Showing papers by "San Jose State University published in 1996"

Generalization of Rough Sets using Modal Logics

Abstract: The theory of rough sets is an extension of set theory with two additional unary set-theoretic operators defined based on a binary relation on the universe. These two operators are related to the modal operators in modal logics. By exploring the relationship between rough sets and modal logics, this paper proposes and examines a number of extended rough set models. By the properties satisfied by a binary relation, such as serial, reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and Euclidean, various classes of algebraic rough set models can be derived. They correspond to different modal logic systems. With respect to graded and probabilistic modal logics, graded and probabilistic rough set models are also discussed.

Verilog HDL: a guide to digital design and synthesis

Abstract: PART I. BASIC VERILOG TOPICS. 1. Overview of Digital Design with Verilog HDL. Evolution of Computer Aided Digital Design. Emergence of HDLs. Typical Design Flow. Importance of HDLs. Popularity of Verilog HDL. Trends in HDLs. 2. Hierarchical Modeling Concepts. Design Methodologies. 4-bit Ripple Carry Counter. Modules. Instances. Components of a Simulation. Example. Design Block. Stimulus Block. Summary. Exercises. 3. Basic Concepts. Lexical Conventions. Whitespace. Comments. Operators. Number Specification. Sized numbers. Unsized numbers. X or Z values. Negative numbers. Underscore characters and question marks. Strings. Identifiers and Keywords. Escaped Identifiers. Data Types. Value Set. Nets. Registers. Vectors. Integer , Real, and Time Register Data Types. Integer. Real Time. Arrays. Memories. Parameters. Strings. System Tasks and Compiler Directives. System Tasks. Displaying information. Monitoring information. Stopping and finishing in a simulation. Compiler Directives. 'define. 'include. Summary. Exercises. 4. Modules and Ports. Modules. Ports. List of Ports. Port Declaration. Port Connection Rules. Inputs. Outputs. Inouts. Width matching. Unconnected ports. Example of illegal port connection. Connecting Ports to External Signals. Connecting by ordered list. Connecting ports by name. Hierarchical Names. Summary. Exercises. 5. Gate-Level Modeling. Gate Types. And/Or Gates. Buf/Not Gates. Bufif/notif. Examples. Gate-level multiplexer. 4-bit full adder. Gate Delays. Rise, Fall, and Turn-off Delays. Rise delay. Fall delay. Turn-off delay. Min/Typ/Max Values. Min value. Typ val. Max value. Delay Example. Summary. Exercises. 6. Dataflow Modeling. Continuous Assignments. Implicit Continuous Assignment. Delays. Regular Assignment Delay. Implicit Continuous Assignment Delay. Net Declaration Delay. Expressions, Operators, and Operands. Expressions. Operands. Operators. Operator Types. Arithmetic Operators. Binary operators. Unary operators. Logical Operators. Relational Operators. Equality Operators. Bitwise Operators. Reduction Operators. Shift Operators. Concatenation Operator. Replication Operator. Conditional Operator. Operator Precedence. Examples. 4-to-1 Multiplexer. Method 1: logic equation. Method 2: conditional operator. 4-bit Full Adder. Method 1: dataflow operators. Method 2: full adder with carry lookahead. Ripple Counter. Summary. Exercises. 7. Behavioral Modeling. Structured Procedures. Initial Statement. Always Statement. Procedural Assignments. Blocking assignments. Nonblocking Assignments. Application of nonblocking assignments. Timing Controls. Delay-Based Timing Control. Regular delay control. Intra-assignment delay control. Zero delay control. Event-Based Timing Control. Regular event control. Named event control. Event OR control. Level-Sensitive Timing Control. Conditional Statements. Multiway Branching. Case Statement. Casex, casez Keywords. Loops. While Loop. For Loop. Repeat Loop. Forever loop. Sequential and Parallel Blocks. Block Types. Sequential blocks. Parallel blocks. Special Features of Blocks. Nested blocks. Named blocks. Disabling named blocks. Examples. 4-to-1 Multiplexer. 4-bit Counter. Traffic Signal Controller. Specification. Stimulus. Summary. Exercises. 8. Tasks and Functions. Differences Between Tasks and Functions. Tasks. Task Declaration and Invocation. Task Examples. Use of Input and Output Arguments. Asymmetric Sequence Generator. Functions. Function Declaration and Invocation. Function Examples. Parity calculation. Left/right shifter. Summary. Exercises. 9. Useful Modeling Techniques. Procedural Continuous Assignments. Assign and deassign. Force and release. Force and release on registers. Force and release on nets. Overriding Parameters. Defparam Statement. Module_Instance Parameter Values. Conditional Compilation and Execution. Conditional Compilation. Conditional Execution. Time Scales. Useful System Tasks. File Output. Opening a file. Writing to files. Closing files. Displaying Hierarchy. Strobing. Random Number Generation. Initializing Memory from File. Value Change Dump File. Summary. Exercises. PART II. ADVANCED VERILOG TOPICS. 10. Timing and Delays. Types of Delay Models. Distributed Delay. Lumped Delay. Pin-to-Pin Delays. Path Delay Modeling. Specify Blocks. Inside Specify Blocks. Parallel Connection. Full Connection. Specparam Statements. Conditional Path Delays. Rise, fall, and turn-off delays. Min, max, and typical delays. Handling x transitions. Timing Checks. $setup and $hold checks. $setup task. $hold task. $width Check. Delay Back-Annotation. Summary. Exercises. 11. Switch-Level Modeling. Switch-Modeling Elements. MOS Switches. CMOS Switches. Directional Switches. Power and Ground. Resistive Switches. Delay Specification on Switches. MOS and CMOS switches. Bidirectional pass switches. Specify blocks. Examples. CMOS Nor Gate. 2-to-1 Multiplexer. Simple CMOS Flip-Flop. Summary. Exercises. 12. User-Defined Primitives. UDP Basics. Parts of UDP Definition. UDP Rules. Combinational UDPs. Combinational UDP Definition. State Table Entries. Shorthand Notation for Don't Cares. Instantiating UDP Primitives. Example of a Combinational UDP. Sequential UDPs. Level-Sensitive Sequential UDPs. Edge-Sensitive Sequential UDPs. Example of a Sequential UDP. UDP Table Shorthand Symbols. Guidelines for UDP Design. Summary. Exercises. 13. Programming Language Interface. Uses of PLI. Linking and Invocation of PLI Tasks. Linking PLI Tasks. Linking PLI in Verilog-XL. Linking in VCS. Invoking PLI Tasks. General Flow of PLI Task Addition and Invocation. Internal Data Representation. PLI Library Routines. Access Routines. Mechanics of Access Routines. Types of Access Routines. Examples of Access Routines. Utility Routines. Mechanics of Utility Routines. Types of Utility Routines. Example of Utility Routines. Summary. Exercises. 14. Logic Synthesis with Verilog HDL. What Is Logic Synthesis? Impact of Logic Synthesis. Verilog HDL Synthesis. Verilog Constructs. Verilog Operators. Interpretation of a Few Verilog Constructs. The Assign statement. The if-else statement. The case statement for loops. The Function Statement. Synthesis Design Flow. RTL to Gates. RTL Description. Translation. Unoptimized Intermediate Representation. Logic Optimization. Technology Mapping and Optimization. Technology library. Design constraints. Optimized gate-level description. An Example of RTL-to-Gates. Design Sspecification. RTL description. Technology library. Design constraints. Logic synthesis. Final, Optimized, Gate-Level Description. IC Fabrication. Verification of Gate-Level Netlist. Functional Verification. Timing Verification. Modeling Tips for Logic Synthesis. Verilog Coding Style. Use meaningful names for signals and variables. Avoid mixing positive and negative edge-triggered flip-flops. Use basic building blocks vs. Use continuous assign statements. Instantiate multiplexers vs. Use if-else or case statements. Use parentheses to optimize logic structure. Use arithmetic operators *, /, and % vs. Design building blocks. Be careful with multiple assignments to the same variable. Define if-else or case statements explicitly. Design Partitioning. Horizontal partitioning. Vertical Partitioning. Parallelizing design structure. Design Constraint Specification. Example of Sequential Circuit Synthesis. Design Specification. Circuit Requirements. Finite State Machine (FSM). Verilog Description. Technology Library. Design Constraints. Logic Synthesis. Optimized Gate-Level Netlist. Verification. Summary. Exercises. PART III: APPENDICES. A. Strength Modeling and Advanced Net Definitions. B. List of PLI Routines. C. List of Keywords, System Tasks, and Compiler Directives. D. Formal Syntax Definition. E. Verilog Tidbits. F. Verilog Examples. Index.

Immunohistochemical localization of ORL‐1 in the central nervous system of the rat

Abstract: A novel member of the opioid receptor family (ORL-1) has been cloned from a variety of vertebrates. ORL-1 does not bind any of the classical opioids, although a high affinity endogenous agonist with close homology to dynorphin has recently been identified. We have generated a monoclonal antibody to the N-terminus of ORL-1 to map areas of receptor expression in rat central nervous system (CNS). Intense and specific immunolabeling was observed in multiple areas in the diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons/medulla, and spinal cord. In the telencephalon, intense labeling was observed in the neuropil throughout layers II–V in the neocortex, the anterior olfactory nuclear complex, the pyriform cortex, the CA1–CA4 fields and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and in many of the septal and basal forebrain areas. In contrast to other members of the opioid receptor family, light labeling for ORL-1 was observed in telencephalic areas such as caudate-putamen. In the cerebellum, ORL-1 immunoreactivity was only observed in the deep nuclei. Throughout the CNS the majority of labelling was localized to fiber processes and fine puncta, although labeled scattered perikarya were observed in a few brain areas such as the hilus dentate in the hippocampus and some nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord. The present mapping study is consistent with the reported distribution of ORL-1 mRNA and provides the first immunohistochemical report on anatomical and cellular distribution of ORL-1 receptor in the rat CNS. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Relationship Between Communication Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Three Guatemalan Organizations

Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between organi zational communication satisfaction and organizational commitment in three Guatemalan organizations. Data were collected using three questionnaires: the Downs's (1990) Communication Audit Questionnaire (CAQ), the Mowday, Porter, and Steers's (1979) Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ), and the Cook and Wall's (1980) Organizational Commitment Instrument (OCI). Results indicated that, first, there was an explicit positive relationship between communication satisfaction and employees' organizational commitment. Sec ond, school teachers were significantly more satisfied with the communication practices and more committed to their organization than were the employees of the other two organizations (a hospital and a food factory). Third, supervisors were significantly more satisfied than were subordinates with overall communi cation practices. Fourth, employees with more tenure were significantly more committed to their organ...

Global to microscale evolution of the Pinatubo volcanic aerosol derived from diverse measurements and analyses

Abstract: We assemble data on the Pinatubo aerosol from space, air, and ground measurements, develop a composite picture, and assess the consistency and uncertainties of measurement and retrieval techniques. Satellite infrared spectroscopy, particle morphology, and evaporation temperature measurements agree with theoretical calculations in showing a dominant composition of H2SO4-H20 mixture, with H2SO4 weight fraction of 65-80% for most stratospheric temperatures and humidities. Important exceptions are (1) volcanic ash, present at all heights initially and just above the tropopause until at least March 1992, and (2) much smaller H2SO4 fractions at the low temperatures of high-latitude winters and the tropical tropopause. Laboratory spectroscopy and calculations yield wavelength- and temperature-dependent refractive indices for the H2SO4-H20 droplets. These permit derivation of particle size information from measured optical depth spectra, for comparison to impactor and optical-counter measurements. All three techniques paint a generally consistent picture of the evolution of R(sub eff), the effective radius. In the first month after the eruption, although particle numbers increased greatly, R(sub eff) outside the tropical core was similar to preeruption values of approx. 0.1 to 0.2 microns, because numbers of both small (r 0.6 microns) particles increased. In the next 3-6 months, extracore R(sub eff) increased to approx. 0.5 microns, reflecting particle growth through condensation and coagulation. Most data show that R(sub eff) continued to increase for about 1 year after the eruption. R(sub eff) values up to 0.6 - 0.8 microns or more are consistent with 0.38 - 1 micron optical depth spectra in middle to late 1992 and even later. However, in this period, values from in situ measurements are somewhat less. The difference might reflect in situ undersampling of the very few largest particles, insensitivity of optical depth spectra to the smallest particles, or the inability of flat spectra to place an upper limit on particle size. Optical depth spectra extending to wavelengths lambda > 1 micron are required to better constrain R(sub eff), especially for R(sub eff) > 0.4 microns. Extinction spectra computed from in situ size distributions are consistent with optical depth measurements; both show initial spectra with lambda(sub max) 0.3 microns) and relatively flat extinction spectra (0.4 - 1 microns) are among the longest-lived indicators of Pinatubo volcanic influence. They persist for years after the peaks in number, mass, surface area, and optical depth at all wavelengths <= 1 microns. This coupled evolution in particle size distribution and optical depth spectra helps explain the relationship between global maps of 0.5- and 1.0-micron optical depth derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) satellite sensors. However, there are important differences between the AVHRR and SAGE midvisible optical thickness products. We discuss possible reasons for these differences and how they might be resolved.

Biologic and geologic characteristics of cold seeps in Monterey Bay, California

Abstract: Cold seep communities discovered at three previously unknown sites between 600 and 1000 m in Monterey Bay, California, are dominated by chemoautotrophic bacteria (Beggiatoa sp.) and vesicomyid clams (5 sp.). Other seep-associated fauna included galatheid crabs (Munidopsis sp.), vestimentiferan worms (Lamellibrachia barhami?), solemyid clams (Solemya sp.), columbellid snails (Mitrella permodesta, Amphissa sp.), and pyropeltid limpets (Pyropelta sp.). More than 50 species of regional (i.e. non-seep) benthic fauna were also observed at seeps. Ratios of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) in clam tissues near ∼ 36‰ indicate sulfur-oxidizing chemosynthetic production, rather than non-seep food sources, as their principal trophic pathway. The “Mt Crushmore” cold seep site is located in a vertically faulted and fractured region of the Pliocene Purisima Formation along the walls of Monterey Canyon (∼ 635 m), where seepage appears to derive from sulfide-rich fluids within the Purisima Formation. The “Clam Field” cold seep site, also in Monterey Canyon (∼ 900 m) is located near outcrops in the hydrocarbon-bearing Monterey Formation. Chemosynthetic communities were also found at an accretionary-like prism on the continental slope near 1000 m depth (Clam Flat site). Fluid flow at the “Clam Flat” site is thought to represent dewatering of accretionary sediments by tectonic compression, or hydrocarbon formation at depth, or both. Sulfide levels in pore waters were low at Mt Crushmore (ca ∼ ∼ 0.2 mM), and high at the two deeper sites (ca 7.011.0 mM). Methane was not detected at the Mt Crushmore site, but ranged from 0.06 to 2.0 mM at the other sites.

Dehydration of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere by subvisible cirrus clouds near the tropical tropopause

Abstract: The extreme dryness of the lower stratosphere is believed to be caused by freeze-drying of air as it enters the stratosphere through the cold tropical tropopause. Previous investigations have been focused on dehydration occurring at the tops of deep convective cloud systems, However, recent observations of a ubiquitous stratiform cirrus cloud layer near the tropical tropopause suggest the possibility of dehydration as air is slowly lifted by large-scale motions, In this study, we have evaluated this possibility using a detailed ice cloud model. Simulations of ice cloud formation in the temperature minima of gravity waves (wave periods of 1 - 2 hours) indicate that large numbers of ice crystals will likely form due to the low temperatures and rapid cooling. As a result, the crystals do not grow larger than about 10 microns, fallspeeds are no greater than a few cm/s, and little or no precipitation or dehydration occurs. However, ice cloud's formed by large-scale vertical motions (with lifetimes of a day or more) should have,fever crystals and more time for crystal sedimentation to occur, resulting in water vapor depletions as large as 1 ppmv near the tropopause. We suggest that gradual lifting near the tropical tropopause, accompanied by formation of thin cirrus, may account for the dehydration.

Observations of Saturn's Ring-Plane Crossings in August and November 1995

Abstract: Observations of Saturn's ring system with the Hubble Space Telescope during the 10 August 1995 Earth crossing and the 17 to 21 November 1995 solar crossing indicate that the F ring dominates their apparent edge-on thickness of 1.2 to 1.5 kilometers. The F ring is slightly inclined with respect to the A ring, which may explain the approximately 50-minute difference in apparent crossing times for the east and west ring ansae in August. Prometheus lags its predicted position by about 19 degrees in longitude. The faint G ring is neutral or reddish in color and is confined to a radial range of 2.72 to 2.85 Saturn radii. The broad, distinctly blue E ring flares outward to a maximum thickness of about 15,000 kilometers at 7.5 Saturn radii and appears to have a spatially uniform particle size distribution.

Importance of Teaching

Abstract: I strongly agree with the National Science Foundation's (NSF's) education chief, Luther Williams, who is quoted by Jeffrey Mervis as stating that NSF alone cannot promote teaching at traditional research universities (News, [19 Apr., p. 345][1]). Until the culture of tenure and promotion at these

Structure of the Atmosphere of Jupiter: Galileo Probe Measurements

Abstract: Temperatures and pressures measured by the Galileo probe during parachute descent into Jupiter's atmosphere essentially followed the dry adiabat between 0.41 and 24 bars, consistent with the absence of a deep water cloud and with the low water content found by the mass spectrometer. From 5 to 15 bars, lapse rates were slightly stable relative to the adiabat calculated for the observed H2/He ratio, which suggests that upward heat transport in that range is not attributable to simple radial convection. In the upper atmosphere, temperatures of >1000 kelvin at the 0.01-microbar level confirmed the hot exosphere that had been inferred from Voyager occultations. The thermal gradient increased sharply to 5 kelvin per kilometer at a reconstructed altitude of 350 kilometers, as was recently predicted. Densities at 1000 kilometers were 100 times those in the pre-encounter engineering model.

Core Java

Abstract: The first two lessons of Core Java LiveLessons quickly review the history of Java and show you, step by step, how to install the software development environment. In lesson 3, you will learn how to do in Java what you already know in another programming language: write branches and loops, and work with numbers, strings, and arrays. Lesson 4 covers object-oriented programming. Java is thoroughly object-oriented, and the lesson shows you how to use built-in classes and how to build your own. Lessons 5 and 6 cover inheritance and interfaces as well as the lambda expressions, a powerful new feature of Java SE 8. Lesson 7 shows you what to do when your programs do the wrong thing. The lesson covers exception handling, logging, and debugging. In lesson 8, you will learn how to write generic code that works for many different data types. Lesson 9 puts those skills to work, when we examine the multitude of Java collections that allow you to organize your data in many ways. he final three lessons introduce the fundamentals of user interface programming in Java.

Technical Testing and Evaluation of Biometric Identification Devices

Abstract: Although the technical evaluation of biometric identification devices has a history spanning over two decades, it is only now that a general consensus on test and reporting measures and methodologies is developing in the scientific community. By “technical evaluation”, we mean the measurement of the five parameters generally of interest to engineers and physical scientists: false match and false non-match rates, binning error rate, penetration coefficient and transaction times. Additional measures, such as “failure to enroll” or “failure to acquire”, indicative of the percentage of the general population unable to use any particular biometric method, are also important. We have not included in this chapter measures of more interest to social scientists, such as user perception and acceptability. Most researchers now accept the “Receiver Operating Characteristic” (ROC) curve as the appropriate measure of the application-dependent technical performance of any biometric identification device. Further, we now agree that the error rates illustrated in the ROC must be normalized to be independent of the database size and other “accept/reject” decision parameters of the test. This chapter discusses the general approach to application-dependent, decision-policy independent testing and reporting of technical device performance and gives an example of one practical test. System performance prediction based on test results is also discussed.

Managing fatigue in operational settings. 1: Physiological considerations and countermeasures.

Abstract: The authors consider three aspects of managing fatigue in the workplace. They provide a brief overview of important scientific findings related to sleep and circadian physiology that establish the psychobiological foundation of fatigue. Their major focus is on the relevance of these findings to operational settings. In addition, they provide examples to describe practical fatigue countermeasures that can be used in operational settings.

The contradiction between teachers' instructional goals and their assessment practices in high school biology courses

Abstract: This study examines the correspondence between (1) teachers' student learning outcome goals, and (2) teachers' assessment practices. Ten high school biology teachers were interviewed individually about their teaching philosophies and practices. Teachers' student learning goals were categorized, and their test and practice items were rated on level of processing (whether the item required basic knowledge, integration, or application) and item format (recognition or recall). Overall, teachers wanted their students to develop a general interest in and understanding of biology as well as its real-world applications. They also wanted their students to develop higher order study skills by interpreting information, managing their time and effort, and thinking critically. However, their assessment practices did not support these goals. On average, over half of the items (52% of test items, 53% of practice items) required only basic knowledge, while almost none required application (5% of test items, 4% of practice items). Nearly two thirds (65%) of test items were recognition items. Interview findings suggest that teachers were not aware of the contradiction between their instructional goals and assessment practices. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pluton emplacement in arcs: a crustal-scale exchange process

Abstract: Buddington (1959) pointed out that the construction of large crustal magma chambers involves complex internal processes as well as multiple country rock material transfer processes (MTPs), which reflect large horizontal, vertical and temporal gradients in physical conditions. Thus, we have attempted to determine the relative importance of different magmatic and country rock MTPs at various crustal depths, and whether country rock MTPs largely transport material vertically or horizontally, rather than seeking a single model of magma ascent and emplacement.Partially preserved roofs of nine plutons and in some cases roof–wall transitions with roof emplacement depths of 1·5–11 km were mapped. During emplacement, these roofs were not deformed in a ductile manner, detached or extended by faults, or significantly uplifted. Instead, sharp, irregular, discordant contacts are the rule with stoped blocks often preserved immediately below the roof, even at depths of 10 km. The upper portions of these magma chambers are varied, sometimes preserving the crests of more evolved magmas or local zones of volatile-rich phases and complex zones of dyking and magma mingling. Magmatic structures near roofs display a wide variety of patterns and generally formed after emplacement. Transitions from gently dipping roofs to steep walls are abrupt. At shallow crustal levels, steep wall contacts have sharp, discordant, stepped patterns with locally preserved stoped blocks indicating that the chamber grew sideways in part by stoping. Around deeper plutons, an abrupt transition (sometimes within hundreds of metres) occurs in the country rock from discordant, brittle roofs to moderately concordant, walls deformed in a ductile manner defining narrow structural aureoles. Brittle or ductile faults are not present at roof–wall joins.Near steep wall contacts at shallow to mid-crustal depths (5–15 km), vertical and horizontal deflections of pre-emplacement markers (e.g. bedding, faults, dykes), and ductile strains in narrow aureoles (0·1–0·3 body radii) give a complete range of bulk strain values that account for 0–100% of the needed space, but average around 30%, or less, particularly for larger batholiths. A lack of far-field deflection of these same markers rules out significant horizontal displacement outside the aureoles and requires that any near-field lateral shortening is accommodated by vertical flow. Lateral variations from ductile (inner aureole) to brittle (outer aureole) MTPs are typically observed. Compositional zoning is widespread within these magma bodies and is thought to represent separately evolved pulses that travelled up the same magma plumbing system. Magmatic foliations and lineations commonly cross-cut contacts between pulses and reflect the strain caused either by the late flow of melt or regional deformation.Country rocks near the few examined mid- to deep crustal walls (10–30 km) are extensively deformed, with both discordant and concordant contacts present; however, the distinction between regional and emplacement-related deformation is less clear than for shallower plutons. Internal sheeting is more common, although elliptical masses are present. Lateral compositional variations are as large as vertical variations at shallower depths and occur over shorter distances. Magmatic foliations and lineations often reflect regional deformation rather than emplacement processes.The lack of evidence for horizontal displacement outside the narrow, shallow to mid-crustal aureoles and the lack of lateral or upwards displacement of pluton roofs indicate that during emplacement most country rock is transported downwards in the region now occupied by the magma body and its aureole. The internal sheeting and zoning indicate that during the downwards flow of country rock, multiple pulses of magma travelled up the same magma system. If these relationships are widespread in arcs, magma emplacement is the driving mechanism for a huge crustal-scale exchange process.

Instructional responses to ethnically diverse nursing students.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify the processes by which nurse educators teach ethnically diverse nursing students and to formulate a substantive theory that explains the processes of responding and the potential consequences of educators' actions for students. Data were obtained by in-depth interviews with two groups of informants: 26 nurse educators teaching in California nursing programs and 17 ethnic minority nurses representing three population groups: Asian-Americans, African-Americans, and Mexican-Americans. Strategies from Grounded Theory Methodology were used for data analysis and theory development. The findings describe the process of responding and the five patterns of variation in faculty responses to ethnically diverse nursing students. Issues faculty might examine when interacting with ethnically diverse students and the positive and negative consequences of different patterns of interactions are described.

Orographic control of storm zones on Mars

Abstract: Low-pressure cyclones and their accompanying frontal systems in the middle latitudes of the Earth's troposphere develop, travel eastwards and decay preferentially within latitudinally and longitudinally confined geographical regions known as storm zones1. These zones can be readily identified in the circulation statistics of terrestrial weather systems2. Mars, like the Earth, is a rapidly rotating solid planet and has a seasonally varying shallow atmosphere, large-scale orography, and (in a broadly defined context) continental structures3. Although there are also important differences between the two planets, travelling weather systems do exist on Mars3. This raises the question of whether storm zones also occur there, and if so, by what mechanisms. Here we report the results of numerical simulations of global atmospheric circulation patterns on Mars. We find that storm zones can exist during the northern winter, and that continental-scale orography (rather than surface thermal contrasts) is the main factor determining the development of these zones. Storm zones on Mars should play an important role in the martian climate cycle4,5, by influencing the transport of (for example) heat, momentum, water vapour and atmospheric dust3,6–8 towards the poles.

Health of Grandmothers Raising Children of the Crack Cocaine Epidemic

Abstract: OBJECTIVESApproximately 3.2 million children live with their grandparents or other relatives—a 40% increase in 10 years. This article presents selected findings from an exploratory study of the experience of 71 African-American women raising their grandchildren because of the crack epidemic.METHODST

Synthesis, characterization and applications of hydride-based surface materials for HPLC, HPCE and electrochromatography

Abstract: The chemical modification method based on the silanization of an oxide surface to a hydride intermediate followed by hydrosilation with an organic molecule containing a terminal olefin is reviewed. The resulting bonded organic moiety is attached to the surface via a direct Si-C bond which leads to high stability. The method has been more extensively applied to silica surfaces for the production of stationary phases in HPLC but it can also be used on other oxides such as alumina, zirconia, titania and thoria. More recent applications have been in the modification of the inner wall of fused silica capillaries for HPCE. The bonded moieties possess high stability and useful applications have been developed for the separation of proteins and peptides under a variety of buffer conditions. The same procedure for modifying the inner wall of a fused silica capillary has also been extended to etched surfaces for use in electrochromatography (CEC). This type of CEC has been shown to be applicable to the sep...

Galileo Doppler Measurements of the Deep Zonal Winds at Jupiter

Abstract: Changes in the speed of the Galileo probe caused by zonal winds created a small but measurable Doppler effect in the probe relay carrier frequency. Analysis of the probe relay link frequency allows direct measurements of the speed of Jupiter's zonal winds beneath the cloud tops. The deep winds were prograde and strong, reaching a sustained 190 to 200 meters per second at an altitude marked by a pressure of 24 bars. The depth and strength of the zonal winds severely constrain dynamic modeling of the deeper layers and begin to rule out many shallow weather theories.

Hierarchy of Mesoscale Flow Assumptions and Equations

Abstract: The present research proposes a standard nomenclature for mesoscale meteorological concepts and integrates existing concepts of atmospheric space scales, flow assumptions, governing equations, and resulting motions into a hierarchy useful in categorization of mesoscale models. New dynamically based mesoscale time- and space-scale boundaries are proposed, consistent with the importance of the Coriolis force. In the proposed flow-class classification, the starting point is the complete (no approximations) set of mesoscale equations for non-Boussinesq flows. In the subsequent scale analysis. the deep and shallow Boussinesq flow divisions of Dutton and Fichtl are kept, as is the shallow-flow subdivisions of Mahrt In addition, the scale analysis approach of Mahrt is extended to deep Boussinesq motions. Limits of applicability of each derived flow-class equation set (with respect to atmospheric phenomena that can be simulated) are also discussed. The proposed hierarchy of atmospheric motions is organiz...

Solar cycle variation in the heliosphere

Abstract: For over three decades a succession of spacecraft have provided in situ measurements of interplanetary plasma and magnetic field parameters. These measurements span a range of heliocentric distances from 0.3 to 61 AU, and provide an explicit picture of the three-dimensional structure of the inner and outer heliosphere in the vicinity of the ecliptic plane, while ground-based interplanetary scintillation (IPS) measurements and observations from the Ulysses spacecraft extend our knowledge of the inner and outer heliosphere to higher latitudes. The structure of the heliosphere varies dramatically over the course of a solar cycle. Much of this variation can be related to changes in the structure and inclination of the coronal magnetic field.

Mid‐Cretaceous thrusting in the southern Coast Belt, British Columbia and Washington, after strike‐slip fault reconstruction

Abstract: A major thrust system of mid-Cretaceous age is present along much of the Coast Belt of northwestern-North America. Thrusting was concurrent, and spatially coincided, with emplacement of a great volume of arc intrusives and minor local strike-slip faulting. In the southern Coast Belt (52° to 47°N), thrusting was followed by major dextral-slip faulting, which resulted in significant translational shuffling of the thrust system. In this paper, we restore the displacements on major dextral-slip faults of the southern Coast Belt and then analyze the mid-Cretaceous thrust system. Two reconstructions were made that use dextral faulting on the Yalakom fault (115 km), Castle Pass and Ross Lake faults (10 km), and Fraser fault (100 km). The reconstructions differ in the amount of dextral offset on the Straight Creek fault (160 and 100 km) and how much the NE part of the Cascades crystalline core expanded (30 km and 0 km) during Eocene extension. Reconstruction A produces the best match of lithotectonic units and thrust systems. Our synthesis shows that the southern Coast Belt thrust system was ≥250 – 180 km wide after thrusting. The thrust system was mainly southwest vergent but had a belt of northeast vergent back thrusts on the northeast side associated with the Tyaughton-Methow basin, which may indicate large-scale tectonic wedging. Thrust faults are commonly low to moderate angle, but high angle faults also occur, especially as late stage, out-of-sequence, structures involving plutons. The amount of thrust displacement across the system is unknown but must be at least 100 km and may be many hundreds of kilometers. Most thrusting occurred from ∼100 to ∼80 Ma and did not migrate systematically until after ∼90 Ma, when thrusting and magmatism shifted to the northeast for a few million years. Widespread thrusting occurred both near plutons and where there are no (or small) plutons, which strongly suggests that thrust faulting was caused by regional- to plate-scale forces such as rapid plate convergence and/or arc-continent collision.