Showing papers by "San Jose State University published in 2021"

Accelerated RNA detection using tandem CRISPR nucleases.

Abstract: Direct, amplification-free detection of RNA has the potential to transform molecular diagnostics by enabling simple on-site analysis of human or environmental samples. CRISPR-Cas nucleases offer programmable RNA-guided RNA recognition that triggers cleavage and release of a fluorescent reporter molecule, but long reaction times hamper their detection sensitivity and speed. Here, we show that unrelated CRISPR nucleases can be deployed in tandem to provide both direct RNA sensing and rapid signal generation, thus enabling robust detection of ~30 molecules per µl of RNA in 20 min. Combining RNA-guided Cas13 and Csm6 with a chemically stabilized activator creates a one-step assay that can detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA extracted from respiratory swab samples with quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR)-derived cycle threshold (Ct) values up to 33, using a compact detector. This Fast Integrated Nuclease Detection In Tandem (FIND-IT) approach enables sensitive, direct RNA detection in a format that is amenable to point-of-care infection diagnosis as well as to a wide range of other diagnostic or research applications.

Water in star-forming regions: physics and chemistry from clouds to disks as probed by Herschel spectroscopy

Abstract: Context. Water is a key molecule in the physics and chemistry of star and planet formation, but it is difficult to observe from Earth. The Herschel Space Observatory provided unprecedented sensitivity as well as spatial and spectral resolution to study water. The Water In Star-forming regions with Herschel (WISH) key program was designed to observe water in a wide range of environments and provide a legacy data set to address its physics and chemistry.Aims. The aim of WISH is to determine which physical components are traced by the gas-phase water lines observed with Herschel and to quantify the excitation conditions and water abundances in each of these components. This then provides insight into how and where the bulk of the water is formed in space and how it is transported from clouds to disks, and ultimately comets and planets.Methods. Data and results from WISH are summarized together with those from related open time programs. WISH targeted ~80 sources along the two axes of luminosity and evolutionary stage: from low- to high-mass protostars (luminosities from 105 L ⊙ ) and from pre-stellar cores to protoplanetary disks. Lines of H2 O and its isotopologs, HDO, OH, CO, and [O I], were observed with the HIFI and PACS instruments, complemented by other chemically-related molecules that are probes of ultraviolet, X-ray, or grain chemistry. The analysis consists of coupling the physical structure of the sources with simple chemical networks and using non-LTE radiative transfer calculations to directly compare models and observations.Results. Most of the far-infrared water emission observed with Herschel in star-forming regions originates from warm outflowing and shocked gas at a high density and temperature (> 105 cm−3 , 300–1000 K, v ~ 25 km s−1 ), heated by kinetic energy dissipation. This gas is not probed by single-dish low-J CO lines, but only by CO lines with J up > 14. The emission is compact, with at least two different types of velocity components seen. Water is a significant, but not dominant, coolant of warm gas in the earliest protostellar stages. The warm gas water abundance is universally low: orders of magnitude below the H2 O/H2 abundance of 4 × 10−4 expected if all volatile oxygen is locked in water. In cold pre-stellar cores and outer protostellar envelopes, the water abundance structure is uniquely probed on scales much smaller than the beam through velocity-resolved line profiles. The inferred gaseous water abundance decreases with depth into the cloud with an enhanced layer at the edge due to photodesorption of water ice. All of these conclusions hold irrespective of protostellar luminosity. For low-mass protostars, a constant gaseous HDO/H2 O ratio of ~0.025 with position into the cold envelope is found. This value is representative of the outermost photodesorbed ice layers and cold gas-phase chemistry, and much higher than that of bulk ice. In contrast, the gas-phase NH3 abundance stays constant as a function of position in low-mass pre- and protostellar cores. Water abundances in the inner hot cores are high, but with variations from 5 × 10−6 to a few × 10−4 for low- and high-mass sources. Water vapor emission from both young and mature disks is weak.Conclusions. The main chemical pathways of water at each of the star-formation stages have been identified and quantified. Low warm water abundances can be explained with shock models that include UV radiation to dissociate water and modify the shock structure. UV fields up to 102 −103 times the general interstellar radiation field are inferred in the outflow cavity walls on scales of the Herschel beam from various hydrides. Both high temperature chemistry and ice sputtering contribute to the gaseous water abundance at low velocities, with only gas-phase (re-)formation producing water at high velocities. Combined analyses of water gas and ice show that up to 50% of the oxygen budget may be missing. In cold clouds, an elegant solution is that this apparently missing oxygen is locked up in larger μ m-sized grains that do not contribute to infrared ice absorption. The fact that even warm outflows and hot cores do not show H2 O at full oxygen abundance points to an unidentified refractory component, which is also found in diffuse clouds. The weak water vapor emission from disks indicates that water ice is locked up in larger pebbles early on in the embedded Class I stage and that these pebbles have settled and drifted inward by the Class II stage. Water is transported from clouds to disks mostly as ice, with no evidence for strong accretion shocks. Even at abundances that are somewhat lower than expected, many oceans of water are likely present in planet-forming regions. Based on the lessons for galactic protostars, the low-J H2 O line emission (E up < 300 K) observed in extragalactic sources is inferred to be predominantly collisionally excited and to originate mostly from compact regions of current star formation activity. Recommendations for future mid- to far-infrared missions are made.

Hippocampal subfield volumetry from structural isotropic 1 mm3 MRI scans: A note of caution.

Abstract: Spurred by availability of automatic segmentation software, in vivo MRI investigations of human hippocampal subfield volumes have proliferated in the recent years. However, a majority of these studies apply automatic segmentation to MRI scans with approximately 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 resolution, a resolution at which the internal structure of the hippocampus can rarely be visualized. Many of these studies have reported contradictory and often neurobiologically surprising results pertaining to the involvement of hippocampal subfields in normal brain function, aging, and disease. In this commentary, we first outline our concerns regarding the utility and validity of subfield segmentation on 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 MRI for volumetric studies, regardless of how images are segmented (i.e., manually or automatically). This image resolution is generally insufficient for visualizing the internal structure of the hippocampus, particularly the stratum radiatum lacunosum moleculare, which is crucial for valid and reliable subfield segmentation. Second, we discuss the fact that automatic methods that are employed most frequently to obtain hippocampal subfield volumes from 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 MRI have not been validated against manual segmentation on such images. For these reasons, we caution against using volumetric measurements of hippocampal subfields obtained from 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 images.

Introduction to Special Issue: Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on LGBTQ+ Health and Well-Being.

Abstract: This special issue on the impacts of COVID-19 on LGBTQ+ health and well-being reports findings from nine articles with varied study designs, including data from multiple countries and all segments of LGBTQ+ communities. Key findings included the observation that pre-COVID mental health disparities predispose LGBTQ+ people to poorer outcomes; that technological communication aids are essential in maintaining some sense of community; and that substance use is perceived by sexual minority women as a means of coping with fears, stress, loneliness, and boredom. Studies in this special issue also document that community support is still a critical need, particularly among those who are sheltering at home with families of origin. Findings underscore the importance of addressing structural inequities, including advocating for rights; providing financial support for LGBTQ+ community organizations and networks; ensuring access to competent and affirming healthcare; and including vulnerable communities in disaster response and planning.

Prediction of FinFET Current-Voltage and Capacitance-Voltage Curves Using Machine Learning With Autoencoder

Abstract: In this letter, we demonstrated the possibility of predicting full transistor current-voltage ( IV ) and capacitance-voltage ( CV ) curves using machines trained by Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) generated data. 3D FinFET ${I} _{D} {V} _{G}$ and ${C} _{G} {V} _{G}$ predictions are used as examples. The machine is constructed through manifold learning using Autoencoder (AE) to extract the latent variables which are then correlated to physical parameters through $3^{rd}$ -order polynomial regression. No device physics domain expertise is required in the machine learning process because there is no need to extract device metrics such as transconductance ( ${g} _{m}$ ) or Drain-Induced-Barrier-Lowering ( DIBL ) from the TCAD training data. We show that the machine can predict not just the full IV/CV curves but also ${g} _{m}$ ( $1^{st}$ derivative quantity) and DIBL (extracted from two machines trained by different data). Good results can be obtained even with IV and CV to capture the complex physics and, thus, it is expected that it is possible to predict the IV/CV of novel devices using limited experimental data before the underlying physics is well-understood.

Pregnancy intentions and outcomes among transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States: Results from a national, quantitative survey.

Abstract: Background: Transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive (TGE) people experience pregnancy. Quantitative data about pregnancy intentions and outcomes of TGE people are needed to identify patterns i...

From the store to omnichannel retail: looking back over three decades of research

Abstract: The retail sector has gone through major changes over the past three decades. These changes have been made possible by advances in information and communications technology that have enabled new bu...

Without Crossing a Border: Exploring the Impact of Shifting Study Abroad Online on Students' Learning and Intercultural Competence Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract: While all higher education was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, study abroad programs were uniquely challenged by the associated restrictions and limitations. This case study integrates a Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) pedagogy approach and virtual reality (VR) technologies into the curriculum redesign process to transform a business study abroad course into an online format. Using VR technology, U.S. students and their international partners in Germany, Brazil, and India created and shared cultural exchange virtual tours. The redesigned online study abroad course engaged students in active learning activities and cultivated students’ intercultural competence development.

Diagnostic Accuracy and Acceptability of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Screen for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) Among US Veterans.

Abstract: Importance Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health disorder that can be effectively treated with empirically based practices. PTSD screening is essential for identifying undetected cases and providing patients with appropriate care. Objective To determine whether the Primary Care PTSD screen for theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fifth Edition) (PC-PTSD-5) is a diagnostically accurate and acceptable measure for use in Veterans Affairs (VA) primary care clinics. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional, diagnostic accuracy study enrolled participants from May 19, 2017, to September 26, 2018. Participants were recruited from primary care clinics across 2 VA Medical Centers. Session 1 was conducted in person, and session 2 was completed within 30 days via telephone. A consecutive sample of 1594 veterans, aged 18 years or older, who were scheduled for a primary care visit was recruited. Data analysis was performed from March 2019 to August 2020. Exposures In session 1, participants completed a battery of questionnaires. In session 2, a research assistant administered the PC-PTSD-5 to participants, and then a clinician assessor blind to PC-PTSD-5 results conducted a structured diagnostic interview for PTSD. Main Outcomes and Measures The range of PC-PTSD-5 cut points overall and across gender was assessed, and diagnostic performance was evaluated by calculating weighted κ values. Results In total, 495 of 1594 veterans (31%) participated, and 396 completed all measures and were included in the analyses. Participants were demographically similar to the VA primary care population (mean [SD] age, 61.4 [15.5] years; age range, 21-93 years) and were predominantly male (333 participants [84.1%]) and White (296 of 394 participants [75.1%]). The PC-PTSD-5 had high levels of diagnostic accuracy for the overall sample (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC], 0.927; 95% CI, 0.896-0.959), men (AUC, 0.932; 95% CI, 0.894-0.969), and women (AUC, 0.899, 95% CI, 0.824-0.974). A cut point of 4 ideally balanced false negatives and false positives for the overall sample and for men. However, for women, this cut point resulted in high numbers of false negatives (6 veterans [33.3%]). A cut point of 3 fit better for women, despite increasing the number of false positives. Participants rated the PC-PTSD-5 as highly acceptable. Conclusions and Relevance The PC-PTSD-5 is an accurate and acceptable screening tool for use in VA primary care settings. Because performance parameters will change according to sample, clinicians should consider sample characteristics and screening purposes when selecting a cut point.

When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees

Abstract: The overwhelming number of refugees in the world today constitutes a major socioeconomic and political challenge. With more than 50 years of scholarship on global mobility, international business (...

Changes in the Efficiency of Photovoltaic Energy Conversion in Temperature Range With Extreme Limits

Abstract: The efficiency of the photovoltaic energy conversion depends on the temperature significantly. We monitored the behavior of I–V characteristics of the PV cell based on monocrystalline silicon in temperature range with extreme limits from −170 °C to +100 °C. We have not yet found a similar measurement in this temperature interval. The temperature of PV modules without radiation concentration can reach values of −100 °C to +100 °C on the Earth's surface. The temperature range may be few wider in space. Changes of I–V characteristics and P–V characteristics are discussed in terms of the theory of solids. The open-circuit voltage dependence is approximately linear over a wide temperature range, but saturation occurs at temperatures around −150 °C, which is also explained in accordance with the theory of semiconductors. The decrease in energy conversion efficiency with increasing temperature has a value of about 0.5%/°C throughout the whole temperature range possible on the Earth's surface. If there are large changes in the temperature of the PV modules during operation of the PV system, the electrical voltage of the PV modules will also change considerably. In space applications, these fluctuations may be greater. This must be taken into account when designing PV systems (especially for deep space missions). For example, electronic inverters are sensitive to overvoltage or undervoltage.

Progress towards a circular economy in materials to decarbonize electricity and mobility

Abstract: Over 90% of the global economy continues to use natural resources unsustainably. The linear “take-make-toss” approach to materials use still prevails over circular economy and industrial ecology ideas in practice. The shift to renewable energy is one step towards building an economy on more circular material flows. But the materials needed to decarbonize electricity and mobility are supplied by mining and extractives industries, places where impacts from natural resource extraction can be most severe. Manufacturers of wind turbines, photovoltaics, batteries and vehicles—critical technologies to the clean energy transition—still primarily rely on feedstocks and inputs from natural resources as opposed to waste for processing and production. Similarly, robust and complete end-of-life (EoL) management strategies are not well developed for these materials. This review synthesizes progress towards a circular economy—reducing impacts from resource extraction, metallurgy, manufacturing, and waste disposal, and resource recovery—in key materials needed to decarbonize electricity and mobility. Efforts to manufacture by principles of sustainable design to reclaim the recycling value of EoL product waste are complicated by new materials and increasingly complex composites. Dialog and collaboration about trends in materials use and waste flows that span extractive industry scientists and professionals to product designers and recyclers will be critical to spurring the technological and policy innovations needed to encourage more progress.

Accelerated RNA detection using tandem CRISPR nucleases

Abstract: Direct, amplification-free detection of RNA has the potential to transform molecular diagnostics by enabling simple on-site analysis of human or environmental samples. CRISPR-Cas nucleases offer programmable RNA-guided recognition of RNA that triggers cleavage and release of a fluorescent reporter molecule 1,2 , but long reaction times hamper sensitivity and speed when applied to point-of-care testing. Here we show that unrelated CRISPR nucleases can be deployed in tandem to provide both direct RNA sensing and rapid signal generation, thus enabling robust detection of ∼30 RNA copies/microliter in 20 minutes. Combining RNA-guided Cas13 and Csm6 with a chemically stabilized activator creates a one-step assay that detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA from nasopharyngeal samples with PCR-derived Ct values up to 29 in microfluidic chips, using a compact imaging system. This Fast Integrated Nuclease Detection In Tandem (FIND-IT) approach enables direct RNA detection in a format amenable to point-of-care infection diagnosis, as well as to a wide range of other diagnostic or research applications.

Global political responsibility for the conservation of albatrosses and large petrels

Abstract: Migratory marine species cross political borders and enter the high seas, where the lack of an effective global management framework for biodiversity leaves them vulnerable to threats. Here, we combine 10,108 tracks from 5775 individual birds at 87 sites with data on breeding population sizes to estimate the relative year-round importance of national jurisdictions and high seas areas for 39 species of albatrosses and large petrels. Populations from every country made extensive use of the high seas, indicating the stake each country has in the management of biodiversity in international waters. We quantified the links among national populations of these threatened seabirds and the regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) which regulate fishing in the high seas. This work makes explicit the relative responsibilities that each country and RFMO has for the management of shared biodiversity, providing invaluable information for the conservation and management of migratory species in the marine realm.

Sound absorption and thermal insulation characteristics of fabrics made of pure and crossbred sheep waste wool

Abstract: Waste wool fiber is a potential source for thermal and acoustical applications due to its natural properties. This work aims to investigate the potential of crossbreeding for the engineering of the sound absorption and thermal insulation properties of the waste wool. At first, a crossbreeding strategy was performed on the local sheep called Ghezel (Gh) thick-wool with Arkharmerino (Ar) fine-wool, and the procedure was continued up to two races (ArGh1 and ArGh2). Afterward, the wool fibers were collected from all four breeds, and the short fibers were removed as the waste. The chemical and morphological analyses were carried out on the fibers. The waste fibers were then spun and used as weft yarns to weave the woolen fabrics. The sound absorption and thermal insulation properties of the fabrics were also investigated. Additionally, the frequency-dependent sound absorption coefficient (SAC) of samples was predicted using the Mechel model. The results showed that the crossbreeding of Gh with Ar results in improvement of fiber fineness, which in turn positively affects the sound absorption behavior of the fabrics. There was a good adoption between the experimental and predicted results, indicating the high accuracy of the Mechel model for the woolen woven fabrics. The results also indicated that fabrics made from coarser fibers show better thermal insulation performance. The results indicated that waste wool as an environmentally friendly thermal insulation material has comparable acoustical and thermal characteristics to mineral/wools and glass fiber-based materials, with the advantage of being ecological and simultaneously economical, biodegradable, and abundant.

Democracy and human development: issues of conceptualization and measurement

Abstract: This study attempts to reconcile competing positions in an important debate about the relationship between regime type and human development. We contend that this empirical relationship is continge...

Urban climate and resiliency: A synthesis report of state of the art and future research directions

Abstract: The Urban Climate and Resiliency-Science Working Group (i.e., The WG) was convened in the summer of 2018 to explore the scientific grand challenges related to climate resiliency of cities. The WG leveraged the presentations at the 10th International Conference on Urban Climate (ICUC10) held in New York City (NYC) on 6–10 August 2018 as input forum. ICUC10 was a collaboration between the International Association of Urban Climate, American Meteorological Society, and World Meteorological Organization. It attracted more than 600 participants from more than 50 countries, resulting in close to 700 oral and poster presentations under the common theme of “Sustainable & Resilient Urban Environments”. ICUC10 covered topics related to urban climate and weather processes with far-reaching implications to weather forecasting, climate change adaptation, air quality, health, energy, urban planning, and governance. This article provides a synthesis of the analysis of the current state of the art and of the recommendations of the WG for future research along each of the four Grand Challenges in the context of urban climate and weather resiliency; Modeling, Observations, Cyber-Informatics, and Knowledge Transfer & Applications.

Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Two Faint Dwarf Satellites of Nearby LMC Analogs from MADCASH

Abstract: We present a deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging study of two dwarf galaxies in the halos of Local Volume Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) analogs. These dwarfs were discovered as part of our Subaru+Hyper Suprime-Cam MADCASH survey: MADCASH-1, which is a satellite of NGC 2403 (D~3.2 Mpc), and MADCASH-2, a previously unknown dwarf galaxy near NGC 4214 (D~3.0 Mpc). Our HST data reach >3.5 mag below the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) of each dwarf, allowing us to derive their structural parameters and assess their stellar populations. We measure TRGB distances ($D=3.41^{+0.24}_{-0.23}$ Mpc for MADCASH-1, and $D=3.00^{+0.13}_{-0.15}$ Mpc for MADCASH-2), and confirm their associations with their host galaxies. MADCASH-1 is a predominantly old, metal-poor stellar system (age ~13.5 Gyr, [M/H] ~ -2.0), similar to many Local Group dwarfs. Modelling of MADCASH-2's CMD suggests that it contains mostly ancient, metal-poor stars (age ~13.5 Gyr, [M/H] ~ -2.0), but that ~10% of its stellar mass was formed 1.1--1.5 Gyr ago, and ~1% was formed 400--500 Myr ago. Given its recent star formation, we search MADCASH-2 for neutral hydrogen using the Green Bank Telescope, but find no emission and estimate an upper limit on the HI mass of $<4.8\times10^4 M_{\odot}$. These are the faintest dwarf satellites known around host galaxies of LMC mass outside the Local Group ($M_{V,\text{MADCASH-1}}=-7.81\pm0.18$, $M_{V,\text{MADCASH-2}}=-9.15\pm0.12$), and one of them shows signs of recent environmental quenching by its host. Once the MADCASH survey for faint dwarf satellites is complete, our census will enable us to test CDM predictions for hierarchical structure formation, and discover the physical mechanisms by which low-mass hosts influence the evolution of their satellites.

Defending Deep Learning Models Against Adversarial Attacks

Abstract: Deep learning (DL) has been used globally in almost every sector of technology and society. Despite its huge success, DL models and applications have been susceptible to adversarial attacks, impacting the accuracy and integrity of these models. Many state-of-the-art models are vulnerable to attacks by well-crafted adversarial examples, which are perturbed versions of clean data with a small amount of noise added, imperceptible to the human eyes, and can quite easily fool the targeted model. This paper introduces six most effective gradient-based adversarial attacks on the ResNet image recognition model, and demonstrates the limitations of traditional adversarial retraining technique. The authors then present a novel ensemble defense strategy based on adversarial retraining technique. The proposed method is capable of withstanding the six adversarial attacks on cifar10 dataset with accuracy greater than 89.31% and as high as 96.24%. The authors believe the design methodologies and experiments demonstrated are widely applicable to other domains of machine learning, DL, and computation intelligence securities.

Public Infrastructure and Economic Development: Evidence from Postal Systems

Abstract: Although postal systems have been central to statebuilding efforts around the globe, their contributions to development are largely unclear. We argue that the post office affected economic development in both the short and long terms. To test our argument, we combine original data on the cross-national distribution of postal systems from 1875 to 2007 with granular county-level data in the United States from 1850 to 2000. In both countryand county-level analyses, we show that the spread of postal systems affected economic outcomes in the short and long terms. The results are robust across dependent variables, model specifications, and estimation strategies. We provide additional evidence that suggests these effects were generated by reducing transaction costs and strengthening social capital. Our findings highlight the role of public infrastructure in promoting economic growth, documenting a channel through which state institutions precede growth, and suggest that statebuilding efforts have longstanding effects on relevant communities. Verification Material: The materials required to verify the computational reproducibility of the procedures and analyses in this article are available on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse within the Harvard Dataverse Network. The data required to verify the computational reproducibility of the results are available from “Public Infrastructure and Economic Development: Evidence from Postal Systems,” under protected access, as described on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse, at: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/33K3EF. Few institutions have been as central to modern statebuilding as the post office (Gallagher 2016; Howe 2007; John 1995; Maclachlan 2004). Postal expansion in Western Europe and the United States in the nineteenth century produced “greater strides in the improvement of communication than had taken place in all previous centuries” (Howe 2007, p. 5). By enhancing communication, states knit together farflung regions, projected state authority, and advanced the idea of nationhood. Reflecting its prominence, theoretically oriented studies on state development have focused on the post office as an example of market regulation (Crew and Kleindorfer 1998), government bureaucracy (Carpenter 2001; Kernell and McDonald 1999; Rogowski 2015, 2016; Skowronek 1982), political change (John 1998; Perlman and Schuster 2015), and technological innovation (Acemoglu, Moscona, and Robinson 2016). Jon C. Rogowski, Associate Professor, Department of Government, Harvard University (rogowski@fas.harvard.edu). John Gerring, Professor, Department of Government, University of Texas at Austin (jgerring@austin.utexas.edu). Matthew Maguire, Assistant Professor, School of Management, San Jose State University (matthew.maguire@sjsu.edu). Lee Cojocaru, Independent Scholar (cojocaru@bu.edu). Boston University, Harvard University, and Washington University in St. Louis provided generous research support. We thank Alex Bluestone, Michael Byrne, Christopher Gibson, Madelyn Josel, Sophie Schuit, Tyler Spear, and Joseph Sutherland for excellent research assistance. We also thank Daron Acemoglu, Jacob Moscona, and Jim Robinson for sharing some of the data used in this project. For helpful comments and suggestions, we are grateful to Kathy Bawn, Matt Blackwell, Cameron Blevins, Fernanda Brollo, Dan Carpenter, Ryan Enos, Sean Gailmard, Peter Hall, Jennifer Hochschild, Florian Hollenbach, Richard John, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Horacio Larreguy, Johannes Lindvall, Patricia Maclachlan, Gwyneth McClendon, Pablo Montagnes, Michael Olson, Carlo Prato, Ron Rogowski, Ken Shepsle, Dan Smith, Jim Snyder, Chris Tausanovitch, Yuhua Wang, Stephane Wolton, John Zaller, workshop audiences at Harvard University and the University of California, Los Angeles, and participants in the 2016 LSE-NYU Political Economy Conference, the 2016 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, and the 2017 Development Economics Research Group of the German Economic Association. Although Acemoglu, Moscona, and Robinson (2016) document the association between the postal system and patent applications, they do not address the impact of patents on growth. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 00, No. 0, xxxx 2021, Pp. 1–17 ©2021, Midwest Political Science Association DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12594

Disproportionality Reduction in Exclusionary School Discipline: A Best-Evidence Synthesis:

Abstract: A full canon of empirical literature shows that students who are African American, Latinx, or American Indian/Alaskan Native, and students who are male, diagnosed with disabilities, or from low soc...