Showing papers by "San Jose State University published in 1990"

The Role of Expatriates in the Management of Interdependence Complexity and Risk in Multinational Corporations

Abstract: A multilevel analysis of environmental (country) and organizational (affiliate) factors is used to explain the differential utilization rates of U.S. nationals in overseas professional positions of a major U.S. bank with 84 branches in 43 countries. The research suggests that to the extent that the affiliates of a multinational corporation operate in environments with differing levels of political risk, cultural distance, and competition and have operations with different levels of complexity and interdependence, a single staffing policy may be inappropriate.

Product Positioning Under Price Competition

Abstract: This paper presents a consumer-based methodology for new product pricing and positioning in the face of price competition. The price competition is modelled as a Nash equilibrium for which two complementary approaches are employed: an analytical approach of duopoly provides qualitative insights into the competitive behavior, and a numerical approach of general oligopoly provides quantitative solutions under a wide variety of market scenarios. The optimal product positioning is formulated as a Stackelberg-Nash leader-followers equilibrium which can be solved numerically using recent advances in the field of variational inequalities. A small example concerning analgesics is used to illustrate this methodology.

Race and Gender Bias in the Administration of Corporal Punishment.

Abstract: The disciplinary actions taken by school building administrators after receiving a discipline referral were examined to identify evidence of race and gender bias in administration of corporal punis...

The Meteorological Measurement System on the NASA ER-2 Aircraft

Abstract: A Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) was designed and installed on one of the NASA high-altitude ER-2 aircraft (NASA 706). The MMS provides in situ measurements of free-stream pressure (+ or - 0.3 mb), temperature (+ or - 0.3 C), and wind vector (+ or - 1 m/s). It incorporates a high-resolution inertial navigation system specially configured for scientific applications, a radome differential pressure system for measurements of the airflow angles, and a compact, computer-controlled data acquisition system to sample, process and store 45 variables on tape and on disk. The MMS hardware and software development is described, and resolution and accuracy of the instrumentation discussed. Custom software facilitates preflight system checkout, inflight data acquisition, and fast postflight data download. It accommodates various modes of MMS data: analog and digital, serial and parallel, and synchronous and asynchronous. Flight results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the system.

Disaffiliation to Entrenchment: A Model for Understanding Homelessness.

Abstract: The diversity of homeless people and the complexity of their problems challenge our understanding of how best to serve them. This article argues that disaffiliation and reaffiliation processes are keys to understanding entrenchment in homelessness and developing remediation strategies. Survey data collected from 166 homeless persons in Austin, Texas, identified four clusters: (1) the Recently Dislocated have small social networks and mild mental health problems; (2) the Vulnerable have been homeless longer, have fewer people in their social networks, and border on severe dysfunction; (3) the Outsiders have been homeless about as long as the Vulnerable but have much larger social networks and function as well as the Recently Dislocated; (4) the Prolonged have been homeless for more than five years, have few people in their networks, and appear moderately dysfunctional. Comparison of life experiences of these four groups provided information on the social processes leading toward entrenchment in homelessness.

Human factors of flight-deck checklists: The normal checklist

Abstract: Although the aircraft checklist has long been regarded as the foundation of pilot standardization and cockpit safety, it has escaped the scrutiny of the human factors profession. The improper use, or the non-use, of the normal checklist by flight crews is often cited as the probable cause or at least a contributing factor to aircraft accidents. An attempt is made to analyze the normal checklist, its functions, format, design, length, usage, and the limitations of the humans who must interact with it. The development of the checklist from the certification of a new model to its delivery and use by the customer are discussed. The influence of the government, particularly the FAA Principle Operations Inspector, the manufacturer's philosophy, the airline's culture, and the end user, the pilot, influence the ultimate design and usage of this device. The effects of airline mergers and acquisitions on checklist usage and design are noted. In addition, the interaction between production pressures and checklist usage and checklist management are addressed. Finally, a list of design guidelines for normal checklists is provided.

The structure of cockpit management attitudes

Abstract: A revised version of the Cockpit Management Attitudes Questionnaire (CMAQ) is introduced. Factor analyses of responses from 3 different samples reveal comparable factor structure (previous attempts to factor analyze this measure had produced equivocal results). Implications for the measurement of attitudes and the assessment of attitude change are discussed. It is argued that the CMAQ will benefit both special training programs and efforts to explore attitude-performance linkages in air-transport operations.

Paleoepidemiology of a central California prehistoric population from Ca-Ala-329: II. Degenerative disease.

Abstract: Degenerative lesions are scored and frequencies of involvement are computed for a skeletal collection from Ca-Ala-329, a prehistoric site on the southeastern side of San Francisco Bay, dating from 500 A.D. up to European contact. A large earthmound site, excavations conducted there by San Jose State University retrieved close to 300 burials. For this epidemiological analysis, reasonably complete and aged skeletons representing 77 adult females and 90 adult males are available. Degenerative changes are scored macroscopically in an ordinal fashion for the large fibro-cartilagenous joints between adjacent vertebral bodies (vertebral osteophytosis) as well as the small apophyseal articulations of the spine. In addition, in the peripheral skeleton degenerative changes are scored in the temporo-mandibular, shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints as well as the small articulations of the hands and feet. The most common degenerative changes in the spine are seen between the vertebral bodies of the lower lumbar region. In the peripheral skeleton the highest involvement of degenerative disease is seen in the hands and feet. Compared to other relevant osteological samples, this group of hunting-gathering California Indians shows more degenerative changes than settled agriculturists (from Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico) but substantially less frequent involvement than in arctic hunters (Alaskan Eskimos).

PAS IV, an integral membrane protein of mammary epithelial cells, is related to platelet and endothelial cell CD36 (GP IV).

Abstract: PAS IV is a 78-kDa (bovine) to 80-kDa (human) integral membrane glycoprotein of unknown function which is found in mammary epithelial cells. We now report the purification of human PAS IV and native bovine PAS IV from the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), a preparation of apical plasmalemma from epithelial cells of lactating mammary tissue. N-Terminal sequence analyses of human and bovine PAS IV revealed homology to the N-terminal sequence of the 88-kDa human endothelial and platelet glycoprotein CD36. The similarity of MFGM PAS IV to platelet CD36 was further established by immunoblots of purified platelet CD36 and MFGM PAS IV with MFGM PAS IV specific antiserum. The removal of N-linked oligosaccharides from PAS IV and CD36 by treatment with endoglycosidase F reduced the apparent Mr of both proteins to approximately 57,000. These data suggest that PAS IV and CD36 are similar if not identical polypeptides that undergo cell type specific glycosylation.

Groundwater contribution to the nutrient budget of Tomales Bay, California

Abstract: Tomales Bay, a graben structure along the San Andreas Fault, was selected for modeling ecosystem nutrient dynamics because of its linear, one-dimensional morphology and relatively pristine state Groundwater is a potentially important term in the nutrient budget The geologic complexities created by the San Anreas Fault, however, complicate the hydrogeology and require the area to be subdivided into three regions: granite to the west, Franciscan Formation to the east, and alluvial fill in the trough Nutrient concentrations in the groundwater were determined through extensive well sampling; groundwater discharge was estimated using both Darcy's Law calculations and a soil moisture budget Results indicate that groundwater discharge is of the same order of magnitude as summer streamflow into the Bay, while being significantly less than other freshwater inputs in winter Dissolved nutrient (phosphate, nitrate + nitrite, ammonium, silica and DIC) concentrations in groundwater were consistently higher (by as much as an order of magnitude) than in surface water discharges During the summer months, groundwater flow contributes about as much nutrient load to the bay as does streamflow During the winter, the groundwater contribution to nutrient loading is about 20% of the streamflow contribution Our findings indicate that groundwater is a significant component of terrestrial nutrient and freshwater loading to Tomales Bay, particularly so during the summer months However, neither groundwater nor streamflow nutrient fluxes are large in comparison to the mixing flux at the bay mouth or the flux of N2 gas across the air-water interface

Peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements during CITE 2 - Atmospheric distribution and precursor relationships

Abstract: Results are reported from airborne PAN measurements obtained at altitudes 0-6 km over the continental U.S. and the eastern Pacific during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation 2 (CITE 2) in summer 1986. The CITE 2 flights and instrumentation are described, and the results are presented in extensive graphs and characterized in detail. It is shown that PAN is an important reactive N-containing species in the troposphere. Although the PAN mixing ratios were highly variable, in general high mixing ratios of 100-300 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) were found at 4-6 km, and very low ratios (5-20 pptv) were detected in the marine boundary layer. Good correlation was seen between the CITE 2 PAN values and those for O3, NO(y), NO(x), HNO3, C2H6, CO, and CFCl3.

Denitrification mechanisms in the polar stratospheres

Abstract: Microphysical simulations suggest that the time required for nitric acid particles to sediment from the stratosphere is comparable to the time required for falling ice particles to incorporate nitric acid vapor from the vapor phase. Since nitric acid particles form earlier in the winter than ice particles, these simulations favor denitrification being a separate process from dehydration, with denitrification being due to nitric acid particles and dehydration due to ice particles. In the simulations, the column abundance of nitric acid is only depleted if temperatures low enough for nitric acid particles to exist extend to the altitude above which the column is measured. Such low temperatures are infrequent in the Arctic lower stratosphere, which may be the main reason that the Arctic stratospheric column shows little loss of nitric acid during winter, while the colder Antarctic stratospheric column shows a substantial loss of nitric acid.

Crystallography, spectroscopic analysis, and lasing properties of Nd 3 + : Y 3 Sc 2 Al 3 O 12

Abstract: The crystallographic, optical, and spectroscopic properties of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$${:}_{3}$${\mathrm{Sc}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ are reported from which an assessment can be made regarding the material's potential as a laser Individual Stark levels for many of the $^{2\mathrm{S}+1}\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{J}}$ manifolds of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$(4${\mathrm{f}}^{3}$) in the crystal have been identified from emission and absorption data up to 17 600 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ at 14 K The observed crystal-field splitting and the measured cross sections (intensities) associated with manifold-to-manifold transitions are compared with calculated splittings and calculated intensities The crystal-field and Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters were calculated for Nd and all other rare-earth ions Branching ratios and diode-array-pumped laser slope efficiencies are also reported We conclude that ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Sc}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ has potential as a diode-pumped one-micrometer laser material

N2O as a dynamical tracer in the Arctic vortex

Abstract: This paper reports N2O measurements obtained by the Airborne Tunable Laser Absorption Spectrometer from 14 flights of the NASA ER-2 aircraft during the 1989 Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition field campaign. In the altitude range expected for ozone loss, N2O has a long photochemical lifetime, making it an excellent tracer of lower stratospheric air motions. As in the southern hemisphere, the zonal wind speed maximum and large gradients of potential vorticity and N2O identify the vortex edge. The N2O profiles inside the vortex indicate net descent relative to outside the vortex and to the summer polar lower stratosphere. The descent of the N2O profile during the Arctic night relative to the summer profile is comparable to the downward shift in the vertical profile observed in the 1987 Antarctic winter vortex. Winter profiles at the poles are very similar above the 435 K potential temperature surface, but divergent below.

Non-Work Factors and Job Satisfaction Revisited

Abstract: The responses of 1473 subjects were utilized to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and extra-work satisfaction to test Wilensky's three hypothesized relationships. The current study regressed job satisfaction against the social trust of respondents, their sense of social equity, institutional confidence, and their satisfaction with government's handling of nationalproblems. These social attitudinal indices were added to factors utilized in previous research such as objective job factors, demographic variables, general life satisfaction, and their levels of social involvement. The results produced two previously unreported extra-work attitudinal contributors to job satisfaction: social trust and institutional confidence. The findings supported Wilensky's spillover theory but produced no evidence in support of Wilensky's segmentation or compensation alternatives.

Native American rhetoric: Dancing in the shadows of the ghost dance

Abstract: This essay argues that understanding the rhetorical efforts of Native Americans to create an ethos capable of transcending cultural differences as a means of overcoming the imposition of a fundamentally mistaken identity and revitalizing tribal cultures has significant implications for our understanding of Native American rhetoric. On a broader scale, such study of Native American rhetoric can enhance our knowledge of how rhetoric functions externally and internally for marginalized people.

Thermoregulation of protein synthesis in Borrelia burgdorferi.

Abstract: Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiological agent of Lyme disease, infects humans via the bite of a tick. The microbe survives in at least two vastly different environments: an arthropod vector and a warm-blooded host. We examined protein synthesis in B. burgdorferi B31 in response to sudden heat stress, which is similar to that which occurs during the transmission from vector to host. Proteins synthesized after shifts from 28 degrees C to higher temperatures and in pulse-chase experiments were labeled with 3H-labeled amino acids for 4 h and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The synthesis of four proteins we designated as heat stress proteins (HSPs) was increased by shifts to higher temperatures (HSP-1, 75 kilodaltons [kDa]; HSP-2, 42 kDa; HSP-3, 39 kDa; and HSP-4, 27 kDa); and the amount of one protein we designated as heat-labile protein 1 (29.5 kDa) was decreased at higher temperatures. At 37 to 40 degrees C, the major heat stress protein, HSP-1, represented 14 to 18% of the total cell protein compared with 1 to 2% of the total cell protein at 28 degrees C. HSP-1 was stable during a 4-h chase at either 40 or 28 degrees C. Demonstration of similar HSPs in low-passage, pathogenic strains of B. burgdorferi suggests that the heat stress response may be common among B. burgdorferi strains and may play a role in Lyme disease.

Controlling factors in the distribution and development of incised meanders in the central Colorado Plateau

Abstract: A study of the distribution and geometry of incised meanders in 64 reaches encompassed approximately 600 km of the Green, Colorado, and San Juan Rivers in the central Colorado Plateau. The sinuosity, average planform size, and average cross-sectional symmetry of each reach were determined by map measurements and by spectral analysis of the curvature series for each reach, as determined from interpolations of the digitized traces of the channels. Possible controlling variables examined, including average channel gradient, drainage area, average bedrock erodibility, and bedrock structure, were compiled for each reach, using available maps. Gradients in the studied reaches are significantly correlated with bedrock type. Sinuous incised channels are generally found in low-gradient reaches. In the San Juan River, the channel is sinuous where it flows against the bedrock dip and generally straight in reaches where flow is downdip. This correlation is weak in the Green and Colorado Rivers. The average meander size of the sinuous reaches, as described by the median curvature value for each reach, is generally less in steeper reaches than in low-gradient reaches, although the relation of bend size to controlling variables is much less clear than for sinuosity or cross-section shape. Most meander cross sections in the area are relatively symmetrical, but highly ingrown forms are also present. In general, symmetric bends are associated with resistant bedrock units, whereas ingrown forms develop in massive sandstone and in highly erodible bedrock. Gradient significantly influences the distribution of ingrown bends, with asymmetric meanders concentrated in reaches of low average gradient; this correlation is stronger than that between cross-section shape and lithology itself. Incised meanders of the central Colorado Plateau are probably at least partly inherited from ancestral streams of unknown age that flowed across the area before the present canyons were cut. Correlation between meander distribution and regional structures suggests that the general location of low-gradient sinuous reaches has probably not changed during the incision of the present canyons. Incised meanders, however, are clearly able to modify their geometry in response to changes in bedrock resistance, as indicated by the strong correlation between bedrock type and cross-section symmetry. One mechanism of modification is abandonment of bends, which is documented by 18 cutoff meanders in the study area.

Structure and chronology of the Oval Peak batholith and adjacent rocks: Implications for the Ross Lake fault zone, North Cascades, Washington

Abstract: The >200-km-long Ross Lake fault zone (RLFZ) forms the northeastern border of the crystalline core of the North Cascades. This Late Cretaceous(?) and Paleogene structure is an ∼15-km-wide system of faults and fault zones, several of which deform the Paleocene (∼65 Ma, U-Pb zircon) Oval Peak batholith. The southern segment of the Gabriel Peak tectonic belt of the RLFZ is defined by strongly deformed rocks of the foliated southwestern margin of the Oval Peak batholith, structurally underlying pre-Late Cretaceous Twisp Valley Schist, and structurally highest part of the subjacent Skagit Gneiss, which here consists of Late Cretaceous (87 Ma) and Paleocene (60 Ma) orthogneiss. Kinematic indicators in moderately steeply northeast-dipping mylonitic orthogneiss record reverse slip. The strong solid-state flattening fabric in the foliated margin of the Oval Peak batholith formed during or shortly after emplacement and overprinted a magmatic fabric observed in the core of the batholith. Foliation and associated stretching lineation within the Gabriel Peak tectonic belt are oblique to the regional structural grain but concordant with the contacts of the batholith. These patterns in part record emplacement of the batholith as an expanding diapir into the tectonic belt. Reverse slip in the tectonic belt occurred before, during(?), and shortly after emplacement but ended by ∼55-58 Ma. The core of the Oval Peak batholith intruded a large tongue of Twisp Valley Schist on the north. Porphyroblast microstructures and Ar-Ar and K-Ar geochronology indicate that amphibolite-facies dynamothermal metamorphism of the schist occurred during intrusion. The Foggy Dew and Twisp River fault zones separate the batholith and its wall rocks on the northeast from weakly metamorphosed strata of the Methow basin. The Foggy Dew fault zone contains mylonitic gneiss derived from the Oval Peak batholith, Skagit Gneiss, and tonalitic rock that displays U-Pb zircon systematics suggestive of an Eocene age. Sillimanite schist and amphibolite are also present. Mylonites record dextral strike slip with a component of normal slip, down to the northeast. Movement in the fault zone continued subsequent to deformation in the Gabriel Peak tectonic belt and ended by 48 Ma. Mylonites in the Twisp River fault zone also reveal dextral strike slip, but apparently with less normal slip. The RLFZ experienced a diachronous history from at least 65 to 45 Ma. This history was dominated by dextral strike slip, but there were significant components of normal slip and reverse slip on some structures. During the latter part of this interval (∼57-45 Ma), the RLFZ probably recorded a transtensional tectonic regime transitional between extension to the east in Omineca metamorphic core complexes and dextral strike slip to the west related to oblique convergence along the continental margin. Early Cenozoic plutonism, metamorphism, and ductile deformation have strongly overprinted any of the major Cretaceous deformation postulated in previous tectonic models for the RLFZ.

Dietary habits, health beliefs, and food practices of elderly Chinese women.

Abstract: In this study, we investigated the dietary habits, health beliefs, and food practices of 45 elderly Chinese women living in the San Francisco Bay area. Interrelationships among the subjects' demographic characteristics, dietary habits, health beliefs, and food practices were examined

Efficient use of reference group cues in a single dimension

Abstract: If there are groups whose endorsements voters can use as positive (or negative) cues, we demonstrate that voters do not need to know anything directly about candidate positions to be able to identify the candidate whose issue positions and performance is likely to be closest to the voter's own preferences. In one dimension we show that, given certain simplifying assumptions, voters are best off adopting the choice recommended by the single reference group to which they are closest. We also show that even a decision by reference groups not to endorse any candidate may be informative to voters.

Paleoepidemiology of a central California prehistoric population from CA-Ala-329: dental disease.

Abstract: Ala-329 is a prehistoric central California site located on the southeastern margin of San Francisco Bay, dating from approximately 500 AD up to pre-European contact. A large earth mound, Ala-329, has yielded many well preserved burials, approximately 300 of which are included in this study. The most common pathological lesions seen in this population are in the dentition. Advanced attrition is pervasive, affecting all individuals with teeth in occlusion for 2 years or more. Deciduous teeth are involved even in very young children and often show severe wear before replacement. In the permanent dentition, all elements are involved by the second decade; in the oldest age category (41 + years), all individuals show severe wear throughout their dentitions. In fact, by the end of the third decade, the majority of individuals have no enamel remaining. Mild periodontal involvement is found in 74% of adults, socket resorption in 53%, and abscesses in 31% of the relevant sample. Interestingly, although dental abscesses are found more than twice as often among males, socket resorption is seen more often among females. Dental caries are seen in only 10 individuals. The high incidence of peridontal remodeling, socket resorption, and dental abscesses is probably a secondary result of severe dental attrition. It is hypothesized that a large quantity of abrasives in the diet is responsible for the extreme degree of attrition, in fact, among the most severe for any population yet described. “Something is always going wrong with our teeth. They don't last anything like a lifetime, usually. What chain of events in evolution should we thank for our mouthfuls of rotting crockery?” —Kurt Vonnegut, Galapagos, 1985.

Close Friends as Survivors: Bereavement Patterns in a “Hidden” Population:

Abstract: In a departure from traditional bereavement research, which concentrates on the impact of familial death upon surviving family members, this article explores the bereavement of persons who have exp...

Performance of normal males on the Boston naming test and the word test

Abstract: Responses on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and The Word Test (TWT) were compared for 125 normal male subjects between 20 and 69 years. BNT and TWT scores were significantly correlated. Age was significantly correlated with BNT scores, but educational level was not significantly correlated with BNT or TWT scores. Examples of incorrect responses on both tests are provided, and clinical implications are discussed.