Showing papers by "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services published in 2013"
TL;DR: The basic principles of sample size calculations in medical studies are explained briefly and it is shown that underpowered studies are likely to fail to detect the existing treatment effects due to inadequate sample size.
Abstract: Optimum sample size is an essential component of any research. The main purpose of the sample size calculation is to determine the number of samples needed to detect significant changes in clinical parameters, treatment effects or associations after data gathering. It is not uncommon for studies to be underpowered and thereby fail to detect the existing treatment effects due to inadequate sample size. In this paper, we explain briefly the basic principles of sample size calculations in medical studies.
585 citations
TL;DR: Dietary plant polyphenols and polyphenol-rich products modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, attenuate hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, improve adipose tissue metabolism, and alleviate oxidative stress and stress-sensitive signaling pathways and inflammatory processes.
Abstract: In recent years, there is growing evidence that plant-foods polyphenols, due to their biological properties, may be unique nutraceuticals and supplementary treatments for various aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this article we have reviewed the potential efficacies of polyphenols, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans and polymeric lignans, on metabolic disorders and complications induced by diabetes. Based on several in vitro, animal models and some human studies, dietary plant polyphenols and polyphenol-rich products modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, attenuate hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, improve adipose tissue metabolism, and alleviate oxidative stress and stress-sensitive signaling pathways and inflammatory processes. Polyphenolic compounds can also prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. Further investigations as human clinical studies are needed to obtain the optimum dose and duration of supplementation with polyphenolic compounds in diabetic patients.
492 citations
TL;DR: The results of the present study suggest that SEO as a natural antibacterial agent can potentially be used in packaging a wide range of food products, particularly those that are highly oxidative and microbial sensitive.
313 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the SYNJ1 mutation identified here is responsible for the EOP phenotype seen in patients probably due to deficiencies in its phosphatase activity and consequent impairment of its synaptic functions, and suggests phosphoinositide metabolism as a novel therapeutic target for Parkinsonism.
Abstract: This study aimed to elucidate the genetic causes underlying early-onset Parkinsonism (EOP) in a consanguineous Iranian family. To attain this, homozygosity mapping and whole-exome sequencing were performed. As a result, a homozygous mutation (c.773G>A; p.Arg258Gln) lying within the NH2 -terminal Sac1-like inositol phosphatase domain of polyphosphoinositide phosphatase synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1), which has been implicated in the regulation of endocytic traffic at synapses, was identified as the disease-segregating mutation. This mutation impaired the phosphatase activity of SYNJ1 against its Sac1 domain substrates in vitro. We concluded that the SYNJ1 mutation identified here is responsible for the EOP phenotype seen in our patients probably due to deficiencies in its phosphatase activity and consequent impairment of its synaptic functions. Our finding not only opens new avenues of investigation in the synaptic dysfunction mechanisms associated with Parkinsonism, but also suggests phosphoinositide metabolism as a novel therapeutic target for Parkinsonism.
300 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that ZEO and MEO have the potential to be directly incorporated into corn starch to prepare antimicrobial biodegradable films for various food packaging applications.
270 citations
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current status of knowledge of the peripheral and central sources of insulin in the brain, site-specific expression of IRs, and also neurophysiological functions of insulin including the regulation of food intake, weight control, reproduction, and cognition and memory formation and considers the neuromodulatory and neurotrophic effects of insulin.
Abstract: Historically, insulin is best known for its role in peripheral glucose homeostasis, and insulin signaling in the brain has received less attention. Insulin-independent brain glucose uptake has been the main reason for considering the brain as an insulin-insensitive organ. However, recent findings showing a high concentration of insulin in brain extracts, and expression of insulin receptors (IRs) in central nervous system tissues have gathered considerable attention over the sources, localization, and functions of insulin in the brain. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge of the peripheral and central sources of insulin in the brain, site-specific expression of IRs, and also neurophysiological functions of insulin including the regulation of food intake, weight control, reproduction, and cognition and memory formation. This review also considers the neuromodulatory and neurotrophic effects of insulin, resulting in proliferation, differentiation, and neurite outgrowth, introducing insulin as an attractive tool for neuroprotection against apoptosis, oxidative stress, beta amyloid toxicity, and brain ischemia.
230 citations
TL;DR: Spirulina spp.
Abstract: Spirulina spp. and its processing products are employed in agriculture, food industry, pharmaceutics, perfumery and medicine. Spirulina has several pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial (including antiviral and antibacterial), anticancer, metalloprotective (prevention of heavy-metal poisoning against Cd, Pb, Fe, Hg), as well as immunostimulant and antioxidant effects due to its rich content of protein, polysaccharide, lipid, essential amino and fatty acids, dietary minerals and vitamins. This article serves as an overview, introducing the basic biochemical composition of this algae and moves to its medical applications. For each application the basic description of disease, mechanism of damage, particular content of Spirulina spp. for treatment, in vivo and/or in vitro usage, factors associated with therapeutic role, problems encountered and advantages are given.
211 citations
TL;DR: Use of metformin is more effective in reducing oxidative stress compared with lifestyle modification alone and in cases, after three months treatment, there was a significant reduction in AOPP.
185 citations
TL;DR: According to the world anti-doping agency code, athletes or other persons shall be responsible for knowing what constitutes an anti-drug rule encroachment and the substances and methods which have been placed on the prohibited list as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule encroachments. According to the world anti-doping agency code, athletes or other persons shall be responsible for knowing what constitutes an anti-doping rule encroachment and the substances and methods which have been placed on the prohibited list. It is each athlete’s personal task to be sure that no prohibited substance enters his or her body. Athletes must be responsible for any forbidden substance or its metabolites or markers found to be present in their samples. Therefore, it is not necessary that any attempt, mistake, neglect or understanding of use on the athlete’s part be demonstrated in order to establish an anti-doping ... Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE AR-SA
174 citations
TL;DR: Different aspects of chitinases and chi-lectins from bacteria, fungi, insects, plants and mammals are discussed.
172 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that expression of the Dnmt2 RNA methyltransferase is required for the establishment and hereditary maintenance of both paramutations and a novel function of DnMT2 in RNA–mediated epigenetic heredity is uncovered.
Abstract: RNA–mediated transmission of phenotypes is an important way to explain non-Mendelian heredity. We have previously shown that small non-coding RNAs can induce hereditary epigenetic variations in mice and act as the transgenerational signalling molecules. Two prominent examples for these paramutations include the epigenetic modulation of the Kit gene, resulting in altered fur coloration, and the modulation of the Sox9 gene, resulting in an overgrowth phenotype. We now report that expression of the Dnmt2 RNA methyltransferase is required for the establishment and hereditary maintenance of both paramutations. Our data show that the Kit paramutant phenotype was not transmitted to the progeny of Dnmt2−/− mice and that the Sox9 paramutation was also not established in Dnmt2−/− embryos. Similarly, RNA from Dnmt2-negative Kit heterozygotes did not induce the paramutant phenotype when microinjected into Dnmt2-deficient fertilized eggs and microinjection of the miR-124 microRNA failed to induce the characteristic giant phenotype. In agreement with an RNA–mediated mechanism of inheritance, no change was observed in the DNA methylation profiles of the Kit locus between the wild-type and paramutant mice. RNA bisulfite sequencing confirmed Dnmt2-dependent tRNA methylation in mouse sperm and also indicated Dnmt2-dependent cytosine methylation in Kit RNA in paramutant embryos. Together, these findings uncover a novel function of Dnmt2 in RNA–mediated epigenetic heredity.
TL;DR: An innovative drinking water quality index (DWQI) based on the Canadian DWQI was developed as "modified WQI" and applied for assessing the water quality in all of the groundwater resources that are used as the source of drinking water in urban areas of Iran in 2011.
TL;DR: Despite minor variations in mortality trends of RTIs in Iran according to different criteria, an annual average of 21,000 deaths is considerable and needs serious attentions.
Abstract: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) leading to death need the most essential concern for low, middle and high income societies. Mortality rate due to traffic injuries is considerable in Iran particularly during the last decade along with the industrialization process. The present study considered the trend of traffic injuries leading to death in Iran for a period of seven-years which started from March 2004 to March 2011. The formal merged Iranian database provided by the Ministry of Roads, the Legal Medicine Organization, the Traffic Police (NAJA), and the Ministry of Health covering 146, 269 deaths due to traffic injuries between 2004 and 2011 was analyzed. The time series method was carried out to determine the death trends of RTIs in the whole country. The Poisson regression model was used to estimate the changes in the frequency of events over time adjusting for associated known risk factors. The SARIMA (0, 1, 1)×(0, 1, 1)12 model was used for fitting to the time series of death rate. The death rate due to RTIs in Iran has statistically declined from 38 in 2004 to 31 per 100,000 populations in 2011. Based on the number of vehicles, the mortality rate has also declined from 38 to 12 cases per 10,000 vehicles from 2004 to 2011 respectively. However, the mortality rate was increased from 51 to 65 cases per 1000 accidents from 2004 to March 2011 respectively. Despite minor variations in mortality trends of RTIs in Iran according to different criteria, an annual average of 21,000 deaths is considerable and needs serious attentions. Modification of traffic laws, enhancement of police controls, improving transport infrastructure, holding education courses for drivers and providing optimal healthcare services are recommended.
TL;DR: Heterotrophic nitrate removal has the advantages of not requiring an organic carbon source; however, the slow growth rate of autotrophic bacteria and low nitrates removal rate have contributed to the fact that relatively few full scale plants are in operation at the present time.
Abstract: This paper reviews both heterotrophic and autotrophic processes for the removal of nitrate from water supplies. The most commonly used carbon sources in heterotrophic denitrification are methanol, ethanol and acetic acid. Process performance for each feed stock is compared with particular reference nitrate and nitrite residual and to toxicity potential. Autotrophic nitrate removal has the advantages of not requiring an organic carbon source; however the slow growth rate of autotrophic bacteria and low nitrate removal rate have contributed to the fact that relatively few full scale plants are in operation at the present time.
Rockefeller University1, French Institute of Health and Medical Research2, Paris Descartes University3, McGill University Health Centre4, King Saud Medical City5, IBM6, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services7, Penang Medical College8, University of Oxford9, National University of Singapore10, Tehran University of Medical Sciences11, Shahid Beheshti University12, Pasteur Institute13, King Saud University14
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the genetic, immunologic, and clinical features of 49 patients from 30 kindreds originating from 5 countries (India, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Iran).
TL;DR: The sonographic diameter of the optic nerve sheath might be considered a strong and accurate predicting factor for increased intracranial pressure.
Abstract: Background and aims An increase in the intracranial pressure (ICP) might aggravate patient outcomes by inducing neurologic injuries. In patients with increased ICP the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) increases due to its close association with the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the efficacy of sonographic ONSD in estimating ICP of patients who are candidates for lumbar puncture (LP). Materials and methods In this descriptive prospective study, the ONSD was measured before LP using an ultrasonography in 50 nontraumatized patients who were candidates for LP due to varies diagnoses. Immediately after the sonography, the ICP of each patient was measured by LP. Correlation tests were used to evaluate the relationship between ICP and the sonographic diameter of the optic nerve sheath. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to find the optimal cut-off point in order to diagnose ICP values higher than 20 cm H 2 O. Results The means of the ONSD were 5.17 ± 1.01 and 5.19 ± 1.06 mm on the left and right sides, respectively ( P = .552). The mean ONSD for the patients with increased ICP and normal individuals were 6.66 ± 0.58 and 4.60 ± 0.41 mm, respectively ( P P r = 0.88). The ONSD of greater than 5.5 mm predicted an ICP of ≥20 cm H 2 O with sensitivity and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 100-100) ( P Conclusion The sonographic diameter of the optic nerve sheath might be considered a strong and accurate predicting factor for increased intracranial pressure.
TL;DR: Various aspects of CIMP, one of the important and rather recently discovered pathways that lead to colorectal cancer, are described.
Abstract: It is clear that colorectal cancer (CRC) develops through multiple genetic and epigenetic pathways. These pathways may be determined on the basis of three molecular features: (i) mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, leading to a DNA microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype, (ii) mutations in APC and other genes that activate Wnt pathway, characterized by chromosomal instability (CIN) phenotype, and (iii) global genome hypermethylation, resulting in switch off of tumor suppressor genes, indicated as CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Each of these pathways is characterized by specific pathological features, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and process of tumor development. The molecular aspects of these pathways have been used clinically in the diagnosis, screening and management of patients with colorectal cancer. In this review we especially describe various aspects of CIMP, one of the important and rather recently discovered pathways that lead to colorectal cancer.
TL;DR: In this paper, the combined effect of biopolymer and montmorillonite clay loadings on the mechanical and physical properties of the obtained nanocomposites was investigated, with respect to neat alginate, reduced water permeability of about 19% and 22% and increased water solubility of about 36% and 40%, for 1% and 1.5% alginates, respectively.
TL;DR: There is now ample evidence that NAMPT is secreted and has a role as a cytokine, and a surge in interest in the synthesis of novel molecules has occurred in this field.
Abstract: Nicotinamide phoshophoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) plays a key role in the replenishment of the NAD pool in cells. This in turn makes this enzyme an important player in bioenergetics and in the regulation of NAD-using enzymes, such as PARPs and sirtuins. Furthermore, there is now ample evidence that NAMPT is secreted and has a role as a cytokine. An important role of either the intracellular or extracellular form of NAMPT has been shown in cancer, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. The first NAMPT inhibitors (FK866 and CHS828) have already entered clinical trials, and a surge in interest in the synthesis of novel molecules has occurred. The present review summarizes the recent progress in this field.
TL;DR: Using a model built on age and AMH, this work can predict age at menopause many years earlier, which could provide opportunities for interventions in those who are at risk of early or lateMenopause.
Abstract: Context: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has already been used for prediction of age at menopause with promising results. Objective: We aimed to improve our previous prediction of age at menopause in a population-based cohort by including all eligible subjects and additional follow-up time. Design and Setting: All reproductive-aged women who met our eligibility criteria were selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The serum concentration of AMH was measured at the time of recruitment, and participant's date of menopause was recorded over a 10-year follow-up. Subjects: A total of 1015 women, aged 20 to 50 years, with regular and predictable menstrual cycles at the initiation of the study were recruited. Main Outcome Measure: The actual ages at menopause were compared with the predicted ones obtained from accelerated failure time model. Results: We observed 277 occurrences of menopause. Median menopausal age was 50 years (range 30.1–58.2 years). The median (SD) of differences between the actual menop...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Genetic and epigenetic phenomena that can be suggested as biomarkers in colorectal cancer are discussed.
Abstract: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations are common in CRC and are the driving force of tumorigenesis. Chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype pathways are responsible for genetic instability in colorectal cancer. Chromosomal instability pathway consists of activation of proto-oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes and Loss of Heterozogosity (LOH). In this review, we discuss genetic and epigenetic phenomena that can be suggested as biomarkers in colorectal cancer
TL;DR: The effects of supplementation of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris into probiotic fermented milks on their different quality characteristics are reviewed.
Abstract: Viability of probiotic bacteria during the production and storage of fermented milks is the most impor- tant topic of discussion in the dairy industry. Addition of microalgae into milk for the production of fermented milk in order to enhance the viability of probiotics has been the subject of recent research. Spirulina and Chlorella are the most widely noted microalgae for fermented milks. They affect not only the viability of probiotics in final prod- uct but also the sensory attributes of them. Incorporation of microalgae into probiotic fermented milks along with enhancing the viability of probiotics would increase their functional characteristic. This is because they contain a wide range of nutrients and nutraceuticals and are considered as "functional food." This article reviews the effects of supplementation of Spirulina platensis and Chlorella vulgaris into probiotic fermented milks on their different quality characteristics.
TL;DR: The matters of controversy that would be helpful for determining research priorities in different countries are discussed and a model similar to the TB-HIV program for prevention, screening and treatment of both diseases can be the best approach.
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are both important health issues. A bidirectional association between them has been demonstrated by many researchers. The link of DM and TB is more prominent in developing countries where TB is endemic and the burden of diabetes mellitus is increasing. The association between diabetes and tuberculosis may be the next challenge for global tuberculosis control worldwide. Proper planning and collaboration are necessary to reduce the dual burden of diabetes and TB. One model similar to the TB-HIV program for prevention, screening and treatment of both diseases can be the best approach. In this paper, we review existing data and discuss the matters of controversy that would be helpful for determining research priorities in different countries.
TL;DR: It was found that the essential oil concentration has significant influence on encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and size of microparticles and S. aureus was found to be the most sensitive bacterium to SEO.
TL;DR: The potential of milk and milk products (its indigenous or exogenous compounds) to inhibit different cancer risks are reviewed and the reports over the years that have suggested milk and the dairy industry as responsible agents for causing cancer are reviewed.
Abstract: Milk is considered to be the only foodstuff that contains approximately all different substances known to be essential for human nutrition. In terms of cancer risk, dairy foods have been reported as both protective and occasionally as harmful. The evidence that dairy foods can protect against cancer, or increase the risk of cancer is not conclusive. Overall, the proven health benefits of dairy foods greatly outweigh the unproven harm. Dairy foods should be encouraged as part of a varied and nutritious diet as they are essential to maintain good bone and dental health, to prevent osteoporosis, major cardiovascular disease risk factors, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, metabolic syndromes, as well as some cancers. The Cancer Council and USDA recommend 3 servings of milk and milk products daily. This article reviews the potential of milk and milk products (its indigenous or exogenous compounds) to inhibit different cancer risks. Also reviewed are the reports over the years that have suggested milk and the dairy industry as responsible agents for causing cancer.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Since most cases of medication errors are not reported by nurses, nursing managers must demonstrate positive responses to nurses who report medication errors in order to improve patient safety.
Abstract: Background: The main professional goal of nurses is to provide and improve human health. Medication errors are among the most common health threatening mistakes that affect patient care. Such mistakes are considered as a global problem which increases mortality rates, length of hospital stay, and related costs. This study was conducted to evaluate the types and causes of nursing medication errors. Materials and Methods: This cross‑sectional study was conducted in 2009. A total number of 237 nurses were randomly selected from nurses working in Imam Khomeini Hospital (Tehran, Iran). They filled out a questionnaire including 10 items on demographic characteristics and 7 items about medication errors. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS for Windows 16.0. Results: Medication errors had been made by 64.55% of the nurses. In addition, 31.37% of the participants reported medication errors on the verge of occurrence. The most common types of reported errors were wrong dosage and infusion rate. The most common causes were using abbreviations instead of full names of drugs and similar names of drugs. Therefore, the most important cause of medication errors was lack of pharmacological knowledge. There were no statistically significant relationships between medication errors and years of working experience, age, and working shifts. However, a significant relationship was found between errors in intravenous injections and gender. Likewise, errors in oral administration were significantly related with number of patients. Conclusion: Medication errors are a major problem in nursing. Since most cases of medication errors are not reported by nurses, nursing managers must demonstrate positive responses to nurses who report medication errors in order to improve patient safety. Key words: Medicinal errors, nursing profession, reporting, safety
TL;DR: In spite of antileishmanial activity of nanoparticles under UV, IR, and dark conditions, these nanoparticles had high cytotoxicity on macrophages, which must be considered in future studies.
TL;DR: In vivo and in vitro data strongly supported that the V(5+)-induced liver toxicity is a result of the metal disruptive effect on the mitochondrial respiratory complexes I, II and III which are the obvious causes of metal-induced ROS formation and ATP depletion in liver cells which leads to cell death signalling via MPT pore opening and cytochrome c release.
Abstract: Vanadium as a trace element is considered essential for animals; however it has not yet been recognized as a micronutrient for humans. Most of the information on the biological effects of vanadium was related to metal's insulin-like, anti-hyperlipidemic and anticancer properties in low concentrations. According to the previous literature, mitochondria were proposed as an important target for vanadium cytotoxicity. In this study, the mitochondrial toxicity mechanisms of sodium metavanadate (vanadium V or V5+) were investigated in the isolated mitochondria obtained from rat liver by differential centrifugation and mitochondrial toxicity endpoints as well as mitochondrial sources of ROS formation were determined in both in vivo and in vitro using specific substrates and inhibitors. Single injection of V5+ into Wistar rat (10, 20 and 40 mg kg−1, i.p.) caused a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Isolated mitochondria from the V5+-treated rat liver showed a marked elevation in oxidative stress parameters accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse as compared to a control group. On the other hand, our in vitro results with isolated mitochondria showed that different concentrations of V5+ (25–200 μM) induced significant (P < 0.05) progress in mitochondrial ROS formation, ATP depletion, GSH oxidation, mitochondrial outer membrane rupture, mitochondrial swelling and cytochrome c release before the mitochondrial potential collapse ensued. We also showed that the V5+ interaction with respiratory complex III is the major source of V5+-induced ROS formation. In general, our in vivo and in vitro data strongly supported that the V5+-induced liver toxicity is a result of the metal disruptive effect on the mitochondrial respiratory complexes I, II and III which are the obvious causes of metal-induced ROS formation and ATP depletion in liver cells which leads to cell death signalling via MPT pore opening and cytochrome c release.
TL;DR: Some natural products with potential neuroprotective properties against Aβ with respect to their mechanism of action are discussed, which could offer an addition to conventional medicine.
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder to date, with no curative or preventive therapy. Histopathological hallmarks of AD include deposition of β-amyloid plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Extent studies on pathology of the disease have made important discoveries regarding mechanism of disease and potential therapeutic targets. Many cellular changes including oxidative stress, disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammation, metabolic disturbances, and accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins can lead to programmed cell death in AD. Despite intensive research, only five approved drugs are available for the management of AD. Hence, there is a need to look at alternative therapies. Use of natural products and culinary herbs in medicine has gained popularity in recent years. Several natural substances with neuroprotective effects have been widely studied. Most of these compounds have remarkable antioxidant properties and act mainly by scavenging free radical species. Some of them increase cell survival and improve cognition by directly affecting amyloidogenesis and programmed cell death pathways. Further studies on these natural products and their mechanism of action, parallel with the use of novel pharmaceutical drug design and delivery techniques, enable us to offer an addition to conventional medicine. This review discussed some natural products with potential neuroprotective properties against Aβ with respect to their mechanism of action.
TL;DR: Excellent treatment outcomes occurred in molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis undergoing pulpotomy with MTA and CEM biomaterials as well as clinical and radiographic outcomes of treatment.
Abstract: Objective To conduct a randomized clinical trial to compare the post-operative pain experience as well as clinical and radiographic outcomes of pulpotomy in human permanent molars with irreversible pulpitis using calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Materials and mcethods A total of 413 patients met the inclusion criteria and consented to participate The patients were randomly allocated into two study arms: MTA pulpotomy (PMTA: n = 208) and CEM pulpotomy (PCEM: n = 205) Numerical rating scale questionnaires were utilized by the patients to record pain intensity (PI) over 7 days post-operatively The patients were followed-up for 12 months to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes of treatment The data was analyzed using Chi-square, Cohen's kappa and t-tests Results There was no significant difference in the mean PI recorded during the 7 post-operative days between the two study arms (p = 0221) The clinical and radiographic success rates for PM