Showing papers by "San Jose State University published in 1972"
TL;DR: The most difficult learning task in school is the attempt to achieve fluency in a foreign language as discussed by the authors, and many students react to this kind of a task as a noxious experience to be avoided if at all possible.
Abstract: THE most difficult learning task in school is the attempt to achieve fluency in a foreign language. For instance, after two years of stressful study in high school trying to achieve skill in French, German or Spanish, the results from standard achievement tests show ". .. that students do not learn a satisfactory amount . . ." (Carroll, 1960). It may even be realistic to say that most students will not only have almost zero fluency in listening, speaking, reading, and writing, but antilearning has taken place because many students react to this kind of a task as a noxious experience to be avoided if at all possible. In intensive training programs for adults in military schools, foreign missionary organizations, and business corporations in foreign countries, only about Y to 2 of the candidates can be expected to achieve success. Carroll (1960) speculates that this high rate of failure is a function of low aptitude for a second language learning. While the aptitude hypothesis may indeed be correct, another possibility is that the learning strategies in contemporary school and training situations make fluency in a second language an "unlearnable" task for many people. I would like to present the case for a learning strategy that not only makes a second language learnable for most people, but enjoyable. This strategy is a model of how children learn their first language. For example, there are three critical elements in the way children learn their first language. Each of these elements is a clue for creating a powerful strategy to learn a second language. The first element is that listening skill is far in advance of speaking. For instance, it is common to observe young children who are not yet able to produce more than one-word utterances, yet they demonstrate perfect understanding when an adult says, "pick up your red truck and bring it to me!" As far back as 1935, teams of investigators as Gesell and Thompson or Biihler and Hetzer have reported that when children learn their first language, listening comprehension of many complex utterances is demonstrated before these children
111 citations
104 citations
TL;DR: Two “same-different” reaction time experiments, analogous in task demands made on the S, were designed to test laterality differences in perception and revealed hemispheric asymmetries for processing of verbal and spatial material and the nature of interhemispheric transfer of information.
Abstract: Two “same-different” reaction time experiments, analogous in task demands made on the S, were designed to test laterality differences in. perception. Ten normal right-handed Ss performed a verbal task in which they decided whether or not two three-letter words belonged to the same conceptual class. Ten different Ss performed a spatial task in which they decided whether two 16-cell matrices with 3 blackened cells were identical. Reaction times were found to be sensitive to laterality differences in perception. Verbal stimuli were processed faster when presented in the right visual field, and thus projected directly to the left cerebral hemisphere; spatial stimuli were processed faster when presented in the left visual field, and thus projected directly to the right cerebral hemisphere. These results were analyzed in terms of implications regarding hemispheric asymmetries for processing of verbal and spatial material and the nature of interhemispheric transfer of information.
98 citations
TL;DR: The critic offers, along with a particular judgment, and a way of judging, a definition of being as discussed by the authors, and the critic is but one human being trying to communicate with other human beings.
Abstract: The critic offers, along with a particular judgment, and a way of judging, a definition of being. Setting aside technical language, academic titles, institutional affiliations, and all else that creates the illusion of expertise, we discover that the critic is but one human being trying to communicate with other human beings. Criticism, at its best, is informed talk about matters of importance.
55 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mechanical properties of bulk nickel oxides having a range of porosities have been studied in compression, and three regimes were observed: (1) brittle at low temperatures, (2) ductile at elevated temperatures, and (3) a transition region at intermediate temperatures.
Abstract: The oxidation of metals that form P-type semiconducting oxide scales, such as NiO on nickel and CoO on cobalt, takes place by outward cation diffusion and inward vacancy diffusion. The large number of cation vacancies precipitate in the scale near the oxide-metal interface and may coalesce to form macroscopic pores, resulting in a transition from a dense, columnar scale to a duplex scale which contains an inner, fine-grained, equiaxed, porous layer. Increasing temperature and/or purity eliminate the transition, which has been found to depend upon oxide plasticity. The mechanical properties of bulk nickel oxides having a range of porosities have been studied in compression. Three regimes were observed: (1) brittle at low temperatures, (2) ductile at elevated temperatures, and (3) a transition region at intermediate temperatures. Fracture strength in the brittle region was strongly dependent on porosity due to the effect of pores on the elastic modulus and the size of fracture-initiating flaws. The plastic flow stress in the ductile region depended primarily on grain size and impurity content except for very porous materials in which porosity substantially reduced the plastic flow stress. The development of the duplex structure in scales during oxidation has been shown to depend upon inhibition of slip on the {110} 〈110〉 system in the highly textured grains rather than by diffusion-controlled processes such as creep. The duplex structure forms when the rate of deformation of the scale is less than the rate of void formation. Grain size, porosity, and impurities play an important role; all of these effects are discussed in detail.
42 citations
TL;DR: The function of the palmaris brevis is believed to be to protect the ulnar nerve and artery from overlying pressure, and in view of this possible function it is believed that in the surgical approach to this region the integrity of this muscle should be preserved.
Abstract: 1. An amplified description of the anatomy of the palmaris brevis muscle based on dissections of ten cadaver hands is reported. Specific details regarding its shape, attachments, its bipartite structure with separate innervation to each part, and presence of tendons are noted.
2. Structural boundaries of the pisohamate tunnel (loge of Guyon) are described, based on these dissections.
3. The function of the palmaris brevis is believed to be to protect the ulnar nerve and artery from overlying pressure. Contraction of the muscle appears to prevent displacement of the hypothenar pad by the pressure produced by gripping hard objects. As a result this pad of soft tissue is maintained over the ulnar neurovascular bundle and the risk of trauma to the nerve and artery from prolonged pressure is minimized.
4. In view of this possible function, we believe that in the surgical approach to this region the integrity of the palmaris brevis should be preserved.
28 citations
TL;DR: A lytic bacteriophage isolated from sewage was found to attack strains of Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, but not members of the genera Salmonella, Proteus, and Serratia.
Abstract: A lytic bacteriophage isolated from sewage was found to attack strains of Aerobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, but not members of the genera Salmonella, Proteus, and Serratia. The phage, designated phimp, contained deoxyribonucleic acid with a 50% guanine plus cytosine ratio and a molecular weight of 23.1 x 10(6) daltons. Single-step growth experiments of phimp plated at 37 C on A. aerogenes A2 gave a mean latent period of 20 min, an average burst size of 103 plaque-forming units/infected cell, and an average adsorption rate constant of 3 x 10(-10) ml/min. Electron microscopy of phimp revealed a phage with a flexible tail (165 nm long and 6 nm wide). The phage head had a hexagonal outline (62 nm in diameter).
26 citations
TL;DR: Micrococcus radiodurans, an extraordinarily radiation-resistant organism, was found to have no detectable methylated bases in its DNA nor any DNA methyltransferase activity, suggesting the DNA may serve as ‘methyl-deficient’ DNA.
24 citations
TL;DR: A major thrust fault, here called the Inyo thrust fault appears to extend under the northern Inyo and southern White Mountains as discussed by the authors, and it has been shown that at least an 800-sq-mi block in the northern and southern Inyo-White Mountains has moved a minimum of 17 mi eastward along the thrust fault.
Abstract: A major thrust fault, here called the Inyo thrust fault, appears to extend under the northern Inyo and southern White Mountains. The allochthon consists of late Precambrian to Late Ordovician rock near exposures of the thrust fault, but elsewhere rock as young as Pennsylvanian or Permian is exposed. Mississippian rock generally underlies the fault. Chert in the allochthon shows no trace of original structure within many tens of feet of the fault surface, but carbonate rock overlying the fault shows only a thin zone of brecciation and shearing. Overturned folds in the region and offset of Mississippian facies suggest cast-ward movement of the allochthon which contains continuous stratigraphic units for 17 mi across and 55 mi along the mountains. It appears, therefore, that at least an 800-sq-mi block in the northern Inyo and southern White Mountains has moved a minimum of 17 mi eastward along the Inyo thrust fault. The Last Chance allochthon to the east may have been derived from the Inyo–White Mountains allochthon and parts of it may have travelled an additional 20 mi or more eastward. The Harkless Flat allochthon, now preserved on the western flank of the Inyo Mountains, probably has travelled 5 or 6 mi westward from place of origin in the Inyo–White Mountains allochthon. Movement of the Inyo–White Mountains and Last Chance allochthons, and probably the Harkless Flat allochthon, ceased before Middle Jurassic and probably prior to Early Jurassic, as plutons at least 165 m.y. old have not been offset by the thrust faults. These folds and thrust faults in the Inyo and White Mountains form part of a probable Triassic tectonic belt postulated by Burchfiel and others (1970) to extend from southeastern California to Idaho.
14 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the two groups for either threshold measure, and the thresholds for the oculogyral illusion were significantly lower than the perception of rotation thresholds for both groups.
Abstract: Thirty-six airline pilots and 56 nonpilots were tested to determine their sensitivity to rotation. A staircase procedure was used to determine oculogyral illusion and perception of rotation thresholds, in a precision rotation device. The results indicated that (1) there were no significant differences between the two groups for either threshold measure, (2) the thresholds for the oculogyral illusion were significantly lower than the perception of rotation thresholds for both groups, and (3) changes in threshold as a function of age were minimal for 91 of the men. The validity and results of the tests are discussed with regard to the pilot's use of motion information in control tasks for aircraft and simulators.
12 citations
01 Jun 1972
TL;DR: The Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference presented at Houston, Texas, from 5 to 8 January 1970 presented papers on 'Micro-Paleontological Study of Lunar Material from Apollo 11', as well as on 'Shock Synthesis of Amino Acids in Simulated Primitive Environments'.
Abstract: 1589 Abell, P. I., Draffan, G. H., Eglinton, G., Hayes, J. M., Maxwell, J. R., and Pillinger, C. T.: 1970, 'Organic Analysis of the Returned Lunar Sample', Science 167 (3918), 757-9, January 30. 1590 AbeU, P. I., Draffan, C. H., Eglinton, G., Hayes, J. M., Maxwell, J. R., and Pillinger, C. T.: 1970, 'Organic Analysis of the Returned Apollo 11 Lunar Sample', in Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference (ed. by A. A. Levinson), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. Suppl. I, Vol. 34 Pergamon, New York, 2, 1757-73. 1591 Abell, P. I., Eglington, G., Maxwell, J. R., Pillinger, C. T., and Hayes, J. M. : 1970, 'Indigenous Lunar Methane and Ethane', Nature 226 (5242), 251-2, April 18. 1592 Allen, G.: 1970, 'Natural Selection and the Origin of Life', Perspect. Biol. Med. 14, 109-26, Autumn. 1593 American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1970 'Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference', Papers presented at the Lunar Science Conference held at Houston, Texas, from 5 to 8 January 1970, AAAS, Washington, D. C. Pages 449 through 784 printed in Science 167 (3918), 30 Jan. 1970, ('The Moon Issue'). 1594 Bahadur, K. and Ranganayaki, S. : 1970, 'The Photochemical Formation of Self-sustaining Coacervates', J. Brit. lnterplan. Soc. 23, 813-29. 1595 Baratava, L. A., Gol'danskii, V. I., Kosygin, M. Y., and Yampol'skii, P. A.: 1970, 'Effects of Shock Waves on c~-Amino Acids', Biokhimiya 35, 1216-18, (Russian). 1596 Bar-Nun, A., Bar-Nun, N., Bauer, S.H., and Sagan, C.: 1970, 'Shock Synthesis of Amino Acids in Simulated Primitive Environments', Science 168 (3930), 470-3, April 24. 1597 Bar-Nun, A., Bar-Nun, N., Bauer, S. H., and Sagan, C. : 1970, 'Amino Acid Synthesis in Simulated Primitive Environments, Reply to Comments', Science 170 (3961), 1001-2, November 27, (Refers to item 1657). 1598 Barghoorn, E. S. : 1969, 'The Antiquity of Life on Earth', in The Primitive Earth: A Symposium (ed. by J. E. Bever). Transcript of an oral presentation held October 18, 1968. Sponsored by the Dept. of Geol., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, p. BI l l . 1599 Barghoorn, E. S. : 1970, 'Micro-Paleontological Study of Lunar Material from Apollo 11', in
TL;DR: The data suggest that the minimal disturbance level for spurious angular accelerations during tracking is below 0.4°/sec, and the relationship between the magnitude of the acceleration and its effect was highly complex.
Abstract: Examination of the importance of congruent and spurious yaw motion in compensatory tracking by eight airline pilots The pilots, seated erect in the Ames man-carrying rotation device(MCRD), tracked with k/s+1 and k/s(s+1) vehicle dynamics in fixed- and moving-base simulation Following the learning phase of the experiment, five levels of spurious angular acceleration were superimposed on the motion of the MCRD Learning of the tracking task was found to be a function of both vehicle dynamics and mode of simulation The presence of congruent motion information reduced learningtime in k/s(s+1) vehicle dynamics and resulted in lower tracking error in both vehicle dynamics The spurious angular accelerations resulted in an increase in pilot tracking error; however, the relationship between the magnitude of the acceleration and its effect was highly complex The data suggest that the minimal disturbance level for spurious angular accelerations during tracking is below 04 degec
TL;DR: Racism is a rhetorical strategy that excludes one group from the moral universe of another by fixing on some alleged physical or mental difference and declaring that difference transcends all other considerations as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In order to respond to an attack on slavery rooted in a definition of Humanity, Southern spokesmen chose to remove some four million people, by reason of “racial” differences, beyond what constituted a human being. This rhetorical strategy appears throughout human history whenever one group of people, for whatever reasons—war, social turmoil, profit—seeks to justify the subordination of another group. Racism excludes one group from the moral universe of another by fixing on some alleged physical or mental difference and declaring that that difference transcends all other considerations. Seen in this light, racism becomes a truly sophisticated and coherent ideological defense of power.
TL;DR: The MMPI was given to 37 unwed mothers, 21 one-time, and 16 recidivists, and the recidivist group differed significantly from the norm group on eight scales: F, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Summary Social science literature reveals the consistent recurrence of illegitimacy and attendant social problems Various explanations have been posited, but this study chose to focus on personality traits of one-time and recidivist unwed mothers The MMPI was given to 37 unwed mothers, 21 one-time, and 16 recidivists These two groups were compared with a normal group of girls The recidivist group differed significantly from the norm group on eight scales: F, D, Hy, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Ma; the one-time unwed mother group differed from the norm group significantly on four scales: F, Pd, Sc, and Ma The recidivist group differed from the one-time group in the direction of less adjustment of five scales: Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc, and Es
TL;DR: In this paper, a solution to the constant fuel-rate problem is proposed which consists of a dither adaptive control technique and an illustration of this technique is presented as an analog computer solution to a simple problem.
Abstract: A constant fuel-rate problem is defined. A solution to the constant fuel-rate problem is proposed which consists of a dither adaptive control technique. An illustration of this technique is presented as an analog computer solution to a simple problem.
TL;DR: The development of gestural usage as a response to intraverbal stimuli was investigated in 89 five- to seven-year-old school children.
Abstract: The development of gestural usage as a response to intraverbal stimuli was investigated in 89 five- to seven-year-old school children. A modified version of the Intraverbal Gesture subtest of the P...
01 Sep 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the intrinsic value of technological improvements in meteorology and concluded that these improvements have become a virtual necessity for solving the complex problems of the earth's atmosphere.
Abstract: The study was initiated as a consequence of the increased use of weather satellites, electronic computers and other technological developments which have become a virtual necessity for solving the complex problems of the earth's atmosphere. Neither the economic emphasis, nor the monetary results of the study, are intended to imply their sole use as criteria for making decisions concerning the intrinsic value of technological improvements in meteorology.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determine the power laws for the perception of rotation about the three major body axes, and find significant correlations among the exponents for the three body axes for individual pilots with a substantial range of exponents, and suggest that the power law over a wide range used may be more complex than implied by a formula with a single exponent.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the power laws for the perception of rotation about the three major body axes. Eighteen airline pilots made magnitude estimates of 5-sec pulses of nine angular accelerations having a range of acceleration x time of 10-150 deg/sec. The results showed that (1) the power law with an exponent of 1.4 describes the subjective motion of these pilots for all three major body axes, (2) the power law also describes the perception of motion for individual pilots with a substantial range of exponents, (3) there were significant correlations among the exponents for the three body axes, and (4) the data suggest that the power law over the wide range used may be more complex than implied by a formula with a single exponent.
TL;DR: In this article, Mott ratios of the density of states have been obtained for Na-NH3 using the theory recently developed by Mott (1971) and by Friedman (1971), and the conductivity and Hall constant data of Kyser and Thompson (1965), for concentrations greater than ∼2 mole % metal.
Abstract: Mott ratios of the density of states have been obtained for Na-NH3 using the theory recently developed by Mott (1971) and by Friedman (1971), and the conductivity and Hall constant data of Kyser and Thompson (1965), for concentrations greater than ∼2 mole % metal. These are given as evidence of the self-consistency of g derived from different transport measurements and of the physical significance of g in describing the MNM transition that the system undergoes.
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the partial pressures of the gaseous species in equilibrium with crystalline HgSe, Hg and Se n (where n = 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8), were calculated from equilibrium total dissociation pressures measured over the temperature range 530 to 570°K.
TL;DR: In this paper, the sintering behavior of an 80 at% Se-20 at% As glass was studied at 90, 100, 110, and 120°C. Results of shrinkage measurements of powder compacts indicated that viscous flow is the controlling mechanism in the sinting of this material.
Abstract: The sintering behavior of an 80 at% Se-20 at% As glass was studied at 90, 100, 110, and 120°C. Results of shrinkage measurements of powder compacts indicated that viscous flow is the controlling mechanism in the sintering of this material. Furthermore, the activation energy for this process was calculated to be 52 kcal/mole. In agreement with previous observations, no evidence of crystallization in any of the samples during the relatively long sintering times could be detected.
TL;DR: On the whole, the hippie sample's scores were interpreted as indicating exaggerated personality characteristics common to today's college youth.
Abstract: CPI and Dogmatism scores for 150 each 1960 and 1970 junior college Ss were compared with those for 105 hippies living in a forest setting. Separate analyses were performed for the males (ns = 75, 7...
TL;DR: The results indicated that shock stimuli in elicited aggression have dual functional properties where longer delayed and free shocks serve to elicit, while more immediately contingent shocks serving to suppress biting.
Abstract: Forty restrained rats, given tailshocks to elicit biting on a target, were given a second shock contingent on the biting at different delay times. Comparisons made in different phases among four (0, 3, 6, and 9 sec) and two (0 and 9 sec) conditions showed longer delays of punishment to produce less suppression of the biting, though not significantly so in the former comparison. The results indicated that shock stimuli in elicited aggression have dual functional properties where longer delayed and free shocks serve to elicit, while more immediately contingent shocks serve to suppress biting.
01 Jan 1972
01 Sep 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the overhead projector on teachers' classroom verbal behavior was examined, and it was shown that the effect on teacher emotional climate in the classroom can be measured by the teacher's emotional states.
Abstract: Technology in education is being utilized in greater amounts and quantity by an ever growing number of teachers. Yet to date little has been done to examine technology's effect on teachers' classroom verbal behavior. This study was an attempt to examine one facet of this technology, the effect of the overhead projector on teachers' classroom verbal behavior. Researchers addressing themselves to the problems of teacher behavior are working to develop and refine instruments by which it can be measured. Medley and Mitzel (1955) have studied teacher emotional climate in the classroom and
TL;DR: The Van Deemter equation has been modified for use in modern high-pressure liquid chromatography, where 0.2 ≤ n ≤ 0.6 and n = 0.145 ± 0.037 for flow velocities of 0.057-3.77 cm/sec.