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San Francisco State University

EducationSan Francisco, California, United States
About: San Francisco State University is a education organization based out in San Francisco, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Planet. The organization has 5669 authors who have published 11433 publications receiving 408075 citations. The organization is also known as: San Francisco State & San Francisco State Normal School.


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29 Nov 2006
TL;DR: This article identified the most pervasive and pernicious misconceptions about implicature that I have noticed over the years and identified the sources of these misconceptions, much less delineated their paths of propagation or document the damage they have wrought.
Abstract: I've known about conversational implicature a lot longer than I've known Larry. In 1967 I read Grice's " Logical and Conversation " in mimeograph, shortly after his William James lectures, and I read its precursor " (Implication), " section III of " The Causal Theory of Perception " , well before that. And I've thought, read, and written about implicature off and on ever since. Nevertheless, I know a lot less about it than Larry does, and that's not even taking into account everything he has uncovered about what was said on the subject long before Grice, even centuries before. So, now that I've betrayed my ignorance, I'll display my insolence. I'm going to identify the most pervasive and pernicious misconceptions about implicature that I've noticed over the years. This won't be a natural history of them. I have neither the time, the space, nor the patience for such a scholarly endeavor. It would also be unseemly, as if what I am doing isn't. At any rate, I'll keep things short and to the point (ten points, actually), though this will make me seem a bit glib if not dogmatic. I won't target the sources of these misconceptions, much less delineate their paths of propagation or document the damage they've wrought. I'll simply identify them and, with the help of a handy distinction or an overlooked possibility, suggest how each might arise. I won't follow David Letterman and present them in reverse order of magnitude. Nor will I present them in order of 2 importance or frequency of manifestation. Rather, I'll put them in an easy to follow sequence. Only the last two or three, I hope, will seem contentious (unless otherwise indicated, by implicature I will always mean conversational implicature). Here's the list: 1. Sentences have implicatures. 2. Implicatures are inferences. 3. Implicatures can't be entailments. 4. Gricean maxims apply only to implicatures. 5. For what is implicated to be figured out, what is said must be determined first. 6. All pragmatic implications are implicatures. 7. Implicatures are not part of the truth-conditional contents of utterances. 8. If something is meant but unsaid, it must be implicated. 9. Scalar " implicatures " are implicatures. 10. Conventional " implicatures " are implicatures. These formulations of the top ten misconceptions about implicature will appear as section headings in what follows. Please don't take that for an endorsement of any of them. …

129 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Apr 1971-Science
TL;DR: It is believed that pure LSD ingested in moderate dosages does not produce chromosome damage detectable by available methods and that LSD is, in fact, a weak mutagen, effective only in extremely high doses; it is unlikely to be mutagenic in any concentration used by human subjects.
Abstract: Of nine studies in vitro, six have indicated some degree of induced chromosomal breakage after exposure to LSD; three failed to confirm these results. The damage, when found, was generally of the chromatid type, arising during or after DNA synthesis. This damage, with one exception, was the result of concentrations of drug and durations of exposure which could not be achieved in humans with reasonable dosages. There did not appear to be a dose-response relation. The magnitude of damage, when found, was in the range encompassing the effects of many commonly used substances. The absence in vitro of excretory and detoxifying systems present in vivo, as well as several negative reports, cast doubt on the relevance of in vitro results. In 21 chromosomal studies in vivo, 310 subjects were examined. Of these, 126 were treated with pure LSD; the other 184 were exposed to illicit, "alleged" LSD. A maximum of only 18 of 126 (14.29 percent) of the subjects in the group exposed to pure LSD showed higher frequency of chromosome aberration than the controls. In contrast, a maximum of 90 of 184 (48.91 percent) of the subjects taking illicit LSD showed an increase in frequency of aberrations. Of all the subjects reported to have chromosome damage, only 18 of the 108 (16.67 percent) were exposed to pure LSD. The frequency of individuals with chromosomal damage reported among illicit drug users was more than triple that associated with the use of pharmacologically pure LSD. We conclude that chromosome damage, when found, was related to the effects of drug abuse in general and not, as initially reported, to LSD alone. We believe that pure LSD ingested in moderate dosages does not produce chromosome damage detectable by available methods. No significant work on carcinogenic potential of LSD has been reported so far. No cause-and-effect relation and no increase in the incidence of neoplasia among LSD users have been demonstrated. Case reports (three in 4.0 years) of leukemia and other neoplasia in this population are rare. The results of early chromosome studies suggested that true genetic damage might be a consequence of LSD exposure. The comprehensive evidence from studies on drosophila indicates no mutagenic effect from 0.28 to 500 microg of LSD per milliliter and a definite mutagenic effect from 2,000 to 10,000 microg/ml; this is consistent with a threshold response or a sigmoid dose-effect relation. We believe that LSD is, in fact, a weak mutagen, effective only in extremely high doses; it is unlikely to be mutagenic in any concentration used by human subjects. Circular dichroism experiments suggested that the specific mechanism of action of LSD on DNA may be a direct interaction resulting in conformational changes in the DNA helix. These changes are unlikely to result in a decrease of internal stability sufficient to cause breakage of chromosomes, but they may be the physical basis of the weak mutagenicity. Early chromosomal studies implicated LSD as a potential cause of congenital malformations, fetal wastage, and germinal chromosome damage. First reports of a teratogenic effect in hamsters and rats have not been confirmed. A review of 15 rodent studies indicated a wide range of individual, strain, and species susceptibility to the effects of LSD. The applicability of such investigations to man is doubtful. In a study of human pregnancies, those exposed to illicit LSD had an elevated rate of spontaneous abortions. There is no reported instance of a malformed child born to a woman who ingested pure LSD; there are six cases of malformation associated with exposure to illicit LSD, four of which have similar limb defects. Given, however, the high frequency of unexplained "spontaneous" birth defects, the rare occurrence of malformed infants born to women who used illicit LSD may be coincidental. While there is no evidence that pure LSD is teratogenic in man, the use of any drug during pregnancy requires that its potential benefits significantly outweigh its potential hazards. From our own work and from a review of the literature, we believe that pure LSD ingested in moderate doses does not damage chromosomes in vivo, does not cause detectable genetic damage, and is not a teratogen or a carcinogen in man. Within these bounds, therefore, we suggest that, other than during pregnancy, there is no present contraindication to the continued controlled experimental use of pure LSD. Note added in proof: A brief review has been brought to our attention. Although based on a sample of only 15 studies the author reached conclusions similar to our own (92).

129 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a dynamic market growth model that is able to incorporate both interproduct category and technological substitution effects simultaneously, where the market potential for each category or generation is treated as a variable rather than a constant parameter.
Abstract: Previous studies dealing with product growth have dealt only with substitution effects among successive generations of one product category and not with complementarity and competition provided by related product categories. Based on a broadened concept of the competitive information technology IT market, we develop a dynamic market growth model that is able to incorporate both interproduct category and technological substitution effects simultaneously. The market potential for each category or generation is treated as a variable rather than a constant parameter, which is typical of recently growing IT sectors such as wireless telecommunications. The model is calibrated, its plausibility discussed, and its face and predictive validity assessed using data on wireless telecommunications services from two Asian markets. Results show that the market potential and sales growth of one category or generation is significantly affected by others and by the overall structure of a geographic market. The model is shown to make relatively good predictions even when the data from recently introduced categories/generations are limited.

129 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual model that identifies six elemental categories of attitudes that can be held independently or aggregated to yield a meta-attitude representing the legitimacy of sustainability is presented.
Abstract: The literature regarding social and environ- mental sustainability of business focuses primarily on rationales for adopting sustainability strategies and opera- tional practices in support of that goal. In contrast, we examine sustainability from a perspective that has received far less research attention—attitudes that inform manage- rial decision-making. We develop a conceptual model that identifies six elemental categories of attitudes that can be held independently or aggregated to yield a meta-attitude representing the legitimacy of sustainability. Our model distinguishes among three types of internally held attitudes and externally perceived subjective norms: pragmatic, moral, and cognitive. We propose a refinement of Ajzen's (In: Kuhl J, Beckmann J (eds) Action control: from cog- nition to behavior, 1985; Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 50:179-211, 1991) Theory of planned behavior (TPB) that incorporates these sub-categories of personal attitudes and subjective norms. Practical implications are discussed including how organizations considering adopting sus- tainability programs might use the model as a conceptual tool to help achieve and assess program success.

129 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined the extent to which U.S. viewers' perceptions that Blacks face structural limitations to success, support for the death penalty, and culpability judgments could be influenced by exposure to racialized crime news.
Abstract: Two experiments examined the extent to which U.S. viewers’ perceptions that Blacks face structural limitations to success, support for the death penalty, and culpability judgments could be influenced by exposure to racialized crime news. Participants were exposed to a majority of Black suspects, a majority of White suspects, unidentified suspects, and noncrime news stories. In addition, participants’ prior news viewing was assessed. In Study 1, heavy news viewers exposed to unidentified perpetrators were less likely than heavy news viewers exposed to noncrime stories to perceive that Blacks face structural limitations to success. In addition, heavy news viewers exposed to unidentified perpetrators were more likely than heavy news viewers exposed to noncrime stories to support the death penalty. In Study 2, participants exposed to a majority of Black suspects were more likely than participants exposed to noncrime stories to find a subsequent race-unidentified criminal culpable for his offense. In addition, heavy news viewers were more likely to exhibit the above effect than light news viewers. The methodological and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in light of chronic activation and the priming paradigm.

129 citations


Authors

Showing all 5744 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Yuri S. Kivshar126184579415
Debra A. Fischer12156754902
Sandro Galea115112958396
Vijay S. Pande10444541204
Howard Isaacson10357542963
Paul Ekman9923584678
Russ B. Altman9161139591
John Kim9040641986
Santi Cassisi8947130757
Peng Zhang88157833705
Michael D. Fayer8453726445
Raymond G. Carlberg8431628674
Geoffrey W. Marcy8355082309
Ten Feizi8238123988
John W. Eaton8229826403
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202313
2022104
2021575
2020566
2019524
2018522