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Showing papers by "Sao Paulo State University published in 2002"


Journal ArticleDOI
A.C.R. da Silva, Jesus Aparecido Ferro1, Fernando C. Reinach2, Chuck S. Farah2, Luiz Roberto Furlan1, Ronaldo Bento Quaggio2, Claudia Barros Monteiro-Vitorello3, M. A. Van Sluys2, Nalvo F. Almeida4, Lucia Maria Carareto Alves1, A. M. do Amaral5, Maria Célia Bertolini1, Luis Eduardo Aranha Camargo3, Giovana Camarotte3, Fabiana de Souza Cannavan, Cardozo Jc1, Felipe S. Chambergo2, L. P. Ciapina1, Regina Maria Barretto Cicarelli1, Luiz Lehmann Coutinho3, Jeny R. Cursino-Santos2, Hamza El-Dorry2, J. B. Faria2, Ari J. S. Ferreira2, Rita de Cássia Café Ferreira2, Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro1, Eduardo Fernandes Formighieri, Marília Caixeta Franco, Christian C. Greggio1, Arthur Gruber2, Angela M. Katsuyama2, Luciano Takeshi Kishi1, Rui P. Leite, Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos1, Manoel Victor Franco Lemos1, E. C. Locali5, Marcos Antonio Machado5, Alda Maria Backx Noronha Madeira2, Nilce Maria Martinez-Rossi2, E. C. Martins1, João Meidanis6, Carlos Frederico Martins Menck2, Cristina Yumi Miyaki2, D. H. Moon, Leandro Marcio Moreira2, M. T. M. Novo1, Vagner K. Okura6, Mariana Cabral de Oliveira2, V. R. Oliveira2, H. A. Pereira1, Antonio Rossi2, Janete Apparecida Desidério Sena1, Cícero Lopes da Silva2, R. F. B. de Souza2, L. A. F. Spinola2, Marco Aurélio Takita5, Rodrigo Esaki Tamura2, E. C. Teixeira1, R. I. D. Tezza1, M. Trindade dos Santos2, Daniela Truffi3, Siu Mui Tsai, Frank F. White7, Frank F. White1, João C. Setubal6, João Paulo Kitajima6 
23 May 2002
TL;DR: The genus Xanthomonas is a diverse and economically important group of bacterial phytopathogens, belonging to the γ-subdivision of the Proteobacteria, and several groups of strain-specific genes are identified and proposed mechanisms that may explain the differing host specificities and pathogenic processes are proposed.
Abstract: The genus Xanthomonas is a diverse and economically important group of bacterial phytopathogens, belonging to the gamma-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker, which affects most commercial citrus cultivars, resulting in significant losses worldwide. Symptoms include canker lesions, leading to abscission of fruit and leaves and general tree decline. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, which affects crucifers such as Brassica and Arabidopsis. Symptoms include marginal leaf chlorosis and darkening of vascular tissue, accompanied by extensive wilting and necrosis. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is grown commercially to produce the exopolysaccharide xanthan gum, which is used as a viscosifying and stabilizing agent in many industries. Here we report and compare the complete genome sequences of Xac and Xcc. Their distinct disease phenotypes and host ranges belie a high degree of similarity at the genomic level. More than 80% of genes are shared, and gene order is conserved along most of their respective chromosomes. We identified several groups of strain-specific genes, and on the basis of these groups we propose mechanisms that may explain the differing host specificities and pathogenic processes.

1,141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of IRF6 disrupts orofacial development and are consistent with dominant-negative mutations disturbing development of the skin and genitalia.
Abstract: Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) belongs to a family of nine transcription factors that share a highly conserved helix–turn–helix DNA-binding domain and a less conserved protein-binding domain. Most IRFs regulate the expression of interferon-α and -β after viral infection1, but the function of IRF6 is unknown. The gene encoding IRF6 is located in the critical region for the Van der Woude syndrome (VWS; OMIM 119300) locus at chromosome 1q32–q41 (refs 2,3). The disorder is an autosomal dominant form of cleft lip and palate with lip pits4, and is the most common syndromic form of cleft lip or palate. Popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS; OMIM 119500) is a disorder with a similar orofacial phenotype that also includes skin and genital anomalies5. Phenotypic overlap6 and linkage data7 suggest that these two disorders are allelic. We found a nonsense mutation in IRF6 in the affected twin of a pair of monozygotic twins who were discordant for VWS. Subsequently, we identified mutations in IRF6 in 45 additional unrelated families affected with VWS and distinct mutations in 13 families affected with PPS. Expression analyses showed high levels of Irf6 mRNA along the medial edge of the fusing palate, tooth buds, hair follicles, genitalia and skin. Our observations demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of IRF6 disrupts orofacial development and are consistent with dominant-negative mutations disturbing development of the skin and genitalia.

800 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The article introduces Merleau Ponty's existential phenomenology as the theoretical foundation for the method it proposes, and the possibilities for applying the methodology to nursing research are discussed, illustrated by student nurses' perspectives on working on an isolation ward.
Abstract: Phenomenology as a method to investigate the experience lived: a perspective from Husserl and Merleau Ponty's thought Aim. By taking nursing as a human relationships activity, in spite of its strong technical – scientific features, this article reflects on the phenomenological method as one of the ways to develop an investigation and acquire knowledge of the topic. Rationale. Based on Husserl's phenomenology, which is opposed to the way of doing science based on the laws that regulate the physics and mathematics, the article introduces Merleau Ponty's existential phenomenology as the theoretical foundation for the method it proposes. My existential conceptions – people as historic beings inserted in a world over which they act but which, in its turn, determines them; the human perception as reference for our way of being in the world; the space-time structure of perception – these are the key concepts that have led to the elaboration of an approach to phenomenological research. Proposal of a methodology. Steps are proposed for such an approach, namely phenomenological description, reduction and analysis. These lead to the building up of ideographic and nomothetic analyses, thus unveiling and describing general truths about the phenomenon studied. Finally, the possibilities for applying the methodology to nursing research are discussed, illustrated by my research into student nurses' perspectives on working on an isolation ward.

386 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an extensive systematization of theoretical and experimental nuclear densities and of optical potential strengths extracted from heavy-ion elastic scattering data analyses at low and intermediate energies is presented.
Abstract: Extensive systematizations of theoretical and experimental nuclear densities and of optical potential strengths extracted from heavy-ion elastic scattering data analyses at low and intermediate energies are presented. The energy dependence of the nuclear potential is accounted for within a model based on the nonlocal nature of the interaction. The systematics indicates that the heavy-ion nuclear potential can be described in a simple global way through a double-folding shape, which basically depends only on the density of nucleons of the partners in the collision. The possibility of extracting information about the nucleon-nucleon interaction from the heavy-ion potential is investigated.

365 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Resistance development is related with increased activities of antioxidant enzymes, which were important in the protection against cadmium damage, inhibiting lipoperoxide formation, and oxygen free radicals are produced as a mediator of Cadmium toxicity.

345 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Santo Antonio do Leverger Municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil and estimates the diversity of species with therapeutic use.
Abstract: This work describes an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Santo Antonio do Leverger Municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil and estimates the diversity of species with therapeutic use. Adult dwellers, male and female, were interviewed and plant gathering undertaken with their assistance. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium Rioclarense (HRCB). 228 species were identified, belonging to 73 families; 56% of the species grow spontaneously in natural and anthropically modified habitats, 41% are cultivated and 3% are purchased. Diversity indexes are among the highest ones reported in literature for medicinal plants in other tropical areas. Richness and diversity of spontaneous species may mirror to certain extent environmental richness and diversity, whereas for cultivated species, these measures could be linked to socio-cultural factors enhancing introduction of new plants and use information from outside the area. It is suggested that when traditional communities become more exposed to society at large, species number and knowledge about their use may at first increase, by foreign input; but, with the socio-economic changes that come about over time, plants used for therapeutic aims will be limited to the cultivated species and cosmopolite weeds.

263 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: These ICTP Trieste lecture notes review the pure spinor approach to quantizing the superstring with manifest D=10 super-Poincare invariance with covariant quantization of the superparticle and gives a new proof of equivalence with the Brink-Schwarz superparticles.
Abstract: These ICTP Trieste lecture notes review the pure spinor approach to quantizing the superstring with manifest D=10 super-Poincare invariance. The first section discusses covariant quantization of the superparticle and gives a new proof of equivalence with the Brink-Schwarz superparticle. The second section discusses the superstring in a flat background and shows how to construct vertex operators and compute tree amplitudes in a manifestly super-Poincare covariant manner. And the third section discusses quantization of the superstring in curved backgrounds which can include Ramond-Ramond flux.

258 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the under-shading period in the parameters employed to evaluate Trema micrantha (crindiuva) seedling quality pattern was investigated.
Abstract: This work aimed to verify the influence of the under shading period in the parameters employed to evaluate Trema micrantha (crindiuva) seedling quality pattern. The research was carried out using a randomized design, with four replications per treatment and 88 plants per replication. Three evaluations were performed at 90, 120 and 150 days after emergence. The following treatments were used in the evaluation: Evaluation I, 45, 60, 75 and 90; Evaluation II, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 and Evaluation III, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135 and 150 days under shading with 48% of solar radiation retention, respectively. The morphological parameters of the seedlings, their relationships, and the Dickson quality index were evaluated. Seedlings developed under the longer shading periods presented higher shoot heights and leaf area but the lowest values for seedling quality, such as smaller stem diameter, root dry mass and the Dickson quality index. They also presented an increase in shoot height/stem diameter and shoot/root ratios. Period under shading did not affect significantly the parameters for leaf area, leaf dry mass, shoot and total. Seedlings showed better quality patterns at 120 days, when grown under 45 and 60 days under shading. The Dickson's quality index was the best and the most suitable parameter to evaluate the target seedling grown in a suspended nursery.

255 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of this study indicate that among energetic ingredients, corn, extruded corn, wheat middlings and rice meal had the highest apparent digestibility coefficient and gluten 60, corn gluten meal, canola meal for proteic ingredients.
Abstract: Apparent digestibility of corn, corn-starch, extruded corn, corn-germ, sorghum, wheat middlings, rice meal, corn gluten meal, gluten 60, soybean meal, canola meal, cottonseed meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, blood meal and poultry feathers hydrolyzed meal were determined for Nile tilapia juveniles (100±10 g) fed purified diet and 0.10% chromic oxide. Fish were maintained in 5 aquaria (250 L) at a density of 20 fish/aquarium for feeding, between 8a.m. and 5:30 p.m. After this period, they were transferred for aquaria (300 L) appropriate for fecal collection. The apparent digestibility of nutrient was determined by assessing the difference between the feed and fecal concentrations of the marker. Results of this study indicate that among energetic ingredients, corn, extruded corn, wheat middlings and rice meal had the highest apparent digestibility coefficient and gluten 60, corn gluten meal, canola meal for proteic ingredients. Among animal sources, poultry by-product and fish meal showed high apparent coefficients and, poultry feathers hydrolyzed and blood meal low apparent coefficients for Nile tilapia.

248 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: No effect of season on the occurrence of the different parasite genera could be observed, except for Ancylostoma spp.

247 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new bacterial strain, was isolated from petroleum contaminated soil, identified and named Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain LBI, which produced surface-active rhamnolipids by batch cultivation in a mineral salts medium with soapstock as the sole carbon source.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results obtained with EOP in the anxiety model, and with Eop, HF and DF in the sedation model, are in accord with the ethnopharmacological use of Citrus aurantium L., which could be useful in primary medical care, after toxicological investigation.
Abstract: Citrus aurantium L. is commonly used as an alternative treatment for insomnia, anxiety and epilepsy. Essential oil from peel (EOP) and hydroethanolic (70% w/v) extract (HE) from leaves were obtained. Hexanic (HF), dichloromethanic (DF) and final aqueous (AF) fractions were obtained from HE by successive partitions. Swiss male mice (35-45 g) were treated orally with 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg of these preparations 30 min before the experiments for the evaluation of the sedative/hypnotic activity (sleeping time induced by sodium pentobarbital - SPB: 40 mg/kg, i.p.), anxiolytic activity (elevated plus maze--EPM) and anticonvulsant activity (induced by pentylenetetrazole--PTZ: 85 mg/kg, sc or by maximal electroshock--MES: 50 mA, 0.11 s, corneal). The results showed that EOP (0.5 g/kg) increased the latency period of tonic seizures in both convulsing experimental models. This effect was not dose-dependent. Treatment with 1.0 g/kg increased the sleeping time induced by barbiturates and the time spent in the open arms of the EPM. Specific tests indicated that the preparation, in both doses used, did not promote deficits in general activity or motor coordination. HF and DF fractions (1.0 g/kg) did not interfere in the epileptic seizures, but were able to enhance the sleeping time induced by barbiturates. The results obtained with EOP in the anxiety model, and with EOP, HF and DF in the sedation model, are in accord with the ethnopharmacological use of Citrus aurantium L., which could be useful in primary medical care, after toxicological investigation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The combined use of the two methods are suggested in the estimation and representation of species-level phenological data, and the proper differentiation between peak of activity and peak of intensity is suggested.
Abstract: This work compared two methods of plant phenological evaluation along with their graphical representation. The study was conducted at the Nucleo Picinguaba, Ubatuba, Sao Paulo State (23o22' S and 44o48' W), Brazil, in three Atlantic forest types: coastalplain, lowland, and premontane forest. Observations on flowering, fruiting, leaf fall and leaf flushing tree phenology were carried out monthly from November/1994 to April/1996. We compared i) the Fournier's percent index of intensity - the intensity of phenological events was estimated according to an interval scale varying from 0 to 4, with a 25% interval between classes; and ii) index of activity or percent of individuals. The index of activity and the Fournier's percent index of intensity provided distinct and complementary information, optimizing the data collection and making the analysis and interpretation of phenological patterns more simple and straightforward. We suggest the combined use of the two methods in the estimation and representation of species-level phenological data, and the proper differentiation between peak of activity and peak of intensity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest the application of anaerobic threshold determination in animal studies concerning metabolism during exercise by the "lactate minimum test" in rats during swimming exercise.
Abstract: The break point of the curve of blood lactate vs exercise load has been called anaerobic threshold (AT) and is considered to be an important indicator of endurance exercise capacity in human subjects. There are few studies of AT determination in animals. We describe a protocol for AT determination by the "lactate minimum test" in rats during swimming exercise. The test is based on the premise that during an incremental exercise test, and after a bout of maximal exercise, blood lactate decreases to a minimum and then increases again. This minimum value indicates the intensity of the AT. Adult male (90 days) Wistar rats adapted to swimming for 2 weeks were used. The initial state of lactic acidosis was obtained by making the animals jump into the water and swim while carrying a load equivalent to 50% of body weight for 6 min (30-s exercise interrupted by a 30-s rest). After a 9-min rest, blood was collected and the incremental swimming test was started. The test consisted of swimming while supporting loads of 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 7.0% of body weight. Each exercise load lasted 5 min and was followed by a 30-s rest during which blood samples were taken. The blood lactate minimum was determined from a zero-gradient tangent to a spline function fitting the blood lactate vs workload curve. AT was estimated to be 4.95 ± 0.10% of body weight while interpolated blood lactate was 7.17 ± 0.16 mmol/l. These results suggest the application of AT determination in animal studies concerning metabolism during exercise.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review deals with a comparative analysis of seven genome sequences from plant-associated bacteria, finding a total of 19 genes not involved in housekeeping functions common to all these bacteria.
Abstract: This review deals with a comparative analysis of seven genome sequences from plant-associated bacteria. These are the genomes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Mesorhizobium loti, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri, Xylella fastidiosa, and Ralstonia solanacearum. Genome structure and the metabolism pathways available highlight the compromise between the genome size and lifestyle. Despite the recognized importance of the type III secretion system in controlling host compatibility, its presence is not universal in all necrogenic pathogens. Hemolysins, hemagglutinins, and some adhesins, previously reported only for mammalian pathogens, are present in most organisms discussed. Different numbers and combinations of cell wall degrading enzymes and genes to overcome the oxidative burst generally induced by the plant host are characterized in these genomes. A total of 19 genes not involved in housekeeping functions were found common to all these bacteria.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Root and shoot growth as well as nutrient accumulation by summer species suitable for crop rotation in tropical areas were studied at different subsoil compaction levels, finding P. americanum had the highest potential to be used as cover crop due to its high root density at high soil penetration resistances, vegetative vigour and ability to accumulate macronutrients.
Abstract: Crop rotation using cover crops with vigorous root systems may be a tool to manage soils with some degree of compaction. Root and shoot growth as well as nutrient accumulation by summer species suitable for crop rotation in tropical areas were studied at different subsoil compaction levels. Crotalaria juncea (Indian hemp), Crotalaria spectabilis (showy crotalaria), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Pennisetum americanum (pearl millet) and Sorghum bicolor (guinea sorghum) were grown for 40 days in pots 33.5 cm high with 10 cm internal diameter. Soil in the pots had uniform bulk density of 1.25 Mg m −3 for the top and bottom 15 cm sections. Bulk densities of 1.31, 1.43, 1.58 and 1.70 Mg m −3 were established in the 3.5 cm middle section. H. annuus and P. americanum had the highest early macronutrient accumulation. The grasses S. bicolor and P. americanum yielded twice as much shoot dry matter as the other species. Root growth generally decreased with increasing soil bulk density with C. spectabilis less affected than other species. Although the grasses were more sensitive to high soil penetration resistance, they showed higher root length densities at all compaction levels. P. americanum had the highest potential to be used as cover crop due to its high root density at high soil penetration resistances, vegetative vigour and ability to accumulate macronutrients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings highlight the functional coupling between perception and action during time-constrained, goal-directed actions in table tennis forehand stroke.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the role of head, eye and arm movements during the execution of a table tennis forehand stroke. Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of line-of-gaze, arm and ball was used to describe visual and motor behaviour. Skilled and less skilled participants returned the ball to cued right or left target areas under three levels of temporal constraint: pre-, early- and late-cue conditions. In the pre- and early-cue conditions, both high and low skill participants tracked the ball early in flight and kept gaze stable on a location in advance of the ball before ball-bat contact. Skilled participants demonstrated an earlier onset of ball tracking and recorded higher performance accuracy than less skilled counterparts. The manipulation of cue condition showed the limits of adaptation to maintain accuracy on the target. Participants were able to accommodate the constraints imposed by the early-cue condition by using a shorter quiet eye duration, earlier quiet eye offset and reduced arm velocity at contact. In the late-cue condition, modifications to gaze, head and arm movements were not sufficient to preserve accuracy. The findings highlight the functional coupling between perception and action during time-constrained, goal-directed actions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pectin lyase and polygalacturonase production by newly isolated Penicillium viridicatum strain Rfc3 was carried out by means of solid state fermentation using orange bagasse, corn tegument, wheat bran and mango and banana peels as carbon sources as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aplicada Instituto de Biociencias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), S. J. do Rio Preto-SP, CEP 15054-000 as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a luz do referencial teorico-pratico do treinamento em habilidades sociais is analyzed, with the goal of analyzing the relationship between praticas educativas dos pais and problemas de comportamento dos filhos.
Abstract: Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as relacoes entre praticas educativas dos pais e problemas de comportamento dos filhos, a luz do referencial teorico-pratico do treinamento em habilidades sociais. A forma como os pais educam seus filhos parece ser crucial a promocao de comportamentos socialmente adequados, porem, com frequencia, as familias acabam estimulando comportamentos inadequados por meio de disciplina inconsistente, pouca interacao positiva, pouco monitoramento e supervisao insuficiente das atividades da crianca. Considera-se que os pais, para promoverem comportamentos adequados em seus filhos, necessitam ter habilidades sociais educativas, tais como expressar sentimentos e opinioes, estabelecer limites evitando coercao, entre outras. Conclui-se que, intervencoes com pais, com a finalidade de promover habilidades sociais educativas, sao importantes meios para prevencao e reducao de problemas de comportamento em criancas, de forma a evitar dificuldades escolares e de socializacao na meninice e na adolescencia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview on the historical facts and the recent state of art of Chemistry of Natural Products which, in the course of 25 years of SBQ, have led to the present development of this area in Brazil.
Abstract: This article offers an overview on the historical facts and the recent state of art of Chemistry of Natural Products which, in the course of 25 years of SBQ, have led to the present development of this area in Brazil. In addition, this article deals with the last trends on Natural Products in Brazil and also in developed countries.

01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this article, an understanding about physical education and its aim in the school context, which is related to the "Movement Body Culture" concept, is presented, with remarks on the different conceptions of evaluation, analyzing the implications to Physical Education and presenting suggestions.
Abstract: First of all, it was presented an understanding about Physical Education and its aim in the school context, which is related to the "Movement Body Culture" concept. It was also proposed adequate contents, methodologies and strategies to the different levels of teaching - with remarks on the different conceptions of evaluation, analyzing the implications to Physical Education and presenting suggestions. Nevertheless, conclusion was about the need that Physical Education has to narrow the relations between theory and practice, and to innovate pedagogically, in order to keep on contributing to the overall formation of children and youth, and to the critical appropriation of the Movement Body Culture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The improvement in carbohydrate metabolism seen in the rats treated with Bauhinia forficata decoction does not appear to be linked to the inhibition of glycogenolysis or the stimulation of glycogenesis nor does it appear to act in a way similar to insulin or the sulfonylureas, although it may act by the inhibited of neoglycogenesis in a manner similar to that of the biguanides.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 2002
TL;DR: Data suggest an increase in the fungicidal activity of macrophages by propolis stimulation, independently from its geographic origin.
Abstract: Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Its etiological agent, Paracoccidoides brasiliensis, affects individuals living in endemic areas through inhalation of airborne conidia or mycelial fragments. The disease may affect different organs and systems, with multiple clinical features, with cell-mediated immunity playing a significant role in host defence. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were stimulated with Brazilian or Bulgarian propolis and subsequently challenged with P. brasiliensis. Data suggest an increase in the fungicidal activity of macrophages by propolis stimulation, independently from its geographic origin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two simple methods were developed to determine 11 pesticides in coconut water, a natural isotonic drink rich in salts, sugars and vitamins consumed by the people and athletes, and no detectable amounts of the pesticides were found in any samples under the conditions described.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated that the fish assemblage in the Corrego Sao Carlos is structured at spatial, temporal, and trophic levels, and shows partitioning of the food resources.
Abstract: The trophic structure of a fish assemblage in a first order stream in the upper Parana River basin was investigated using standard methods of diet analysis and underwater observations utilizing snorkeling. Three stretches of the Corrego Sao Carlos were studied. Eighteen fish species belonging to five orders and ten families were captured. The stomach analysis of 299 fishes revealed that 70% of the food items are autochthonous, 24% allochthonous, and 6% material of unidentifiable origin. Eighteen pairs of species (33%) showed significant feeding overlap, though this overlap does not necessarily indicate competition given the temporal and spatial segregation during foraging. Three feeding guilds were found. The invertivores included Astyanax altiparanae, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, and Oligosarcus pintoi, whose diet demonstrated a predominance of allochthonous items, and Rhamdia quelen, Trichomycterus sp., Corydoras aeneus, and Crenicichla britskii, that had a predominance of autochthonous items in their diets. In this group, A. altiparanae and M. sanctaefilomenae are drift feeders, R. quelen is a benthic opportunistic predator, Trichomycterus sp. and C. aeneus are grubbers, and O. pintoi and C. britskii are ambush predators. The omnivore with a tendency to herbivory is represented by Phalloceros caudimaculatus, which feeds mainly on algae. The periphitivores included Hisonotus sp., Hypostomus nigromaculatus, and H. ancistroides that are grazers with a diet composed mostly of diatoms, clorophyts, and organic matter. The results indicated that the fish assemblage in the Corrego Sao Carlos is structured at spatial, temporal, and trophic levels, and shows partitioning of the food resources. The addition of the fish species in each trophic guild along the stream is possibly due to the longitudinal increase of microhabitats that makes available more feeding sites.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Neither ambient temperature and humidity nor month (season) significantly affected sperm production and semen quality in AI bulls in Brazil, probably because there was little variation in these variables.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A molecular model for the binary complexCDK9-flavopiridol indicates that the inhibitor strongly binds to the ATP-binding pocket of CDK9 and this structure opens the possibility of testing new inhibitor families, in addition to new substituents for the already known leading structures such as flavones and adenine derivatives.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It appears that there are two binding modes for oligosaccharides in these structures depending on the identity and location of this aromatic residue in the mammalian α-amylase structure caused by an equivalent tryptophan residue.