Showing papers by "San Jose State University published in 1978"

Military Socialization and Masculinity

Abstract: An analysis of military indoctrination as a powerful adult socialization process is crucial to an understanding of adult male role definitions since a significant proportion of the male population has undergone the basic training experience. How the values and norms of masculinity are structured by and for the military and the ways in which they act as socializing agents are explored in a model of military socialization. Some attention is paid to the shift to the all-volunteer armed force (AVAF) and the military as an occupation. The article demonstrates the type of socialization common to adult males vis-a-vis the operationalization of the prototype of masculinity.

Song dialects as barriers to dispersal in white-crowned sparrows, zonotrichia leucophrys nuttalli.

Abstract: Studies of avian communication systems have revealed an impressive number of cases in which a bird species exhibits a mosaic pattern of clusters of males singing a song or songs peculiar to each cluster (the most intensive study is that of Baptista, 1975). In some species, these subgroups are discrete, but in other species the differences between subgroups gradually grade from one to another. The geographic dimensions of these so-called dialects may be quite local, a few km 2 (Marler and Tamura, 1962), or more regional, a few hundred km 2 (Nottebohm, 1969). No unifying theory exists to explain the diversity of dialect systems, but several workers have suggested that mating probabilities might be influenced by song dialects with the effect of reduced genetic exchange among dialect groups (Nottebohn, 1969; Baptista, 1975). In the few species carefully studied, it has been found that the song dialect is learned early in ontogeny (Marler and Tamura, 1964; Mundinger, 1975). The dialect phenomenon suggests two kinds of questions. First, how do song dialects originate? One view of the historical origin of a dialect system is analogous to a sympatric speciation model in which dialects arise within a continuously distributed population with the passage of time (Nottebohm, 1969). An alternative proposal, essentially an allopatric model, is that dialects arise from a colonization or

Chemical interpretation of Viking Lander 1 life detection experiment

Abstract: An earth-based evaluation of the Viking Lander 1 life-detection experiments was conducted using a radiofrequency glow discharge in a simulated Martian atmosphere. The Gas Exchange Experiment conducted in the humid mode released substantial amounts of CO2, O2, N2, Ar, and CO into the atmosphere, indicating that these substances were adsorbed onto the Martian soil. An adsorption potential plot is given, graphing quantity of gas against time (d). For a model surface area of 17 squares meters per gram of measured substance, oxygen adsorption was found to be relatively high, a result which tends to confirm the hypothesis that Martian oxygen exists largely in chemisorbed states or in active oxygen compounds, e.g., peroxide, superoxide, hydroperoxide

Sex Bias in Student Evaluations of College Professors

Abstract: Fifty male and 50 female students were asked to evaluate the teaching methods of three male and three female professors in two traditionally male, two traditionally female, and two relatively non-sex-linked fields. Each method was attributed to a male professor on one form and a female on another. A descriptive paragraph for each of the six areas was followed by six bipolar ratings scales. The different ratings assigned as a function of the sex of student and professor are discussed in relation to previous findings.

Rem sleep deprivation and pain thresholds in rats

Abstract: The relationship between REM sleep deprivation and pain threshold was measured using 36 Sprague-Dawley female rats. Relative to that of the controls, a significant lowering of threshold to painful electrical stimulation was observed during each of the post-treatment tests, i.e., immediate, and after 3- and 24-hr. recovery periods, for the animals which had been REM deprived.

Correlation between handedness and birth order: compilation of five studies.

Abstract: Bakan has suggested that left-handedness is the result of left hemishperic pyramidal motor dysfunction following perinatal hypoxia. To a degree support for the validity of this hypothesis rests on Bakan's (1971, 1977a) findings that left-handed college students were more likely the progeny of birth orders designated as "high-risk" than right-handed students. Attempts by others to replicate Bakan's data have been unsuccessful. To achieve a more powerful test of this relationship than has been provided by any single study, the data from the five studies which have considered it were pooled and tested. The resulting correlation between birth order and handedness was near zero.

Relationship of patient-nurse activity to intracranial pressure variations: a pilot study.

Abstract: Persons with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) from all causes are subject to periods of markedly increased pressure. Research since the initial clinical studies in the early 1960s has focused primarily on characteristics of ICP variations in specific pathologies and on mechanisms basic to increases in ICP rather than on the relationship between basic patient-care activities, such as moving the patient in bed, and variations in ICP. Therefore, nine patients with pressure-controlled ventriculostomy drainage systems were observed continuously for up to 24 hours to determine whate, if any, patient-nurse activities were associated with transient of sustained increased ICP. Frequencies of ventricular fluid drainage (VFD) during activity and nonactivity were compared to predicted frequencies. One patient had no VFD; eight patients had greater than predicted incidence of VFD associated with activity and less than predicted incidence associated with nonactivity. The difference between predicted and actual incidence of VFD was statistically significant (p less than .001) for all eight patients. Although each patient displayed individual patterns of specific activity associated with VFD, turning in bed and conversation about the patient's condition were consistent among the sample. Coughing, chewing use of bedpan, and restless movemenss were consistently associated with VFD in patients.

Salvation versus liberation: the movement for children's rights in a historical context

Abstract: I examine the current movement for children's rights in the United States in terms of the history of child saving, and of the recent events concerning human rights. I stress the conflicts between the salvation and liberation of children, especially in the areas of education and justice. I also consider various approaches to children's rights to define the current movement, and review recent concerns so that I may clarify future needs and strategies.

Analysis of ablation debris from natural and artificial iron meteorites

Abstract: Artificial ablation studies were performed on iron and nickel-iron samples using an arc-heated plasma of ionized air. Experiment conditions simulated a meteoroid traveling about 12 km/sec at an altitude of 70 km. The artificially produced fusion crusts and ablation debris show features very similar to natural fusion crusts of the iron meteorites Boguslavka, Norfork, and N'Kandhla and to magnetic spherules recovered from Mn nodules. X-ray diffraction, electron microprobe, optical, and scanning electron microscope analyses reveal that important mineralogical, elemental, and textural changes occur during ablation. Some metal is melted and ablated. The outer margin of the melted rind is oxidized and recrystallizes as a discontinuous crust of magnetite and wustite. Adjacent to the oxidized metallic ablation zone is an unoxidized metallic ablation zone in which structures such as Widmannstatten bands are obliterated as the metal is transformed to unequilibrated alpha 2 nickel-iron. Volatile elements are vaporized and less volatile elements undergo fractionation.

In situ intercalation of TaS2 in the electron microscope

Abstract: Electron diffraction has been used to study the formation of a variety of complex superlattices in the IT, 2H and 4Hb polytypes of TaS2 during intercalation with hydrazine gas (N2H4), in situ in the electron microscope. Results are presented over the temperature range 15 K-360 K and are interpreted in terms of scattering from periodic lattice distortions linked to charge density waves. Comparisons are also made with similar effects in both the as-grown crystals and TaS2 samples containing other adducts.

The Determinants of Communication and Communication Structure in Large Organizations: A Review of Research

Abstract: Research findings from the literatures of administrative science, communication network analysis, industrial and personnel psychology, sociometry, social psychology, and sociology were combined in ...

SSTs, nitrogen fertilizer and stratospheric ozone

Abstract: THE threat to stratospheric ozone from supersonic transport (SST) exhaust emissions has been a subject of controversy since Hampson1 first suggested that significant ozone reductions might be caused by discharged water vapour. Later, after Johnston2 and Crutzen3 pointed out that even larger ozone depletions might result from emitted nitrogen oxides, water vapour effects were considered to be relatively unimportant. In the intervening years, predictions of SST ozone modification have evolved with advancing scientific knowledge4–7. Using a recently revised model of the stratosphere8, we report here that a substantial ozone layer enhancement could accompany worldwide SST fleet operations, and that water vapour may be an important factor in SST assessments. We have also found that increased nitrogen fertiliser use might, likewise, enhance the ozone layer, in contrast with previous calculations of ozone reduction9–11.

SSTs, nitrogen fertiliser and stratospheric ozone

Abstract: A recently revised model of the stratosphere is used to show that a substantial enhancement in the ozone layer could accompany worldwide SST fleet operations and that water vapor may be an important factor in SST assessments. Revised rate coefficients for various ozone-destroying reactions are employed in calculations which indicate a slight increase in the total content of stratospheric ozone for modest-sized fleets of SSTs flying below about 25 km. It is found that water-vapor chemical reactions can negate in large part the NOx-induced ozone gains computed below 25 km and that increased use of nitrogen fertilizer might also enhance the ozone layer.

Time estimation as a secondary task to measure workload: Summary of research

Abstract: Actively produced intervals of time were found to increase in length and variability, whereas retrospectively produced intervals decreased in length although they also increased in variability with the addition of a variety of flight-related tasks. If pilots counted aloud while making a production, however, the impact of concurrent activity was minimized, at least for the moderately demanding primary tasks that were selected. The effects of feedback on estimation accuracy and consistency were greatly enhanced if a counting or tapping production technique was used. This compares with the minimal effect that feedback had when no overt timekeeping technique was used. Actively made verbal estimates of sessions filled with different activities performed during the interval were increased. Retrospectively made verbal estimates, however, increased in length as the amount and complexity of activities performed during the interval were increased.

Auditing in the athenian state of the golden age (500–300 b.c.)

Abstract: Accountability and control of state revenues and expenditures in the Athenian state of the Golden Age was achieved through the verification process by three board of state accountants, based on the accounting records of execution and related budgetary and other documents. More specifically, the purpose of this process was to (a) strengthen the integrity of the accounting system by providing additional controls in the management or state resources, (b) establish accountability against any public officials in charge of public funds, and (c) provide dependable reports to the people on the management of these funds. The three boards were the Council Accountants, the Administration Accountants and the Examiners. Although the main purpose of the attest function was the discovery of fraud, internal controls were also evaluated by comparing the formalized budgets with the accounting records of execution. This conclusion is somewhat contrary to the assumption that internal controls were not recognized in ancient t...

Effect of the reaction HO2 + O3 yields OH + 2O2 on stratospheric ozone

Abstract: It is noted that recent measurements of large values of the rate coefficient for the reaction NO + HO2 yields NO2 + OH lead to model predictions of excessive amounts of stratospheric ozone. This letter shows that a recent measurement of the rate coefficient (k2) for the reaction HO2 + O3 yields OH + 2O2 largely resolves these problems of excessive stratospheric ozone in models. A two-dimensional model of stratospheric trace constituents is used to calculate the concentrations of 35 constituents; the results are compared with experimental measurements of ozone column densities. It is found that the model predictions of excess ozone abundances diminish significantly when the measured value of k2 is employed.

Indomethacin-antihistamine combination for gastric ulceration control

Abstract: An anti-inflammatory and analgesic composition containing indomethacin and an H2 histamine receptor antagonist in an amount sufficient to reduce gastric distress caused by the indomethacin. Usable antagonists are metiamide and cimetidine.

Personality differences between established and less-established male and female creative artists.

Abstract: Past research on personality constructs of creative individuals has focused on men rather than women and has neglected the essentially social aspect of being considered creative. Therefore, personality variables of 60 male and 60 female creative artists were described using the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Male and female groups were further divided equally into two subgroups reflecting a difference in degree of social acceptance of their work. Relationships between the four groups were explored by multiple discriminant analysis. The major conclusion noted was that creative females tend to be more like their creative male counterparts, in terms of CPI scale variation, than are males and females in general.

An assessment of the effect of supersonic aircraft operations on the stratospheric ozone content

Abstract: An assessment of the potential effect on stratospheric ozone of an advanced supersonic transport operations is presented. This assessment, which was undertaken because of NASA's desire for an up-to-date evaluation to guide programs for the development of supersonic technology and improved aircraft engine designs, uses the most recent chemical reaction rate data. From the results of the present assessment it would appear that realistic fleet sizes should not cause concern with regard to the depletion of the total ozone overburden. For example, the NOx emission of one type designed to cruise at 20 km altitude will cause the ozone overburden to increase by 0.03% to 0.12%, depending upon which vertical transport is used. These ozone changes can be compared with the predictions of a 1.74% ozone decrease (for 100 Large SST's flying at 20 km) made in 1974 by the FAA's Climatic Impact Assessment Program.

The Single Source Weber Problem — Survey and Extensions

Abstract: Alfred Weber reduced the problem of locating a firm under the conditions that all cost elements other than those which vary regularly with space are held constant, to that of determining the point(s) of minimum transportation costs. This paper presents a survey of the techniques used to solve this problem and gives an efficient Quadratic Approximation Search Technique which was coded in FORTRAN IV and tested on a number of problems for it.

Kinetic studies of the intercalation of 2H-NbSe2 with hydrazine by transmittance measurements

Abstract: Kinetic transmittance measurements at a fixed wavelength of 1600 nm have been made during the intercalation of thin single crystals of 2H-NbSe2 with gaseous hydrazine. Measurements have been made as a function of pressure at room temperature. The results indicate that adsorption of the adduct on the exposed crystalline surface is the first step of the reaction. A delay time measured before the changes in transmittance occur has been associated with the weakening of the van der Waals forces that hold together the planar macromolecules in the crystal. Subsequent changes in transmittance are explained by the insertion of adduct between these planar macromolecules. A self-consistent mechanism for the intercalation reaction has been postulated to explain the following observations: (i) for adduct pressures p⩾l torr the initial rate of reaction is proportional to p; and (ii) for p < 1 torr this rate varies as p 6. The latter observation indicates that cooperative phenomena involving six adduct molecule...