: This study clarifies the definition of calling—a consuming, meaningful passion people experience toward a domain—and develops a 12-item scale measure of calling. Drawing on multiwave longitudinal, 2-wave longitudinal, and cross-sectional data from 1,500 participants (2,278 observations) in 4 separate domains, music, art, business, and management, we demonstrate the scale's reliability and unidimensional structure across contexts and over time. We establish the scale's convergent validity and discriminant validity. We determine criterion-related validity through the scale's relationship to satisfaction with the calling domain, career-related self-efficacy, clarity of professional identity, career insight, attending a calling-oriented college program, professional pursuit of the calling domain, and differences across the 4 domains. We discuss implications of this reliable, valid measure for theory and research on calling, meaning of work, and careers.
326 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 2011TL;DR: A new taxonomic framework for crowdsourcing processes is proposed following a method of IS taxonomy development and focuses exclusively on an organizational perspective and on the mechanisms available to crowdsourcing organizations.
Abstract: Crowdsourcing is an umbrella term for a variety of approaches that tap into the potential of a large and open crowd of people. So far, there is no systematic understanding of the processes used to source and aggregate contributions from the crowd. In particular, crowdsourcing organizations striving to achieve a specific goal should be able to evaluate the mechanisms that impact these processes. Following a method of IS taxonomy development we propose a new taxonomic framework for crowdsourcing processes. In contrast to previous work, this classification scheme focuses exclusively on an organizational perspective and on the mechanisms available to these organizations. The resulting dimensions are preselection of contributors, accessibility of peer contributions, aggregation of contributions, and remuneration for contributions. By classifying the processes of 46 crowdsourcing examples, we identify 19 distinct process types. A subsequent cluster analysis shows general patterns among these types and indicates a link to certain applications of crowdsourcing.
305 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the consumer experience by examining empirical data collected via a series of in-depth, semistructured interviews with luxury hotel guests and found that hotel guest experiences constitute both physical environment and human interaction dimensions.
Abstract: This study explores the consumer experience by examining empirical data collected via a series of in-depth, semistructured interviews with luxury hotel guests. The study findings indicate that hotel guest experiences constitute both physical environment and human interaction dimensions. The research findings suggest that luxury hotel experiences are affected by trip-related factors and personal characteristics of consumers, which impact perceived experience dimensions. The research findings provide specific implications for hotel executives looking for ways to differentiate themselves from their competitors through using experience marketing strategies. In particular, the proposed framework in this study can help practicing managers understand how different factors play a role in consumer experiences. This article contributes to the overall understanding of consumer experience by illuminating the experience perceptions of consumers within the luxury hotel segment.
University of Extremadura1, Lund University2, University of Missouri–St. Louis3, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University4, Centre national de la recherche scientifique5, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad6, Zoological Society of London7, Charles University in Prague8, Norwegian University of Science and Technology9, University of Exeter10, University of Brasília11, University of the Faroe Islands12, University of South Florida13, University of Paris-Sud14, Babeș-Bolyai University15, Complutense University of Madrid16, San Francisco State University17, University of Granada18, Eötvös Loránd University19, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences20
TL;DR: The results show that haemosporidian parasites in the house sparrows' native range are replaced by species from local host-generalist parasite fauna in the alien environments of North and South America, which rejects the Novel Weapon Hypothesis and is concordant with the Enemy Releasehypothesis.
Abstract: Invasive species can displace natives, and thus identifying the traits that make aliens successful is crucial for predicting and preventing biodiversity loss. Pathogens may play an important role in the invasive process, facilitating colonization of their hosts in new continents and islands. According to the Novel Weapon Hypothesis, colonizers may out-compete local native species by bringing with them novel pathogens to which native species are not adapted. In contrast, the Enemy Release Hypothesis suggests that flourishing colonizers are successful because they have left their pathogens behind. To assess the role of avian malaria and related haemosporidian parasites in the global spread of a common invasive bird, we examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of haemosporidian parasites (order Haemosporida, genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus) infecting house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We sampled house sparrows (N = 1820) from 58 locations on 6 continents. All the samples were tested using PCR-based methods; blood films from the PCR-positive birds were examined microscopically to identify parasite species. The results show that haemosporidian parasites in the house sparrows’ native range are replaced by species from local host-generalist parasite fauna in the alien environments of North and South America. Furthermore, sparrows in colonized regions displayed a lower diversity and prevalence of parasite infections. Because the house sparrow lost its native parasites when colonizing the American continents, the release from these natural enemies may have facilitated its invasion in the last two centuries. Our findings therefore reject the Novel Weapon Hypothesis and are concordant with the Enemy Release Hypothesis.
San Francisco State University1, University of Maryland, College Park2, University of Utah3, McGill University4, University of Lausanne5, Arizona State University6, University of Wisconsin-Madison7, Johns Hopkins University8, Georgetown University9, University of Houston10, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign11, University of California, Berkeley12, Earlham College13, Cornell University14
TL;DR: The draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant, is reported, which was accomplished using a combination of 454 and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support.
Abstract: Ants are some of the most abundant and familiar animals on Earth, and they play vital roles in most terrestrial ecosystems. Although all ants are eusocial, and display a variety of complex and fascinating behaviors, few genomic resources exist for them. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a particularly widespread and well-studied species, the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), which was accomplished using a combination of 454 (Roche) and Illumina sequencing and community-based funding rather than federal grant support. Manual annotation of >1,000 genes from a variety of different gene families and functional classes reveals unique features of the Argentine ant's biology, as well as similarities to Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennis. Distinctive features of the Argentine ant genome include remarkable expansions of gustatory (116 genes) and odorant receptors (367 genes), an abundance of cytochrome P450 genes (>110), lineage-specific expansions of yellow/major royal jelly proteins and desaturases, and complete CpG DNA methylation and RNAi toolkits. The Argentine ant genome contains fewer immune genes than Drosophila and Tribolium, which may reflect the prominent role played by behavioral and chemical suppression of pathogens. Analysis of the ratio of observed to expected CpG nucleotides for genes in the reproductive development and apoptosis pathways suggests higher levels of methylation than in the genome overall. The resources provided by this genome sequence will offer an abundance of tools for researchers seeking to illuminate the fascinating biology of this emerging model organism.
TL;DR: Three archaeological sites on California’s Channel Islands show that Paleoindians relied heavily on marine resources with a diversified maritime economy with bifacial technologies similar to those seen in Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition assembls of western North America.
Abstract: Three archaeological sites on California’s Channel Islands show that Paleoindians relied heavily on marine resources The Paleocoastal sites, dated between ~12,200 and 11,200 years ago, contain numerous stemmed projectile points and crescents associated with a variety of marine and aquatic faunal remains At site CA-SRI-512 on Santa Rosa Island, Paleocoastal peoples used such tools to capture geese, cormorants, and other birds, along with marine mammals and finfish At Cardwell Bluffs on San Miguel Island, Paleocoastal peoples collected local chert cobbles, worked them into bifaces and projectile points, and discarded thousands of marine shells With bifacial technologies similar to those seen in Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition assemblages of western North America, the sites provide evidence for seafaring and island colonization by Paleoindians with a diversified maritime economy
Earlham College1, San Francisco State University2, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign3, Arizona State University4, University of Maryland, College Park5, University of Utah6, McGill University7, University of Lausanne8, University of Wisconsin-Madison9, Johns Hopkins University10, University of Houston11, University of Arizona12, Georgetown University13, University of California, Berkeley14, University of Nebraska–Lincoln15, Leibniz Association16, Cornell University17, Norwegian University of Life Sciences18
TL;DR: Gene networks involved in generating key differences between the queen and worker castes show signatures of increased methylation and suggest that ants and bees may have independently co-opted the same gene regulatory mechanisms for reproductive division of labor.
Abstract: We report the draft genome sequence of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus. The genome was sequenced using 454 pyrosequencing, and the current assembly and annotation were completed in less than 1 y. Analyses of conserved gene groups (more than 1,200 manually annotated genes to date) suggest a high-quality assembly and annotation comparable to recently sequenced insect genomes using Sanger sequencing. The red harvester ant is a model for studying reproductive division of labor, phenotypic plasticity, and sociogenomics. Although the genome of P. barbatus is similar to other sequenced hymenopterans (Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennis) in GC content and compositional organization, and possesses a complete CpG methylation toolkit, its predicted genomic CpG content differs markedly from the other hymenopterans. Gene networks involved in generating key differences between the queen and worker castes (e.g., wings and ovaries) show signatures of increased methylation and suggest that ants and bees may have independently co-opted the same gene regulatory mechanisms for reproductive division of labor. Gene family expansions (e.g., 344 functional odorant receptors) and pseudogene accumulation in chemoreception and P450 genes compared with A. mellifera and N. vitripennis are consistent with major life-history changes during the adaptive radiation of Pogonomyrmex spp., perhaps in parallel with the development of the North American deserts.
TL;DR: A noninvasive PCR sampling technique is described that can be used to screen museum specimens from other amphibian decline sites around the world and finds evidence of a historical “Bd epidemic wave” that began in Mexico and subsequently spread to Central America.
Abstract: Amphibians highlight the global biodiversity crisis because ∼40% of all amphibian species are currently in decline. Species have disappeared even in protected habitats (e.g., the enigmatic extinction of the golden toad, Bufo periglenes, from Costa Rica). The emergence of a fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been implicated in a number of declines that have occurred in the last decade, but few studies have been able to test retroactively whether Bd emergence was linked to earlier declines and extinctions. We describe a noninvasive PCR sampling technique that detects Bd in formalin-preserved museum specimens. We detected Bd by PCR in 83–90% (n = 38) of samples that were identified as positive by histology. We examined specimens collected before, during, and after major amphibian decline events at established study sites in southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica. A pattern of Bd emergence coincident with decline at these localities is revealed—the absence of Bd over multiple years at all localities followed by the concurrent emergence of Bd in various species at each locality during a period of population decline. The geographical and chronological emergence of Bd at these localities also indicates a southbound spread from southern Mexico in the early 1970s to western Guatemala in the 1980s/1990s and to Monteverde, Costa Rica by 1987. We find evidence of a historical “Bd epidemic wave” that began in Mexico and subsequently spread to Central America. We describe a technique that can be used to screen museum specimens from other amphibian decline sites around the world.
Harvard University1, San Jose State University2, Ames Research Center3, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network4, Niels Bohr Institute5, NASA Exoplanet Science Institute6, Lowell Observatory7, University of Florida8, California Institute of Technology9, Space Telescope Science Institute10, San Francisco State University11, University of California, Berkeley12, Villanova University13, Fermilab14, San Diego State University15
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure (BLENDER) is described to model the photometry in terms of a "blend" rather than a planet orbiting a star, where a blend may consist of a background or foreground eclipsing binary (or star-planet pair) whose eclipses are attenuated by the light of the candidate and possibly other stars within the photometric aperture.
Abstract: Light curves from the Kepler Mission contain valuable information on the nature of the phenomena producing the transit-like signals. To assist in exploring the possibility that they are due to an astrophysical false positive, we describe a procedure (BLENDER) to model the photometry in terms of a “blend” rather than a planet orbiting a star. A blend may consist of a background or foreground eclipsing binary (or star–planet pair) whose eclipses are attenuated by the light of the candidate and possibly other stars within the photometric aperture. We apply BLENDER to the case of Kepler-9 (KIC 3323887), a target harboring two previously confirmed Saturn-size planets (Kepler-9 b and Kepler-9 c) showing transit timing variations, and an additional shallower signal with a 1.59 day period suggesting the presence of a super-Earth-size planet. Using BLENDER together with constraints from other follow-up observations we are able to rule out all blends for the two deeper signals and provide independent validation of their planetary nature. For the shallower signal, we rule out a large fraction of the false positives that might mimic the transits. The false alarm rate for remaining blends depends in part (and inversely) on the unknown frequency of small-size planets. Based on several realistic estimates of this frequency, we conclude with very high confidence that this small signal is due to a super-Earth-size planet (Kepler-9 d) in a multiple system, rather than a false positive. The radius is determined to be 1.64 +0.19 −0.14 R⊕, and current spectroscopic observations are as yet insufficient to establish its mass.
Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center1, University of Wisconsin-Madison2, Hoffmann-La Roche3, University of Utah4, McGill University5, University of Münster6, Arizona State University7, University of Wisconsin–Rock County8, Emory University9, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine10, University of Houston11, University of Washington12, University of California, Berkeley13, San Francisco State University14, Earlham College15, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute16, Cornell University17, Washington University in St. Louis18
TL;DR: Following recent reports of genome sequences from other insects that engage in symbioses with beneficial microbes, the A. cephalotes genome provides new insights into the symbiotic lifestyle of this ant and advances the understanding of host–microbe symbioss.
Abstract: Leaf-cutter ants are one of the most important herbivorous insects in the Neotropics, harvesting vast quantities of fresh leaf material. The ants use leaves to cultivate a fungus that serves as the colony's primary food source. This obligate ant-fungus mutualism is one of the few occurrences of farming by non-humans and likely facilitated the formation of their massive colonies. Mature leaf-cutter ant colonies contain millions of workers ranging in size from small garden tenders to large soldiers, resulting in one of the most complex polymorphic caste systems within ants. To begin uncovering the genomic underpinnings of this system, we sequenced the genome of Atta cephalotes using 454 pyrosequencing. One prediction from this ant's lifestyle is that it has undergone genetic modifications that reflect its obligate dependence on the fungus for nutrients. Analysis of this genome sequence is consistent with this hypothesis, as we find evidence for reductions in genes related to nutrient acquisition. These include extensive reductions in serine proteases (which are likely unnecessary because proteolysis is not a primary mechanism used to process nutrients obtained from the fungus), a loss of genes involved in arginine biosynthesis (suggesting that this amino acid is obtained from the fungus), and the absence of a hexamerin (which sequesters amino acids during larval development in other insects). Following recent reports of genome sequences from other insects that engage in symbioses with beneficial microbes, the A. cephalotes genome provides new insights into the symbiotic lifestyle of this ant and advances our understanding of host–microbe symbioses.
TL;DR: Findings revealed that the presence of a GSA, participation in aGSA, and perceived GSA effectiveness in promoting school safety were differentially associated with young adult well-being and, in some cases, buffered the negative association between LGBT-specific school victimization andWell-being.
Abstract: Gay-Straight Alliances (GSAs) are student-led, school-based clubs that aim to provide a safe environment in the school context for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students, as well as their straight allies. The present study examines the potential for GSAs to support positive youth development and to reduce associations among LGBT-specific school victimization and negative young adult well-being. The sample includes 245 LGBT young adults, ages 21-25, who retrospectively reported on the presence of a GSA in their high school, their participation in their school's GSA, and their perceptions of whether or not their GSA was effective in improving school safety. Findings revealed that the presence of a GSA, participation in a GSA, and perceived GSA effectiveness in promoting school safety were differentially associated with young adult well-being and in some cases, buffered the negative association between LGBT-specific school victimization and well-being. Implications for future research and schools are discussed.
TL;DR: It appears that medical schools and health care workplaces continue to ignore LGBT issues and operate in discriminatory fashion far too often.
Abstract: Little is known about the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) physicians in the workplace. There is little formal education in medical school about LGBT issues, and some heterosexual physicians have negative attitudes about caring for LGBT patients or working with LGBT coworkers, setting the stage for an exclusive and unwelcoming workplace. The current study used an online survey to assess a convenience sample of 427 LGBT physicians from a database of a national LGBT healthcare organization, as well as a snowball sample generated from the members of the database. Although rates of discriminatory behaviors had decreased since earlier reports, 10% reported that they were denied referrals from heterosexual colleagues, 15% had been harassed by a colleague, 22% had been socially ostracized, 65% had heard derogatory comments about LGBT individuals, 34% had witnessed discriminatory care of an LGBT patient, 36% had witnessed disrespect toward an LGBT patient's partner, and 27% had witnessed discriminatory treatment of an LGBT coworker. Few had received any formal education on LGBT issues in medical school or residency. It appears that medical schools and health care workplaces continue to ignore LGBT issues and operate in discriminatory fashion far too often.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the relationship between time perspectives, the Big Five personality traits, and life satisfaction and found that personality traits and time perspectives were both associated with life satisfaction.
TL;DR: The experimental generation and dynamic trajectory control of plasmonic Airy beams (PABs) are reported and it is shown that the ballistic motion of the PABs can be reconfigured in real time by either a computer addressed spatial light modulator or mechanical means.
Abstract: We report the experimental generation and dynamic trajectory control of plasmonic Airy beams (PABs). The PABs are created by directly coupling free-space Airy beams to surface plasmon polaritons through a grating coupler on a metal surface. We show that the ballistic motion of the PABs can be reconfigured in real time by either a computer addressed spatial light modulator or mechanical means.
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrative review of current and classic theory and research on social stigma and its consequences for the socially stigmatized is presented, focusing on stigma-related processes surrounding race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation.
Abstract: This paper presents an integrative review of current and classic theory and research on social stigma and its consequences for the socially stigmatized. Specific attention is paid to stigma-related processes surrounding race/ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. The origins and perpetration of social stigma are discussed alongside perspectives on how stigmatized groups and individuals experience stigma-related stress. Consideration is given to responses to stigma in the form of coping, social support, and meaning-making processes. Both the potential negative and positive consequences of social stigma are highlighted in this review through the integration of predominant social psychological theory with emerging critical and feminist theories of positive marginality and resistance. The paper culminates in a theoretical process model designed to provoke future theory and research that share its integrative aims. © 2011 The Author. Social and Personality Psychology Compass © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
TL;DR: This paper showed that individuals trained in reading microexpressions retained their ability to read them better than a comparison group tested 2-3 weeks after initial training, and these results indicated that the ability of reading micro-expressions can be trained and are retained.
Abstract: Microexpressions are extremely quick facial expressions of emotion that appear on the face for less than ½ a s. To date, no study has demonstrated that the ability to read them can be trained. We present two studies that do so, as well as evidence for the retention of the training effects. In Study 1 department store employees were randomly assigned to a training or comparison group. The training group had significantly higher scores than the comparison group in microexpression reading accuracy at the end of the training; 2 weeks later the training group had better third-party ratings of social and communicative skills on the job. Study 2 demonstrated that individuals trained in reading microexpressions retained their ability to read them better than a comparison group tested 2–3 weeks after initial training. These results indicated that the ability to read microexpressions can be trained and are retained.
University of Toronto1, Swinburne University of Technology2, Carnegie Institution for Science3, University of Chicago4, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics5, University of Arizona6, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris7, San Francisco State University8, McMaster University9, Max Planck Society10, Ohio State University11
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the size growth seen in early-type galaxies over 10 Gyr of cosmic time, based on a homogeneous synthesis of published data from 16 spectroscopic surveys observed at similar spatial resolution.
Abstract: We present an analysis of the size growth seen in early-type galaxies over 10 Gyr of cosmic time. Our analysis is based on a homogeneous synthesis of published data from 16 spectroscopic surveys observed at similar spatial resolution, augmented by new measurements for galaxies in the Gemini Deep Deep Survey. In total, our sample contains structural data for 465 galaxies (mainly early-type) in the redshift range 0.2 < z < 2.7. The size evolution of passively evolving galaxies over this redshift range is gradual and continuous, with no evidence for an end or change to the process around z ~ 1, as has been hinted at by some surveys which analyze subsets of the data in isolation. The size growth appears to be independent of stellar mass, with the mass-normalized half-light radius scaling with redshift as Re ∝(1 + z)–1.62 ± 0.34. Surprisingly, this power law seems to be in good agreement with the recently reported continuous size evolution of UV-bright galaxies in the redshift range z ~ 0.5-3.5. It is also in accordance with the predictions from recent theoretical models.
TL;DR: A bleak prognosis for long-term natural tidal marsh sustainability under a high-SLR scenario is suggested, and land managers are advised to minimize marsh loss by conserving adjacent uplands for marsh migration, redistributing dredged sediment to raise elevations, and concentrating restoration efforts in sediment-rich areas.
Abstract: Background: Tidal marshes will be threatened by increasing rates of sea-level rise (SLR) over the next century. Managers seek guidance on whether existing and restored marshes will be resilient under a range of potential future conditions, and on prioritizing marsh restoration and conservation activities. Methodology: Building upon established models, we developed a hybrid approach that involves a mechanistic treatment of marsh accretion dynamics and incorporates spatial variation at a scale relevant for conservation and restoration decisionmaking. We applied this model to San Francisco Bay, using best-available elevation data and estimates of sediment supply and organic matter accumulation developed for 15 Bay subregions. Accretion models were run over 100 years for 70 combinations of starting elevation, mineral sediment, organic matter, and SLR assumptions. Results were applied spatially to evaluate eight Bay-wide climate change scenarios.
Harvard University1, Konkoly Thege Miklós Astronomical Institute2, San Francisco State University3, Yale University4, California Institute of Technology5, University of California, Berkeley6, University College London7, University of California, Santa Barbara8, Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network9, Niels Bohr Institute10
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the discovery of four relatively massive (2-7 M J) transiting extrasolar planets, including HAT-P-20b and HATP-21b, which are a borderline object between the pM and pL class planets and the transits occur near apastron.
Abstract: We report the discovery of four relatively massive (2-7 M J) transiting extrasolar planets. HAT-P-20b orbits the moderately bright V = 11.339 K3 dwarf star GSC 1910-00239 on a circular orbit, with a period P = 2.875317 ± 0.000004 days, transit epoch T_c = 2455080.92661 ± 0.00021 (BJD_(UTC)), and transit duration 0.0770 ± 0.0008 days. The host star has a mass of 0.76 ± 0.03 M_☉, radius of 0.69 ± 0.02 R_☉, effective temperature 4595 ± 80 K, and metallicity [Fe/H] = +0.35 ± 0.08. The planetary companion has a mass of 7.246 ± 0.187 M_J and a radius of 0.867 ± 0.033 R_J yielding a mean density of 13.78 ± 1.50 g cm^(–3). HAT-P-21b orbits the V = 11.685 G3 dwarf star GSC 3013-01229 on an eccentric (e = 0.228 ± 0.016) orbit, with a period P = 4.124481 ± 0.000007 days, transit epoch T_c = 2454996.41312 ± 0.00069, and transit duration 0.1530 ± 0.0027 days. The host star has a mass of 0.95 ± 0.04 M_☉, radius of 1.10 ± 0.08 R_☉, effective temperature 5588 ± 80 K, and metallicity [Fe/H] = +0.01 ± 0.08. The planetary companion has a mass of 4.063 ± 0.161 M_J and a radius of 1.024 ± 0.092 R_J yielding a mean density of 4.68^(+1.59)_(–0.99) g cm^(-3). HAT-P-21b is a borderline object between the pM and pL class planets, and the transits occur near apastron. HAT-P-22b orbits the bright V = 9.732 G5 dwarf star HD 233731 on a circular orbit, with a period P = 3.212220 ± 0.000009 days, transit epoch T_c = 2454930.22001 ± 0.00025, and transit duration 0.1196 ± 0.0014 days. The host star has a mass of 0.92 ± 0.03 M_☉, radius of 1.04 ± 0.04 R_☉, effective temperature 5302 ± 80 K, and metallicity [Fe/H] = +0.24 ± 0.08. The planet has a mass of 2.147 ± 0.061 M_J and a compact radius of 1.080 ± 0.058 R_J yielding a mean density of 2.11^(+0.40)_(–0.29) g cm^(–3). The host star also harbors an M-dwarf companion at a wide separation. Finally, HAT-P-23b orbits the V = 12.432 G0 dwarf star GSC 1632-01396 on a close to circular orbit, with a period P = 1.212884 ± 0.000002 days, transit epoch T_c = 2454852.26464 ± 0.00018, and transit duration 0.0908 ± 0.0007 days. The host star has a mass of 1.13 ± 0.04 M_☉, radius of 1.20 ± 0.07 R_☉, effective temperature 5905 ± 80 K, and metallicity [Fe/H] = +0.15 ± 0.04. The planetary companion has a mass of 2.090 ± 0.111 M_J and a radius of 1.368 ± 0.090 R_J yielding a mean density of 1.01 ± 0.18 g cm^(–3). HAT-P-23b is an inflated and massive hot Jupiter on a very short period orbit, and has one of the shortest characteristic infall times (7.5^(+2.9)_(–1.8) Myr) before it gets engulfed by the star.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated analytically and experimentally that a circular abruptly autofocusing (AAF) Airy beam can be generated by Fourier-transforming an appropriately apodized Bessel beam whose radial oscillations are chirped by a cubic phase term.
Abstract: We demonstrate analytically and experimentally that a circular abruptly autofocusing (AAF) Airy beam can be generated by Fourier-transforming an appropriately apodized Bessel beam whose radial oscillations are chirped by a cubic phase term. Depending on the relation between the chirp rate and the focal distance of the Fourier-transforming lens, it is possible to generate AAF beams with one or two foci, the latter case leading to the formation of an elegant paraboloid optical bottle.
Peking University1, Space Telescope Science Institute2, Johns Hopkins University3, Durham University4, San Francisco State University5, National Research Council6, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile7, Liverpool John Moores University8, Queen's University9, University of Hawaii10, Swinburne University of Technology11, Florida State University12, University of Waterloo13, Pennsylvania State University14, Rochester Institute of Technology15, University of Bristol16
TL;DR: The first definitive detection of a large population of intracluster GCs (IGCs) in the Coma cluster core and not associated with individual galaxies was reported in this article.
Abstract: Intracluster stellar populations are a natural result of tidal interactions in galaxy clusters. Measuring these populations is difficult, but important for understanding the assembly of the most massive galaxies. The Coma cluster of galaxies is one of the nearest truly massive galaxy clusters and is host to a correspondingly large system of globular clusters (GCs). We use imaging from the HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey to present the first definitive detection of a large population of intracluster GCs (IGCs) that fills the Coma cluster core and is not associated with individual galaxies. The GC surface density profile around the central massive elliptical galaxy, NGC 4874, is dominated at large radii by a population of IGCs that extend to the limit of our data (R <520 kpc). We estimate that there are 47, 000 ± 1600 (random) +4000 -5000 (systematic) IGCs out to this radius, and that they make up ~70% of the central GC system, making this the largest GC system in the nearby universe. Even including the GC systems of other cluster galaxies, the IGCs still make up ~30%-45% of the GCs in the cluster core. Observational limits from previous studies of the intracluster light (ICL) suggest that the IGC population has a high specific frequency. If the IGC population has a specific frequency similar to high-SN dwarf galaxies, then the ICL has a mean surface brightness of μ V ≈ 27 mag arcsec-2 and a total stellar mass of roughly 10^{12} {M}_⊙ within the cluster core. The ICL makes up approximately half of the stellar luminosity and one-third of the stellar mass of the central (NGC 4874+ICL) system. The color distribution of the IGC population is bimodal, with blue, metal-poor GCs outnumbering red, metal-rich GCs by a ratio of 4:1. The inner GCs associated with NGC 4874 also have a bimodal distribution in color, but with a redder metal-poor population. The fraction of red IGCs (20%), and the red color of those GCs, implies that IGCs can originate from the halos of relatively massive, L* galaxies, and not solely from the disruption of dwarf galaxies. Based on observations with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.
TL;DR: Stable trapping and back-and-forth transportation of a variety of absorbing carbon particles suspended in air, ranging from clusters of nanosized buckminsterfullerene C₆₀ to micrometer-sized carbon powders are observed.
Abstract: We demonstrate optical trapping and manipulation of aerosols with an optical bottle beam generated by the moire techniques. We observe stable trapping and back-and-forth transportation of a variety of absorbing carbon particles suspended in air, ranging from clusters of nanosized buckminsterfullerene C60 to micrometer-sized carbon powders.