Showing papers by "Sao Paulo State University published in 2005"
TL;DR: There has been much industrial interest in xylan and its hydrolytic enzymatic complex, as a supplement in animal feed, for the manufacture of bread, food and drinks, textiles, bleaching of cellulose pulp, ethanol and xylitol production.
Abstract: Xylan is the principal type of hemicellulose. It is a linear polymer of beta-D-xylopyranosyl units linked by (1-4) glycosidic bonds. In nature, the polysaccharide backbone may be added to 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronopyranosyl units, acetyl groups, alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl, etc., in variable proportions. An enzymatic complex is responsible for the hydrolysis of xylan, but the main enzymes involved are endo-1,4-beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase. These enzymes are produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, snails, crustaceans, insect, seeds, etc., but the principal commercial source is filamentous fungi. Recently, there has been much industrial interest in xylan and its hydrolytic enzymatic complex, as a supplement in animal feed, for the manufacture of bread, food and drinks, textiles, bleaching of cellulose pulp, ethanol and xylitol production. This review describes some properties of xylan and its metabolism, as well as the biochemical properties of xylanases and their commercial applications.
1,214 citations
TL;DR: The present analysis indicates that Hemiphractinae are not related to the other three hylid subfamilies and are therefore removed from the family and tentatively considered a subfamily of the paraphyletic Leptodactylidae.
Abstract: Hylidae is a large family of American, Australopapuan, and temperate Eurasian treefrogs of approximately 870 known species, divided among four subfamilies. Although some groups of Hylidae have been addressed phylogenetically, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis has never been presented. The first goal of this paper is to review the current state of hylid systematics. We focus on the very large subfamily Hylinae (590 species), evaluate the monophyly of named taxa, and examine the evidential basis of the existing taxonomy. The second objective is to perform a phylogenetic analysis using mostly DNA sequence data in order to (1) test the monophyly of the Hylidae; (2) determine its constituent taxa, with special attention to the genera and species groups which form the subfamily Hylinae, and c) propose a new, monophyletic taxonomy consistent with the hypothesized relationships. We present a phylogenetic analysis of hylid frogs based on 276 terminals, including 228 hylids and 48 outgroup taxa. Includ...
927 citations
TL;DR: The reaction product showed to be very stable for samples of peroxide concentrations up to 3mmolL(-1) at room temperature during 180h, and when compared to iodometric titration, the vanadate method showed a good agreament.
805 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two kinds of material were studied: chitosan cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and in a blend with PEO, and the in?uence of cross-linking and PEO addition on thermal properties of the resulting materials were analyzed by TG/DTG, DSC and DMTA.
446 citations
TL;DR: The results show that sonication time, PLGA and drug amounts, PVA concentration, ratio between aqueous and organic phases, and the method of solvent evaporation have a significant influence on size distribution of the nanoparticles.
446 citations
TL;DR: The epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and current therapeutic options for venous ulcer are discussed, which have offered valuable tools for the management of patients with this disorder.
Abstract: This review discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and current therapeutic options for venous ulcer. Venous ulcer is a severe clinical manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). It is responsible for about 70% of chronic ulcers of the lower limbs. The high prevalence of venous ulcer has a significant socioeconomic impact in terms of medical care, days off work and reduced quality of life. Long-term therapeutics are needed to heal venous ulcers and recurrence is quite common, ranging from 54 to 78%. Thrombophlebitis and trauma with long-term immobilization predisposing to deep venous thrombosis are important risk factors for CVI and venous ulcer. The most recent theories about pathogenesis of venous ulcer have associated it with microcirculatory abnormalities and generation of an inflammatory response. Management of venous leg ulcers is based on understanding the pathogenesis. In recent years novel therapeutic approaches for venous ulcers have offered valuable tools for the management of patients with this disorder.
312 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that in GR plus a term containing a negative power of curvature, cosmic speed-up may be achieved while the effective phantom phase (with w less than −1) follows when such a term contains a fractional positive power of curve curvature.
Abstract: We discuss modified gravity which includes negative and positive powers of curvature and provides gravitational dark energy. It is shown that in GR plus a term containing a negative power of curvature, cosmic speed-up may be achieved while the effective phantom phase (with w less than −1) follows when such a term contains a fractional positive power of curvature. Minimal coupling with matter makes the situation more interesting: even 1/R theory coupled with the usual ideal fluid may describe the (effective phantom) dark energy. The account of the R2 term (consistent modified gravity) may help to escape cosmic doomsday.
310 citations
TL;DR: The use of inexpensive raw materials such as agroindustrial wastes is an attractive strategy to reduce the production costs associated with biosurfactant production and contribute to the reduction of environmental impact generated by the discard of residues, and the treatment costs.
Abstract: Pseudomonas strains are able to biosynthesize rhamnose-containing surfactants also known as rhamnolipids. These surface-active compounds are reviewed with respect to chemical structure, properties, biosynthesis, and physiological role, focusing on their production and the use of low-cost substrates such as wastes from food industries as alternative carbon sources. The use of inexpensive raw materials such as agroindustrial wastes is an attractive strategy to reduce the production costs associated with biosurfactant production and, at same time, contribute to the reduction of environmental impact generated by the discard of residues, and the treatment costs. Carbohydrate-rich substrates generated low rhamnolipid levels, whereas oils and lipid-rich wastes have shown excellent potential as alternative carbon sources.
289 citations
TL;DR: Results confirm that the SPS-HLB liberibacter is a novel species for which the name 'Candidatus Liberibacter americanus' is proposed, and like the African and the Asian liberibacters, the 'American' liberibacteria is restricted to the sieve tubes of the citrus host.
Abstract: Full Text (PDF) Supplementary Table Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map ABSTRACT TOP ABSTRACT MAIN TEXT REFERENCES Symptoms of huanglongbing (HLB) were reported in Sao Paulo State (SPS), Brazil, in March 2004. In Asia, HLB is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and in Africa by 'Candidatus Liberibacter africanus'. Detection of the liberibacters is based on PCR amplification of their 16S rRNA gene with specific primers. Leaves with blotchy mottle symptoms characteristic of HLB were sampled in several farms of SPS and tested for the presence of liberibacters. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' was detected in a small number of samples but most samples gave negative PCR results. Therefore, a new HLB pathogen was suspected. Evidence for an SPS-HLB bacterium in symptomatic leaves was obtained by PCR amplification with universal primers for prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene sequences. The amplified 16S rRNA gene was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis and phylogeny studies showed that the 16S rRNA gene possessed the oligonucleotide signatures and the secondary loop structure characteristic of the -Proteobacteria, including the liberibacters. The 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogenetic tree showed that the SPS-HLB bacterium clustered within the -Proteobacteria, the liberibacters being its closest relatives. For these reasons, the SPS-HLB bacterium is considered a member of the genus 'Ca. Liberibacter'. However, while the 16S rRNA gene sequences of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and 'Ca. L. africanus' had 98·4 % similarity, the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the SPS- HLB liberibacter had only 96·0 % similarity with the 16S rRNA gene sequences of 'Ca. L. asiaticus' or 'Ca. L. africanus'. This lower similarity was reflected in the phylogenetic tree, where the SPS-HLB liberibacter did not cluster within the 'Ca. L asiaticus'/'Ca. L. africanus group', but as a separate branch. Within the genus 'Candidatus Liberibacter' and for a given species, the 16S/23S intergenic region does not vary greatly. The intergenic regions of three strains of 'Ca. L. asiaticus', from India, the People's Republic of China and Japan, were found to have identical or almost identical sequences. In contrast, the intergenic regions of the SPS-HLB liberibacter, 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and 'Ca. L. africanus' had quite different sequences, with similarity between 66·0 and 79·5 %. These results confirm that the SPS-HLB liberibacter is a novel species for which the name 'Candidatus Liberibacter americanus' is proposed. Like the
283 citations
TL;DR: The mechanisms of ischemia injury and reperfusion (I/R) have not been completely defined and many studies have been realized in an attempt to find an ideal therapy for mesenteric I/R as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: During ischemia, the cell structures are progressively damaged, but restoration of the blood flow, paradoxically, intensifies the lesions caused by the ischemia. The mechanisms of ischemia injury and reperfusion (I/R) have not been completely defined and many studies have been realized in an attempt to find an ideal therapy for mesenteric I/R. The occlusion and reperfusion of the splanchnic arteries provokes local and systemic alterations principally derived from the release of cytotoxic substances and the interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Substances involved in the process are discussed in the present review, like oxygen-derived free radicals, nitric oxide, transcription factors, complement system, serotonin and pancreatic proteases. The mechanisms of apoptosis, alterations in other organs, therapeutic and evaluation methods are also discussed.
237 citations
13 Sep 2005
TL;DR: In this article, Farrar, N. A. Balthazar and B. J. Holden proposed a model for predicting crack propagation using the Boundary Element Method, which is based on the Lamb Wave Methods in Structural Health Monitoring.
Abstract: List of Contributors.Preface.1. An Introduction to Prognosis, (C. R. Farrar, N. A. J. Lieven and M. Bement).PART I: DAMAGE MODELS.2. An Overview of Modeling Damage Evolution in Materials, (T. Williams and I. J. Beyerlein).3. In Situ Observation of Damage Evolution and Fracture Toughness Measurement, (J. E. P. Ipina and A.A. Yawny).4. Predictive Modeling of Crack Propagation Using the Boundary Element Method, (P. Sollero).5. On Friction Induced Non-Ideal Vibrations: A source of Fatigue, (J. M. Balthazar and B. R. Pontes).6. Incorporating and Updating of Damping in Finite Element Modeling, (J. A. Pereira and P. M. Doi).PART II: MONITORING ALGORITHMS.7. Model-Based Inverse Problems in Structural Dynamics, (V. Steffen, Jr. and D. A. Rade).8. Structural Health Monitoring Algorithms for Smart Structures, (V. Lopes, Jr.).9. Uncertainty Quantification and the Verification of computation Models, (F. Hemez).10. Reliability Methods, (A. Robertson and F. Hemez).11. Lamb Wave Methods in Structural Health Monitoring, (C. Cesnik, and A. Raghavan).12. Structural Energy Flow Techniques, (J. R. F. Arruda).13. Impedance Based Structural Health Monitoring, (G. Park and D. J. Inman).14. Statistical Pattern Recognition Paradigm Applied to Defect Detection in Composite Plates, (H. Sohn).PART III: HARDWARE.15. Sensing and Data Acquisition Issues for Damage Prognosis, (C.R. Farrar, P. Cornwell, N. F. Hunter, and N. A. J. Lieven).Chapter 16. Design of Active Structural Health Monitoring System for Aircraft and Spacecraft Structures, (F.-K. Chang, J.-B. Ihn and E. Blaise).17. Optical Based Sensing, (M. Todd).PART IV: APPLICATIONS.18. Prognosis Applications and Challenges, (D. Adams).19. Prognosis of Rotating Machinery Components, (M. Roemer and B. Marshall).20. Application of Simplified Statistical Models in Hydro Generating Units Health Monitoring, (G. C. Brito, Jr.).Index.
TL;DR: Although the asymptomatic group infected mosquitoes at a much lower rate, these patients remain infective longer than treated, symptomatic patients, and have implications for the malaria control program in Brazil, which focuses essentially on the treatment of symptomatic Patients.
Abstract: We have described the existence of asymptomatic carriers of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in native Amazon populations. Most of them had low parasitemias, detected only by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Because they remain symptomless and untreated, we wanted to determine whether they could infect Anopheles darlingi Root, the main Brazilian vector, and act as disease reservoirs. Fifteen adult asymptomatic patients (PCR positive only) were selected, and experimental infections of mosquitoes were performed by direct feeding and by a membrane-feeding system. Seventeen adult symptomatic patients with high parasitemias were used as controls. We found an infection rate in An. darlingi of 1.2% for the asymptomatic carriers and 22% for the symptomatic carriers. Although the asymptomatic group infected mosquitoes at a much lower rate, these patients remain infective longer than treated, symptomatic patients. Also, the prevalence of asymptomatic infections is 4 to 5 times higher than symptomatic infections among natives. These results have implications for the malaria control program in Brazil, which focuses essentially on the treatment of symptomatic patients.
TL;DR: The objective of this study was a systemic literature review from 1986 to 2004 concerning the most prevalent oral problems experienced by elderly Brazilians, aimed at revealing the main obstacles for accessing health services.
Abstract: Population aging and declining birth rate have significantly altered the Brazilian age structure pyramid. In parallel with demographic transition, epidemiological transition is altering morbidity-mortality profiles, without adequate health support for the elderly population group. By searching databases, the objective of this study was a systemic literature review from 1986 to 2004 concerning the most prevalent oral problems experienced by elderly Brazilians, aimed at revealing the main obstacles for accessing health services. Mean DMFT index values in this study ranged from 25 to 31. Most articles reported a high percentage of edentulism. The main barriers for access to dental services were poor education, low income, and scarcity of public oral health services. Brazilian elderly oral health is thus precarious, with high edentulism rates, periodontal problems, decayed teeth, and great need for prostheses, reflecting the historical inefficacy of public dental services, limited to serial extractions and emergency services, based on the curative model.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pergunta aberta que foi included as parte of um inquerito populacional sobre estilo e qualidade de vida was realizada atraves do metodo de Analise de Conteudo.
Abstract: Tendo-se em conta a expectativa de vida cada vez mais alta, varios estudos tem sido desenvolvidos de modo a contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade de vida na terceira idade. Objetivou-se conhecer a opiniao dos idosos de um municipio de porte medio do interior paulista sobre o que e qualidade de vida, atraves de uma pergunta aberta que foi incluida como parte de um inquerito populacional sobre estilo e qualidade de vida. A analise da referida questao foi realizada atraves do metodo de Analise de Conteudo. Posteriormente calcularam-se as frequencias das categorias obtidas, agrupadas segundo o metodo de Ward, e em seguida os idosos foram agrupados segundo o metodo de k-medias. Os resultados indicaram a existencia de tres grupos de idosos segundo sua definicao de qualidade de vida: o primeiro valorizou a questao afetiva e a familia; o segundo priorizou a obtencao do prazer e conforto; o terceiro poderia ser sintetizado como o idoso que identifica a qualidade de vida colocando em pratica o seu ideario de vida. Sugere-se que, na implementacao de acoes, se objetive melhorar a qualidade de vida do idoso, levando-se em conta as magnitudes e as diferencas de cada grupo.
TL;DR: This is the first microsatellite-based map published for Arachis, and the first map based on sequences that are all currently publicly available, and because most markers used were derived from ESTs and genomic libraries made using methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, about one-third of the mapped markers are genic.
Abstract: Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important crop, widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is highly susceptible to several biotic and abiotic stresses to which wild species are resistant. As a first step towards the introgression of these resistance genes into cultivated peanut, a linkage map based on microsatellite markers was constructed, using an F2 population obtained from a cross between two diploid wild species with AA genome (A. duranensis and A.stenosperma). A total of 271 new microsatellite markers were developed in the present study from SSR-enriched genomic libraries, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and by “data-mining” sequences available in GenBank. Of these, 66 were polymorphic for cultivated peanut. The 271 new markers plus another 162 published for peanut were screened against both progenitors and 204 of these (47.1%) were polymorphic, with 170 codominant and 34 dominant markers. The 80 codominant markers segregating 1:2:1 (P<0.05) were initially used to establish the linkage groups. Distorted and dominant markers were subsequently included in the map. The resulting linkage map consists of 11 linkage groups covering 1,230.89 cM of total map distance, with an average distance of 7.24 cM between markers. This is the first microsatellite-based map published for Arachis, and the first map based on sequences that are all currently publicly available. Because most markers used were derived from ESTs and genomic libraries made using methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, about one-third of the mapped markers are genic. Linkage group ordering is being validated in other mapping populations, with the aim of constructing a transferable reference map for Arachis.
TL;DR: Beneficial effect was seen in histological indexes of the intestinal mucosa with the use of probiotics and prebiotics at 21 days of age, and there was no difference in villus density betweenbirds fed diets without additives or diets containing probiotics
Abstract: This study evaluated the use of probiotics and prebiotics on thehistological and morphological indexes of the intestinal mucosa of broilersat 21 days of age. Thirty-six birds were randomly distributed in a 3 x 3factorial arrangement, considering 3 probiotics and prebiotics sourcesin the diet. There were 9 treatments with 4 repetitions. Diet treatmentswere: 1 - Control (without growth promoters); 2 - Bacillus subtilis -basedprobiotic (Pro 1); 3 - Probiotic (Pool) based on Lactobacillus acidophilusand casei, Streptococcus lactis and faecium, Bifidobacterium bifidumand Aspergillus oryzae (Pro 2); 4 - Prebiotic based on PhosphorylatedMannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and Organic Acidifier (OA) (Pre 1); 5 -MOS-based prebiotic (Pre 2); 6 - Pro 1 + Pre 1; 7 - Pro 1 + Pre 2; 8 - Pro 2+ Pre 1; 9 - Pro 2 + Pre 2. Higher villus height (VH) (p<0.01) were seen inthe duodenum of birds fed diets without prebiotics, whereas birds fedBacillus subtilis-based probiotic and birds fed prebiotic based on MOS andOA showed higher VH (p<0.01) in jejunum and ileum. Greater crypt depths(CD) (p<0.01) were observed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of birdsreceiving B. subtilis, and in the duodenum and jejunum of birds fed dietswithout prebiotics. Significant interaction (p<0.01) between the evaluatedfactors was seen for both, VH and CD, in the three intestinal portions.Greater VH was obtained in duodenum, jejunum and ileum with the use ofprobiotics and prebiotics and greater CD with the use of probiotics, in relationto the control group. There was no difference in villus density (VD) betweenbirds fed diets without additives or diets containing probiotics and prebiotics.Nevertheless, there was a significant interaction (p<0.05) between theevaluated factors for VD in the duodenum. Concluding, beneficial effectswere seen in histological indexes of the intestinal mucosa with the useof probiotics and prebiotics at 21 days of age.INTRODUCTIONThe intestinal epithelium acts as a natural barrier against pathogenicbacteria and toxic substances that are present in the intestinal lumen.Stressors, pathogens, and chemical substances, among others, causedisturbances in the normal microflora or in the intestinal epitheliumthat may alter the permeability of this natural barrier, facilitating theinvasion of pathogens and prejudicial substances, modifying themetabolism, the ability to digest and absorb nutrients, and leading tochronic inflammatory processes at the intestinal mucosa (Hofstad, 1972;Podolsky, 1993; Oliveira, 1998). Consequently, there is decrease in thevillus, increase in the cell turnover and decrease in the digestive andabsorptive activities (Visek, 1978).Since absorption is totally dependent on the mechanisms that occurin the intestinal mucosa, the manipulation of probiotics (microbialsupplements comprised of specific bacteria or fungi) together with
TL;DR: Recent reports have shown encouraging data respecting the use of amides as cryoprotectants for stallions, with more remarkable improvements for semen from stallions that freeze poorly when glycerol is used.
14 Nov 2005
TL;DR: The model presented is solved using a genetic algorithm designed to solve the reliable expansion planning in an efficient way using a DC model to represent the electrical network.
Abstract: A mathematical model and a methodology to solve the transmission network expansion planning problem with security constraints are presented. The methodology allows one to find an optimal and reliable transmission network expansion plan using a DC model to represent the electrical network. The security (n-1) criterion is used. The model presented is solved using a genetic algorithm designed to solve the reliable expansion planning in an efficient way. The results obtained for several known systems from literature show the excellent performance of the proposed methodology. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with the proposed methodology is also presented.
TL;DR: Oil wastes were evaluated as alternative low‐cost substrates for the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI strain and the soybean soapstock waste was the best substrate.
Abstract: Oil wastes were evaluated as alternative low-cost substrates for the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI strain. Wastes obtained from soybean, cottonseed, babassu, palm, and corn oil refinery were tested. The soybean soapstock waste was the best substrate, generating 11.7 g/L of rhamnolipids with a surface tension of 26.9 mN/m, a critical micelle concentration of 51.5 mg/L, and a production yield of 75%. The monorhamnolipid RhaC(10)C(10) predominates when P. aeruginosa LBI was cultivated on hydrophobic substrates, whereas hydrophilic carbon sources form the dirhamnolipid Rha(2)C(10)C(10) predominantly.
TL;DR: Among the tested cover crops, pearl millet and sunn hemp presented higher dry mass yield and nitrogen accumulation and release and Brachiaria grass had the highest decomposition rate and shortest half-life time.
Abstract: Dry mass production, decomposition rate and nitrogen (N) release were evaluated in a field experiment under seven cover crop types: pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum sin. typhoides), brachiaria grass (Brachiaria brizantha), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb), compared to a fallow and a traditional cropping system (control) in a cerrado soil (Uberaba-MG, Brazil). Among the tested cover crops, pearl millet and sunn hemp presented higher dry mass yield and nitrogen accumulation and release. Brachiaria grass had the highest decomposition rate and shortest half-life time. All crops reached the highest N liberation rate 42 days after desiccation.
TL;DR: The pure compound potentiated the ability of the commercial equine polyvalent antivenom in neutralizing lethal and myotoxic effects of the crude venom and of isolated PLA2s in experimental models.
TL;DR: In the case of the Taquari River, the main channel of the Paraguay River is the main source of avulsion as discussed by the authors, which is a natural consequence of crevasses in the natural levees.
TL;DR: In this paper, the densification of SnO(sub 2 ) with addition of CoO or MnO{sub 2} is explained in terms of the creation of oxygen vacancies.
Abstract: Additions of 0.5 to 2.0 mol% of CoO or MnO{sub 2} onto SnO{sub 2} promote densification of this oxide up to 99% of theoretical density. The temperature of the maximum shrinkage rate (T{sub M}) and the relative density in the maximum densification rate ({rho}*) during constant sintering heating rate depend on the dopant concentration. Thus, dopant concentration controls the densifying and nondensifying mechanisms during sintering. The densification of SnO{sub 2} with addition of CoO or MnO{sub 2} is explained in terms of the creation of oxygen vacancies.
TL;DR: Higher numbers of total bacterial and fungal colony-forming units (CFU) were observed in sorghum soils, and of spore-forming and Gram-negative bacteria in forest soils than other soils, which were dependent on the media and incubation temperatures.
TL;DR: The experimental cement released calcium and increased the pH of the storage solutions in a similar manner to MTA- Angelus, however, EC showed significantly higher calcium release than commercial MTA-Angelus after 24 h.
Abstract: Aim To evaluate the release of calcium ions, pH and conductivity of a new experimental dental cement (EC) and to compare them with those of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA-Angelus).
Methodology Five samples of each cement were prepared using plastic tubes 1 mm in diameter and 10 mm long. Each sample was sealed in a test tube containing 10 mL deionized water which was analysed after 24, 48, 72, 96, 192, 240 and 360 h for pH, electrical conductivity and calcium release. The concentration of calcium ions was obtained through atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. The data were analysed statistically using the analysis of variance (anova) and the Student's test (t-test).
Results The pH of the storage solutions was not affected by the material and the interaction of material with time (P > 0.05). However, the time of immersion was significant (P < 0.01) for both materials. For the electric conductivity and calcium release, the interaction of material with time was statistically significant (P < 0.01), indicating that EC and MTA-Angelus did not behave in a similar manner.
Conclusions The experimental cement released calcium and increased the pH of the storage solutions in a similar manner to MTA-Angelus. However, EC showed significantly higher calcium release than commercial MTA-Angelus after 24 h.
TL;DR: The richness and abundance of adults and tadpoles of anuran amphibians were studied during 15 months in ten water bodies, in Nova Itapirema, Sao Paulo, Brazil, region that was intensively impacted by agricultural activities as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The richness and abundance of adults and tadpoles of anuran amphibians were studied during 15 months in ten water bodies, in Nova Itapirema, Sao Paulo, Brazil, region that was intensively impacted by agricultural activities. Twenty-seven species of anurans were registered, and among them four species were new records for this region. Most species are typical from open areas, and the higher richness and species diversity were found in lentic water bodies. However, due to the few water bodies in fragments of riparian forest, comparisons among water bodies in open area and in fragments of riparian forest were not possible. Six descriptors of water bodies heterogeneity were determined, but no one was related with the species richness. On the other hand, both richness and abundance of species were strongly correlated with climatic variables. The species composition (b diversity) was similar among the water bodies, which probably reflect the great niche breadth, typical of species from unstable or modified environments. The anuran richness observed in the studied region is similar to other localities where the level of environmental conservation is higher, as the Estacao Ecologica de Aguas Emendadas (Federal District) and the Floresta Nacional de Silvânia (Goias).
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to establish methodologies for verification of the fluoride solution dose-response relationship using bovine enamel and pH-cycling models, and two proposed models provided for improvement in standardization of methods leading to a higher level of precision.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish methodologies for verification of the fluoride solution dose-response relationship using bovine enamel and pH-cycling models. Six models of the cariogenic challe
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the production of CMCase and xylanase by a Brazilian strain of Thermoascus aurantiacus in solid state fermentation (SSF) using different agricultural residues (wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse, orange bagasse and corn straw) as substrates without enrichment of the medium and characterized the crude enzymes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the tribochemical silica coating on ceramic surfaces increases the bond strength of resin cement to a glass-infiltrated zirconium-based ceramic was confirmed--the tribochemical systems increased the bonded strength between Panavia F and In-Ceram Zirconia.
Abstract: PURPOSE: This study tested the hypothesis that the tribochemical silica coating on ceramic surfaces increases the bond strength of resin cement to a glass-infiltrated zirconium-based ceramic MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen blocks of In-Ceram Zirconia from CEREC InLab (5 per group) and 15 composite blocks (Z-250) 5 mm x 5 mm x 4 mm were made The ceramic surfaces were polished, and the blocks were divided into three groups: (1) airborne abrasion with 110-microm aluminum oxide particles; (2) Rocatec system, tribochemical silica coating; and (3) CoJet system, tribochemical silica coating The ceramic blocks were cemented to the composite blocks using Panavia F according to the manufacturer's specifications All samples were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 7 days and later sectioned in two axes using a diamond disk under cooling to obtain specimens with a cross-sectional area of approximately 1 mm2 (n = 45) Each specimen was then attached with cyanoacrylate glue to an adapted device for the microtensile test, which was carried out on a universal testing machine RESULTS: The results were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test Group 2 (230+/-67 MPa) and group 3 (268+/-74 MPa) showed greater bond strength than group 1 (151+/-53 MPa) There was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 All failures were in the adhesive zone CONCLUSION: The hypothesis was confirmed--the tribochemical systems increased the bond strength between Panavia F and In-Ceram Zirconia
TL;DR: This review will discuss recent progress and specific development issues relating to colloidal drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, and microemulsions in ocular drug delivery, and the benefits of using colloidal carriers in intravitreal injections for posterior drug delivery.
Abstract: To achieve effective drug concentration at the intended site for a sufficient period of time is a requisite desired for many drug formulations. For drugs intended to ocular delivery, its poor bioavailability is due to pre-corneal factors. Most ocular diseases are treated by topical drug application in the form of solution, suspension and ointment. However, such dosage forms are no longer sufficient to combat some ocular diseases. Intravitreal drug injection is the current therapy for disorders in posterior segment. The procedure is associated with a high risk of complications, particularly when frequent, repeated injections are required. Thus, sustained-release technologies are being proposed, and the benefits of using colloidal carriers in intravitreal injections are currently under investigation for posterior drug delivery. This review will discuss recent progress and specific development issues relating to colloidal drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, and microemulsions in ocular drug delivery.