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Institution

Sandia National Laboratories

FacilityLivermore, California, United States
About: Sandia National Laboratories is a facility organization based out in Livermore, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Laser & Combustion. The organization has 21501 authors who have published 46724 publications receiving 1484388 citations. The organization is also known as: SNL & Sandia National Labs.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the usable energy of anaerobic life in subsurface environments and found that in groundwater of near neutral pH the three functional groups see roughly equivalent amounts of usable energy.
Abstract: A tenet of geomicrobiology is that anaerobic life in the subsurface arranges itself into zones, according to a thermodynamic ladder. Iron reducers, given access to ferric minerals, use their energetic advantage to preclude sulfate reduction. Sulfate reducers exclude methanogens in the same way, by this tenet, wherever the environment provides sulfate. Examining usable energy—the energy in excess of a cell's internal stores—in subsurface environments, we find that in groundwater of near neutral pH the three functional groups see roughly equivalent amounts. Iron reducers hold a clear energetic advantage under acidic conditions, but may be unable to grow in alkaline environments. The calculations fail to identify a fixed thermodynamic hierar- chy among the groups. In long-term bioreactor experiments, usable energy did not govern microbial activity. Iron reducers and sulfate reducers, instead of competing for energy, entered into a tightly balanced mutualistic relationship. Results of the study show thermodynamics does not invariably favor iron reducers relative to sulfate reducers, which in turn do not necessarily have an energetic advantage over methano- gens. The distribution of microbial life in the subsurface is controlled by ecologic and physiologic factors, and cannot be understood in terms of thermodynamics alone.

260 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of crack face boundary conditions on the fracture mechanics of piezoelectric solids are studied, and the results illustrate that the impermeable assumption can lead to significant errors regarding the effect of the electric fields on crack propagation based on an energy release rate criterion.

260 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy to investigate the active particle population in phase-separating electrode lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4; LFP).
Abstract: Many battery electrodes contain ensembles of nanoparticles that phase-separate on (de)intercalation. In such electrodes, the fraction of actively intercalating particles directly impacts cycle life: a vanishing population concentrates the current in a small number of particles, leading to current hotspots. Reports of the active particle population in the phase-separating electrode lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4; LFP) vary widely, ranging from near 0% (particle-by-particle) to 100% (concurrent intercalation). Using synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy, we probed the individual state-of-charge for over 3,000 LFP particles. We observed that the active population depends strongly on the cycling current, exhibiting particle-by-particle-like behaviour at low rates and increasingly concurrent behaviour at high rates, consistent with our phase-field porous electrode simulations. Contrary to intuition, the current density, or current per active internal surface area, is nearly invariant with the global electrode cycling rate. Rather, the electrode accommodates higher current by increasing the active particle population. This behaviour results from thermodynamic transformation barriers in LFP, and such a phenomenon probably extends to other phase-separating battery materials. We propose that modifying the transformation barrier and exchange current density can increase the active population and thus the current homogeneity. This could introduce new paradigms to enhance the cycle life of phase-separating battery electrodes.

260 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of current state-of-the-art commercial central receiver systems and emerging technologies intended to increase the outlet temperature to >700°C is provided in this paper, where particle-based, gas-based and liquid-based receiver designs are discussed.

260 citations


Authors

Showing all 21652 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Lily Yeh Jan16246773655
Jongmin Lee1502257134772
Jun Liu13861677099
Gerbrand Ceder13768276398
Kevin M. Smith114171178470
Henry F. Schaefer111161168695
Thomas Bein10967742800
David Chandler10742452396
Stephen J. Pearton104191358669
Harold G. Craighead10156940357
Edward Ott10166944649
S. Das Sarma10095158803
Richard M. Crooks9741931105
David W. Murray9769943372
Alán Aspuru-Guzik9762844939
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202340
2022245
20211,510
20201,580
20191,535
20181,514