Showing papers by "San Jose State University published in 1992"
TL;DR: In this article, a distinction is made between decision utility, experienced utility, and predicted utility and an experiment is reported addressing people's ability to forecast experienced utility and subjects in two experiments made predictions of their future liking for stimuli to which they were then exposed daily for one week.
Abstract: A distinction is made between decision utility, experienced utility, and predicted utility and an experiment is reported addressing people's ability to forecast experienced utility. Subjects in two experiments made predictions of their future liking for stimuli to which they were then exposed daily for one week. The stimuli were ice cream in a pilot study, plain yogurt in the main study, and short musical pieces in both studies. Decreased liking was the modal prediction, even when the true outcome was increased liking, or reduced dislike. There was substantial stability of tastes, but there were also substantial individual differences in the size and even the sign of changes in liking with repeated exposure. There was little or no correlation between the predictions of hedonic change that individuals made and the changes they actually experienced.
527 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1992TL;DR: The authors make meaning gender embodied Oedipus and Antigone revisited - the family drama identity embodied relationships - his and hers limits and boundaries self and esteem order out of disorder - disorderly conduct eating a new model for feminist psychotherapy.
Abstract: Making meaning gender embodied Oedipus and Antigone revisited - the family drama identity embodied relationships - his and hers limits and boundaries self and esteem order out of disorder - disorderly conduct eating a new model for feminist psychotherapy.
258 citations
TL;DR: Findings support the use of standard, casein-based solutions in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease and as the control condition for future studies, and support the demonstrated benefits of a 2-cal/mL, caseIn-based tube-fed supplement.
235 citations
TL;DR: The physical and emotional health status of 71 African-American grandmothers raising their grandchildren as a result of the crack cocaine involvement of the children's parents is explored.
Abstract: This article explores the physical and emotional health status of 71 African-American grandmothers raising their grandchildren as a result of the crack cocaine involvement of the children's parents. A comparison of self-assessed health ratings with qualitative responses revealed a tendency for respondents to downplay their own health problems and symptoms.
213 citations
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: It is shown that even though approximation is a compromised solution, the three theories allow one to draw an exact solution whenever there are adequate approximations, which implies that these three approaches are good approximation theories.
Abstract: The approximation theory is studied via rough sets, fuzzy sets and topological spaces (more precisely, Frechet spaces). Rough set theory is a set theory via knowledge bases. This set theory is extended to fuzzy sets and Frechet topological spaces. By these results one can show that the classification preserves the approximation. We also showed that within the approximation theory, fuzzy set and Frechet topology are intrinsically equivalent notions. Finally, we show that even though approximation is a compromised solution, the three theories allow one to draw an exact solution whenever there are adequate approximations. This implies that these three approaches are good approximation theories.
200 citations
TL;DR: This article found that groups who operated under groupthink conditions but who were given an excuse for potential poor performance produced significantly higher quality decisions than groups who worked under group-think conditions alone.
Abstract: Although Janis's concept of groupthink is influential, experimental investigations have provided only weak support for the theory. Experiment 1 produced the poor decision quality associated with groupthink by manipulating group cohesion (using group labels) and threat to group members' self-esteem. Self-reports of some groupthink and defective decision-making symptoms were independently, but not interactively, affected by cohesion and threat. Experiment 2 confirmed the success of the cohesion manipulation. Experiment 3 replicated the poor-quality decision making observed in Experiment 1 and provided support for a social identity maintenance perspective on groupthink: Groups who operated under groupthink conditions but who were given an excuse for potential poor performance produced significantly higher quality decisions than groups who worked under groupthink conditions alone. The results are used to interpret the groupthink phenomenon as a collective effort directed at warding off potentially negative views of the group.
195 citations
01 Feb 1992
TL;DR: This work provides a dynamic coordinated control scheme for a hand by which one can perform regrasping and reorientation of an object in the planar case.
Abstract: The problem of dynamic control of a multifingered hand manipulating an object is considered, under the condition that some of the fingertips slide on the object surface. This work has many useful applications when considered in conjunction with work already done in the area of regrasping. In performing certain tasks with grasped objects, it is often necessary to change the contact locations of the fingers on the object. One method of achieving this is to break and remake the contacts; another method is to slide the fingertips on the object surface. This work provides a dynamic coordinated control scheme for a hand by which one can perform regrasping and reorientation of an object in the planar case. >
166 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify six questions about communication in education that have been insufficiently explored by instructional communication researchers and reveal that the limited approach to inquiry has had the effect of privileging existing social and political arrangements.
Abstract: During a time when the disciplines of education and communication have been waging lively and far‐reaching debates about models of instruction, theories of communication, and methods of inquiry, the sub‐discipline of instructional communication has remained insulated from these discussions. As a result, the research has not fully addressed many of the most compelling practical and theoretical questions about communication in education. Six questions are identified that have been insufficiently explored by instructional communication researchers. The analysis reveals that the limited approach to inquiry has had the effect of privileging existing social and political arrangements. Alternative perspectives, largely informed by critical approaches to pedagogy, suggest a rich research agenda for instructional communication scholars.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of individualism-collectivism on communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships was examined, and differences were predicted in group communication in collectivistic cultures.
Abstract: This study examined the influence of individualism-collectivism on communication in ingroup and outgroup relationships. Differences were predicted in ingroup and outgroup communication in collectivistic cultures. It was also hypothesized that self-monitoring and predicted-outcome value (POV) of the relationships also affect communication processes in these relationships. Data were collected in Hong Kong and Japan (collectivistic) and in Australia and the United States (individualistic). Results supported the prediction regarding the influence of cultural variability on ingroup and outgroup communication, as well as those regarding the influence of self-monitoring and POV.
143 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that SPS in sorbitol-associated intestinal complications may be a relatively common occurrence in postoperatively exposed patients.
134 citations
01 Oct 1992
TL;DR: The subjective results indicated that pilots favored the direct manipulation concepts and the ability to link alerts, procedures, and configuration tasks, however, the technology used to support this concept still requires improvements.
Abstract: Future trends in design of controls and displays for cockpit sub-systems (electrical, pneumatics, fuel, etc.), will undoubtedly focus on replacing dedicated “hard” controls with reconfigurable “sof...
TL;DR: In this article, a method for modeling dextrous manipulation with sliding fingers is proposed, which combines compliance and friction limit surfaces to describe how a grasp will behave in the presence of external forces (e.g., when and how the fingertips will slide).
Abstract: The authors propose a method for modeling dextrous manipulation with sliding fingers. The approach combines compliance and friction limit surfaces. The method is useful for describing how a grasp will behave in the presence of external forces (e.g., when and how the fingertips will slide) and for planning how to control the fingers so that the grasped object will follow a desired trajectory. The sliding trajectories are characterized by a transient and steady-state solution. The underlying theory is first discussed and illustrated with several single-finger examples. Experimental results are also presented. The analysis is then extended to grasps with multiple sliding and nonsliding fingers. The multifinger analysis is illustrated with an example of manipulating a card with two soft-contact fingers.
TL;DR: In this article, PAN and other reactive nitrogen species during the NASA Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE 3A) are described, their north-south and east-west gradients in the free troposphere are characterized, and the sources and sinks of PAN and NO(y) are assessed.
Abstract: Measurements of PAN and other reactive nitrogen species during the NASA Arctic Boundary Layer Expedition (ABLE 3A) are described, their north-south and east-west gradients in the free troposphere are characterized, and the sources and sinks of PAN and NO(y) are assessed. Large concentrations of PAN and NO(y) are present in the Arctic/sub-Arctic troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere during the summer. Mixing ratios of PAN and a variety of other molecules are more abundant in the free troposphere compared to the boundary layer. Coincident PAN and O3 atmospheric structures suggest that phenomena that define PAN also define the corresponding O3 behavior. Model calculations, correlations between NO(y) and anthropogenic tracers, and the compositions of NO(y) itself suggest that the Arctic/sub-Arctic reactive nitrogen measured during ABLE 3A is predominantly of anthropogenic origin with a minor component from the stratosphere.
TL;DR: This work compared the frequencies of Asian and Caucasian women who were classified by their responses to the EAT-26 scale as having eating problems and noted that relative to their Asian peers, their sample of Caucasian women was 5.5 times more likely to score above the cut-off score for eating problems on this test.
Abstract: We compared the frequencies of Asian and Caucasian women who were classified by their responses to the EAT-26 scale as having eating problems. We noted that relative to their Asian peers, our sample of Caucasian women was 5.5 times more likely to score above the cut-off score for eating problems on this test. Two earlier studies which had reported opposite results for Asian and Caucasian women were discussed and reevaluated in the context of our data.
TL;DR: A low-cost health promotion program for retirees was effective in changing health behaviors and has potential to decrease health care utilization.
Abstract: The initial results of a 12-month controlled trial of a health promotion program in 5686 Bank of America retirees, randomized into full program, questionnaire only, and insurance claims only groups, were analyzed to determine whether the health promotion program was effective. Comparisons were between program and questionnaire only groups for self-reported health habit changes, health risk scores, medical care utilization, and days confined to home, and between all groups for insurance claims data. The intervention, or full program, included health habit questionnaires administered every 6 months, individualized time-oriented health risk appraisals, personal recommendation letters, self-management materials, and a health promotion book. Twelve-month changes in health habits, health status, and economic variables favored the full program group in 31 of 32 comparisons and were statistically significant at the.05 level in two-tailed tests in 19 comparisons and at the.01 level in two-tailed tests in 13 comparisons. Over 12 months, overall computed health risk scores decreased by 4.3% in the full program experimental group and increased by 7.2% in the questionnaire only control group. Total direct and indirect costs decreased by 11% in the experimental group and increased by 6.3% in the questionnaire only control group. Analysis of claims data confirmed these trends. A low-cost health promotion program for retirees was effective in changing health behaviors and has potential to decrease health care utilization. ( Arch Intern Med . 1992;152:1201-1206)
TL;DR: Data suggest that deterioration over eight years is least rapid for those with severe disease in 1981 and analyses of the changes in severity versus analyses of 1989 severity are identical, provided that the 1981 disability index is entered as a covariate.
Abstract: Information from the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) is used to identify which variables measured in 1981 successfully predict the severity of disease in 1989 and the eight year change in severity of disease in a sample of 330 residents of Santa Clara County, California, USA. This study is exploratory and no previous hypotheses are made. Using univariate correlations and stepwise linear regressions, initial values of a number of variables are found to be useful predictors including, in order: the HAQ disability index, pain scale, global health status, tender joints, few work hours, age, female sex, never married, widowhood, and occupation as operative (e.g. dry wall installers, assemblers). Data suggest that deterioration over eight years is least rapid for those with severe disease in 1981. A mathematical identity suggests that analyses of the changes in severity versus analyses of 1989 severity are identical, provided that the 1981 disability index is entered as a covariate. The initial level of the disability index of the HAQ is by far the strongest predictive variable and provides a clinically important gauge for the likelihood of future impairment.
TL;DR: As society becomes more multicultural, it is essential for occupational therapists to continue to develop cultural competence, which is defined in this paper as an awareness of, sensitivity to, and knowledge of the meaning of culture.
Abstract: Cultural sensitivity is a crucial component of health care provision, particularly in psychiatric settings. As society becomes more multicultural, it is essential for occupational therapists to continue to develop cultural competence, which is defined in this paper as an awareness of, sensitivity to, and knowledge of the meaning of culture. At San Francisco General Hospital, an innovative multicultural model consisting of special focus programs is used. The key to the success of such programs is a culturally competent professional staff.
TL;DR: This dual beam spectrometer uses the sweep integration technique in a spectral region where adjacent spectral lines are of approximately equal absorbance at the expected isotopic abundances to indicate that isotopic ratios of carbon in carbon dioxide can be measured to an accuracy of better than 0.4%.
Abstract: Measurements of ratios of stable isotopes are used in such diverse fields as petroleum prospecting, medical diagnostics, and planetary exploration. The narrow emission linewidth available from tunable diode lasers permits high-resolution infrared absorption measurements of closely spaced isotopic rovibrationallines. Our dual beam spectrometer uses the sweep integration technique in a spectral region where adjacent spectral lines are of approximately equal absorbance at the expected isotopic abundances. The experimen tal results reported here indicate that isotopic ratios of carbon in carbon dioxide can be measured to an accuracy of better than 0.4%. This laser spectroscopic technique offers an alternative to the mass spectrometric technique for in situ isotopic analysis in field studies, as well as flight and space applications. 13 C/ 12 C, carbon dioxide, laser spectroscopy.
TL;DR: Both the amount of time in bed and the number of awakenings reported dropped significantly as the semester progressed, and a new measure for quality of sleep covaried with theamount of time spent in bed during the week.
Abstract: A longitudinal assessment of sleep quality is presented. Undergraduates provided two levels of repeated measures data. Sleep log information was gathered across the 7 days of the week, in three replications, over a semester. There were several new findings. Across the week, students spent significantly more time in bed on weekend days as compared with weekdays. Further, a new measure for quality of sleep covaried with the amount of time spent in bed during the week. The students enjoyed their sleep more on the weekends. Finally, both the amount of time in bed and the number of awakenings reported dropped significantly as the semester progressed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: This study presents what appears to be the first longitudinal data relating health habits to health costs in a senior sample of Bank of America retirees followed for 12 months.
Abstract: Relationships between health habits and subsequent medical costs were analyzed for a group of 1,558 Bank of America retirees followed for 12 months Results suggest that absence of cigarette smoking, excessive drinking, and excess body mass, and increased exercise and seat belt use were associated with roughly $372 to $598 of direct costs savings and $4,298 of total costs savings per person per year This study presents what appears to be the first longitudinal data relating health habits to health costs in a senior sample
01 Oct 1992
TL;DR: Results suggest that making checklist procedures more automatic, either by asking crews to accomplish steps from memory, or by checklists that encourage crews to rely on system state as indicated by the checklist, will discourage information gathering, and may lead to dangerous operational errors.
Abstract: Checklists are a way of life on the flight deck, and, undoubtedly, are indispensable decision aids due to the volume of technical knowledge that must be readily accessible. The improper use of chec...
TL;DR: A review of the critical literature on teacher empowerment can be found in this article, where the authors identify several factors that have led to the disempowerment of teachers and argue that teachers can become empowered by resisting these trends and working collaboratively to gain more organizational power.
Abstract: This essay provides a review of the critical literature on teacher empowerment. Empowerment, a major theme in contemporary research on teachers, directs attention away from the individual psychological traits of teachers or their specific classroom behaviors and looks instead at the interplay of political, sociocultural, and organizational forces that constrain teachers as they try to carry out their instructional mission. The literature identifies several factors that have led to the disempowerment of teachers. For example, their work has been feminized, technologized, deskilled, intensified, and privatized. Teachers can become empowered by resisting these trends and working collaboratively to gain more organizational power; however, the most compelling arguments call for a transformation of the professional role of teaching. To support the project of teacher empowerment, teacher educators and educational researchers must radically transform their work as well.
TL;DR: In this article, a finite element algorithm for two-dimensional nonlinear inverse heat conduction analysis is presented, capable of handling both unknown surface heat flux and unknown surface temperature of solids using temperature histories measured at a few discrete points.
Abstract: This paper presents a finite element algorithm for two-dimensional nonlinear inverse heat conduction analysis. The proposed method is capable of handling both unknown surface heat flux and unknown surface temperature of solids using temperature histories measured at a few discrete points. The proposed algorithms were used in the study of the thermofracture behavior of leaking pipelines with experimental verifications.
TL;DR: The Mars Observer gamma ray spectrometer was used by the Mars Observer spacecraft as discussed by the authors to measure the elemental composition of Mars, which was used to map the depth dependence of hydrogen in the upper meter.
Abstract: The Mars Observer gamma ray spectrometer will return data related to the elemental composition of Mars. The instrument has both a gamma ray spectrometer and several neutron detectors. The gamma ray spectrometer will return a spectrum nominally every 20 s from Mars permitting a map of the elemental abundances to be made. The gamma rays are emitted from nuclei involved in radioactive decay, from nuclei formed by capture of a thermal neutron, and from nuclei put in an excited state by a fast-neutron interaction. The gamma rays come from an average depth of the order of a few tens of centimeters. The spectrum will show sharp emission lines whose intensity determines the concentration of the element and whose energy identifies the element. The neutron detectors, using the fact that the orbital velocity of the Mars Observer spacecraft is similar to the velocity of thermal neutrons, determine both the thermal and epithermal neutron flux. By combining the results from both techniques it is possible to map the depth dependence of hydrogen in the upper meter as well. These data permit a variety of Martian geoscience problems to be addressed including the crust and mantle composition, weathering processes, volcanism, and the volatile reservoirs and processes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A longitudinal sample of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from Santa Clara County, CA was analyzed and a unique "S" shaped curve was suggested that described the Disability Index and duration relation.
Abstract: A longitudinal sample of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from Santa Clara County, CA was analyzed. Severity was measured with the Disability Index from the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). First, 6 cohorts were created of women and men with 0 to 10, > 10 to 20, and > 20 years of duration of illness in 1981. Experiences of the 6 cohorts were studied from 1981 to 1989. For both sexes, and both samples which alternately included and excluded the deceased, persons with > 20 years of duration experienced faster deterioration than those with < 20 years. Second, multiple regression models were estimated which treated the Disability Index as the dependent variable. In the regression models, the Disability Index worsened more quickly for women than men, for persons with few rather than many years of education, and for older than younger persons. Regression models which excluded an intercept term suggested a unique "S" shaped curve that described the Disability Index and duration relation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the reasons for the popularity of Feuerstein's Learning Potential Assessment Device (LPAD) and the related Instrumental Enrichment (IE) program are based more on philosophical considerations than on technical adequacy.
Abstract: Since their introduction in America, the theory and techniques of Feuerstein's Learning Potential Assessment Device (LPAD) and the related Instrumental Enrichment (IE) program have enjoyed substantial popularity among some educators. In our view, the reasons for this popularity are based more on philosophical considerations than on technical adequacy. In arguing this position, we critique Feuerstein's theory on semantic, logical, and empirical grounds. It is concluded that evidence casting Feuerstein's approach to dynamic assessment as a serious competitor to “traditional” assessment is not compelling.
TL;DR: A review of published and unpublished literature describing the intelligence of deaf and hard-of-hearing people was conducted to determine: (a) assessm... as discussed by the authors ) assessm
Abstract: A review of published and unpublished literature (N studies = 285; total N subjects > 171,517) describing the intelligence of deaf and hard-of-hearing people was conducted to determine: (a) assessm...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors formulate a framework in the form of macrostrategies to guide teachers in their classroom work, which can serve as a template for guiding them in their work.
Abstract: pedagogical and theoretical knowledge. This hypothesis rests on several premises. First, although the emphasis is shifting away from teachers towards learners in L2 learning/teaching, there is hardly any corresponding shift in L2 teacher education (37; 38).' Second, teacher education has focused more on pedagogic techniques and less on psycholinguistic processes of L2 development (24; 31; 33). Third, if understanding the relationship between theoretical principles and classroom techniques maximizes the effectiveness of L2 teaching (6; 27; 43), then, teacher educators have a responsibility to make L2 teachers aware of this relationship. If we recognize these premises, we then see a need to provide teachers with certain broad guidelines which can serve as a template that guides them in their classroom work. In this paper, I attempt to formulate such a framework in the form of macrostrategies.
TL;DR: In this article, photolysis of C2H4 and HCN was used to determine the physical properties of model Titan atmosphere aerosols, and the results showed that the formation of particles from C4H2 was observed within minutes.
TL;DR: Work is made to appear unambiguous, instrumental, rational, and subject to universal categorization as mentioned in this paper, and the conventional focus on skills in isolation is replaced by one in which both skills and our ability to describe them is constrained by the technological and organizational contexts of workplaces.
Abstract: Concerns about people who are ill-prepared to perform in workplaces of the future have resulted in various policy reports identifying "basic skills," and postulating appropriate educational responses. Much of the supporting data are thin, and yield descriptions that characterize work through a limited and biased sample of possible observations. Work is made to appear unambiguous, instrumental, rational, and subject to universal categorization. Fieldwork in a manufacturing plant presents a richer picture of work that counters these distortions by demonstrating the importance of alternative styles of work. strategies for managing ambiguity, and the importance of local knowledge. The conventional focus on skills in isolation is replaced by one in which both skills and our ability to describe them is constrained by the technological and organizational contexts of workplaces. Incentives, opportunities, the expressive function of skilled performance, and feedback about results all influence skills. Finally, the...