Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1968"
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of interaction of atoms with intense light was reformulated via a time-dependent unitary transformation and an effective electronic binding potential was obtained, where the effective perturbation remains bounded as the intensity of the incident light increases.
Abstract: The problem of interaction of atoms with intense light is reformulated via a time-dependent unitary transformation. An effective electronic binding potential is obtained. The effective perturbation remains bounded as the intensity of the incident light increases.
516 citations
89 citations
TL;DR: This finding reveals that this aversive shock technique produced avoidance behavior that prevents the technique from having extensive applicability for eliminating smoking, and the same limitation may apply to the use of aversiveshock for eliminating other undesirable behaviors.
Abstract: An attempt was made to reduce the cigarette smoking of three subjects by means of a special cigarette case that delivered aversive shock when opened. The number of cigarettes smoked was recorded by a counter in the cigarette case. The validity of the counter readings as a measure of smoking was obtained by a specially designed participant-observer technique. It was found that the rate of smoking decreased as a function of the intensity of the shock. Also, the smoking returned to its previously unpunished level after the shock punisher was discontinued. Both of these findings confirm the results of laboratory studies of punishment of simpler responses and extends them to more complex responses in a naturalistic situation. Surprisingly, the duration for which the apparatus was worn also decreased as a function of the intensity of the shock. This finding reveals that this aversive shock technique produced avoidance behavior that prevents the technique from having extensive applicability for eliminating smoking. The same limitation may apply to the use of aversive shock for eliminating other undesirable behaviors.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined decision speed, measured without the subject's knowledge, and sequential confidence revision in a two-choice decision task, where subjects were presented with ten sequences of 20 events from one of two data-generating devices.
74 citations
TL;DR: Social greeting responses of three withdrawn, chronic schizophrenics were experimentally modified and greetings were still occurring in the presence of both the first and second experimenters almost three months later.
Abstract: Social greeting responses of three withdrawn, chronic schizophrenics were experimentally modified. Initially, none of the subjects spoke to an experimenter. Prompts and cigarette reinforcement were employed to produce increases in the rates of greetings. Then, the prompts were faded so that the greetings came under the control of the presence of the experimenter. Reversal and subsequent reinforcement procedures were employed to demonstrate that the responses were controlled by their consequences. Next, the schedule of cigarette reinforcement was leaned out so that greetings continued to occur in the absence of cigarette reinforcement. However, low or zero rates of greetings occurred in the presence of a second experimenter. Five new experimenters employed the prompting, fading, reinforcement, and schedule-leaning procedures. Subsequently, all subjects emitted appropriately high rates of greetings in the presence of the second experimenter. Without further application of the experimental procedures, greetings were still occurring in the presence of both the first and second experimenters almost three months later.
65 citations
TL;DR: No mutants were found in which an altered gene was recognized to be clearly responsible for the level of the leucine-forming enzymes, and it is unlikely that these deviations were due to the same primary mutational event that caused leucines auxotrophy.
Abstract: The first enzyme in the biosynthesis of leucine in yeast, α-isopropylmalate synthetase, is inhibited by l-leucine. In a mutant resistant to the analogue 5′,5′,5′-trifluoroleucine, the enzyme is markedly resistant to inhibition by l-leucine. Growth ing the presence of exogenous l-leucine results in repression of the second and third enzymes of the pathway. The first enzyme is not repressed unless both l-leucine and l-threonine are supplied in the medium. Comparison of levels of the remaining two enzymes in leucine auxotrophs grown under conditions of leucine excess and leucine limitation reveals deviations from the wild-type derepression pattern in some mutants. In some, repression of the synthetase by leucine alone was observed. In others, the repressibility of the dehydrogenase was lost. It is unlikely that these deviations were due to the same primary mutational event that caused leucine auxotrophy. No mutants were found in which an altered gene was recognized to be clearly responsible for the level of the leucine-forming enzymes.
63 citations
TL;DR: Control procedures showed that specific features of the apparatus were responsible for the reduction of smoking, and this apparatus was sufficiently effective, convenient, and acceptable to smokers to constitute a practical procedure for reducing smoking to the level considered medically safe.
Abstract: Recent findings from animal conditioning studies have revealed methods of reducing responses to a very low level with a minimum of aversive by-products. These findings were incorporated into the design of a cigarette case that automatically locked itself for a period of time after a cigarette was removed from it. The next cigarette could be taken at the end of the interval, which was signalled by distinctive stimuli. Five heavy smokers were allowed to become accustomed to using the case. Then, the duration for which the case was locked was gradually increased over a period of weeks to about 1 hr. Smoking gradually decreased to the target level of about one-half of a package of cigarettes per day. Control procedures showed that specific features of the apparatus were responsible for the reduction of smoking. The results indicated that this apparatus was sufficiently effective, convenient, and acceptable to smokers to constitute a practical procedure for reducing smoking to the level considered medically safe. The procedure may also have potential for reducing other habit-forming or addictive behaviors.
60 citations
51 citations
TL;DR: Twenty-three species of insects were known to be associated with Polistes nests in the United States; data on 18 additional insects and 1 mite species were gathered during this study.
Abstract: Detailed observations were made on nests of 3 species of Polistes wasps: P. annularis (L.), P. exclamans Viereck, and P. metricus Say. A summary of the records of the associated arthropods observed, together with those previously published, is given in tabular form. Twenty-three species of insects were known to be associated with Polistes nests in the United States; data on 18 additional insects and 1 mite species were gathered during this study. Symbionts and parasites reported for the first time are: Pyemotes sp., Lepinotus reticulatus Enderlein; Liposcelis bostrychophilus Badonnel; Ectopsocopsis cryptomeriae (Enderlein); Lachesilla sp.; the foreign grain beetle, Ahasverus advena (Waltl) ; the brown spider beetle, Ptinus clavipes Panzer; Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst) ; T. inclusum LeConte; the grape leaf skeletonizer, Harrisina americana (Guerin-Meneville) ; Tinea carnariella Clemens; Sarcophaga sp.; Megaselia aletiae (Comstock) ; Phaenolauthia sp.; Melittobia chalybii Ashmead; Perilampus chrysopae Crawford; Monodontomerus minor (Ratzeburg); Dibrachys sp.; and Dialictus zephyrus (Smith). Observations on these and 8 other species are given.
43 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate a synchronization effect: ongoing behavior tends to become synchronized with an ongoing stimulus rhythm.
Abstract: The present study attempted to determine how a rhythmic beat affects ongoing behavior. A regular stimulus beat was presented to normal subjects who had been instructed to push a bar from side to side. Other subjects had been instructed to emit a vocal response. The individual vocal and motor responses became synchronized with the individual beats of the rhythm. The time between stimulus beats determined the modal interresponse time. These results indicate a synchronization effect: ongoing behavior tends to become synchronized with an ongoing stimulus rhythm. An attempt was made to apply these findings to the problem of stuttering, which can be considered as a disturbance of the natural rhythm of speech. Stutterers were instructed to synchronize their speech with a simple regular beat presented to them tactually by a portable apparatus. The result was a reduction of 90% or more of the stuttering for each subject during the period of synchronization. This effect endured for extended periods of spontaneous speech as well as for reading aloud and was found to be attributable to the rhythmic nature of the stimulus and not to other factors.
43 citations
TL;DR: Most students of American politics traditionally have argued that it is desirable that legislative apportionment systems conform as closely as possible to an ideal of numerical equality, and that major political parties actively compete for elective office as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Most students of American politics traditionally have argued that it is desirable that legislative apportionment systems conform as closely as possible to an ideal of numerical equality, and that it is desirable that major political parties actively compete for elective office. Admittedly this argument has been in large part only implicit, but, since most theoretical argument in political science has been implicit, this does not imply that apportionment or party competition have not been considered to be important by students of politics. Indeed several recent articles in professional journals have been published which seem to derive at least a portion of their appeal and raison d'etre from a “demonstration” that students of politics have been guilty of the sin of credulity by holding these implicit beliefs. The tone of much of this work is aptly expressed by the title of a popularizing article by David Brady and Douglas Edmonds, “One Man, One Vote—So What?” Brady and Edmonds—after some extensive, but, unfornately not very discriminating statistical computations—concluded “that the whole Pandora's box of evil consequences which supposedly result from malapportionment—from right-to-work laws to not spending enough on school children—really has little to do with malapportionment.” Although somewhat more cautious in his approach, Thomas R. Dye reached the similar conclusion that “on the whole, the policy choices of malapportioned legislatures are not noticeably different from policy choices of well-apportioned legislatures.”
Patent•
06 Dec 1968TL;DR: In this paper, the use of SUCH a FERRATE COMPOUND as the oXIDIZING AGENT PERMITS OXIDATION to be CARRIED OUT without the formation of CARBOXYL GROUPS, without the OXidation of SECONDARY HYDROXYLGROUPS and without SCISSION of CARBON to CARbon BONDS in the CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES.
Abstract: CARBOHYDRATES SUCH AS STARCH AND CELLULOSE HAVING UNSUBSTITUTED PRIMARY HYDROXYL GROUPS ARE OXIDIZED WITH AN ALKALI METAL FERRATE, SUCH AS POTASSIUM FERRATE, TO YIELD PRODUCTS IN WHICH AT LEAST ONE OF THE PRIMARY HYDROXYL GROUPS IS CONVERTED TO AN ALDEHYDE GROUP. THE USE OF SUCH A FERRATE COMPOUND AS THE OXIDIZING AGENT PERMITS OXIDATION TO BE CARRIED OUT WITHOUT THE FORMATION OF CARBOXYL GROUPS, WITHOUT THE OXIDATION OF SECONDARY HYDROXYL GROUPS AND WITHOUT SCISSION OF CARBON TO CARBON BONDS IN THE CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES. THE RESULTING PRODUCTS EXHIBIT IMPROVED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MAY BE USED, FOR EXAMPLE, IN PAPER SIZING APPLICANTS OR AS CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES IN THE PREPARATION OF OTHER USEFUL DERIVATIVES.
TL;DR: Arbitrary finite automata are decomposed into their major substructures, the primaries, and various characterizations of these transition-preserving functions on singly generated Automata are presented and are used as a basis for the reduction.
Abstract: Arbitrary finite automata are decomposed into their major substructures, the primaries. Several characterizations of homomorphisms, endomorphisms, isomorphisms, and automorphisms of arbitrary finite automata are presented via reduction to the primaries of the automata. Various characterizations of these transition-preserving functions on singly generated automata are presented and are used as a basis for the reduction. Estimates on the number of functions of each type are given.
TL;DR: The anatomy of the penultimate branch ofactinoxylon is similar to that of Actinopodium, Archaeopteris macilenta, and Siderella, and the ultimate branch stele and pattern of trace formation in Actinxylon isSimilar to the stelar configuration and trace formation of Tetraxylopteris schmidtii.
Abstract: A B S T R A C T A new genus from a Middle Devonian locality near Cairo, N. Y., is described. Actinoxylon gen. nov. is based upon pyritic petrifactions. Three orders of branching are present: penultimate branch, ultimate branch, and leaf. The penultimate branch bears spirally arranged ultimate branches and leaves, the leaves apparently replacing the branches in the spiral. The ultimate branches bear opposite to subopposite and decussate leaves. The leaves are non-planated, unwebbed structures which show at least three dichotomies. Each segment of the lefaf is terete as are all other axes. Internally the penultimate branch has a six-lobed actinostele with mesarch protoxylem areas, one or two per lobe. Secondary xylem is visible in the oldest parts of several specimens. The xylem has helical-reticulate, reticulate, scalariform and circular-pitted elements. The presumptive areas of phloem are occupied by cells with dark contents. The cortex is composed of a parenchymatous inner region and a selerenchymatous outer region. The ultimate branch traces are at first three-lobed protosteles, later becoming four-lobed. Several ultimate branch traces also possess secondary xylem while within the cortex of the penultimate branch. The leaf traces are terete strands. Below each forking of a leaf segment there is a corresponding forking of the vascular strand. Actinoxylon is compared with the progymnosperms Actinopodium, Svalbardia, Archaeopteris, Siderella, and Tetraxylopteris. The anatomy of the penultimate branch of Actinoxylon is similar to that of Actinopodium, Archaeopteris macilenta, and Siderella. The ultimate branch traces of Archaeopteris and Actinoxy7on are similar. The ultimate branch stele and pattern of trace formation in Actinoxylon is similar to the stelar configuration and trace formation in the r + 2 axes of Tetraxylopteris schmidtii. The uinwebbed leaves are similar to those of Archaeopteris fissilis, Svalbardia, and the terminal units of the Aneurophytales.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the economic history of the pre-civil war United States using a variety of empirical sources and statistical techniques, including income, output, capital stock, and population growth and distribution.
Abstract: Recent scholarly work in the economic history of the precivil War United States has produced an impressive array of statistical data. Estimates of income, output, capital stock, and population growth and distribution have been generated utilizing a variety of empirical sources and statistical techniques. But, despite these welcome advances in our knowledge and understanding of the early American economy, a number of important statistical records continue to elude scholars of the period. Information concerning immigration before 1820, the occupational distribution of the labor force, employment statistics, the cost of living, and the level and movement of retail prices and wages would, if available, prove valuable additions to our growing knowledge of the United States economy before 1860.
TL;DR: Sequential contrast effects were transient, being most evident during the early sessions and generally disappearing by the tenth session, and response rates during variable-interval reinforcement were higher when a variable- Interval period followed an extinction period than when it followed another variable-Interval period.
Abstract: Institutionalized retardates were exposed to a multiple variable-interval: extinction schedule of reinforcement in which 5-min periods of variable-interval reinforcement and 5-min periods of extinction were presented in a random order. This schedule was found to generate sequential contrast effects: response rates during variable-interval reinforcement were higher when a variable-interval period followed an extinction period than when it followed another variable-interval period. The rate of responding within a variable-interval period also was affected by the number of extinction periods preceding a variable-interval period. As the number of successive extinction periods that preceded a variable-interval period increased, the rate of responding during that variable-interval period increased. The sequential contrast effects were transient, being most evident during the early sessions and generally disappearing by the tenth session.
TL;DR: Fifty-six female savanna African elephants were collected in western Uganda from November 1958 to April 1959 and the growth equation for female elephants up to 25 years in age was calculated.
Abstract: Fifty-six female savanna African elephants ( Loxodonta africana africana ) were collected in western Uganda from November 1958 to April 1959. Ages of 32 elephants from which teeth were available were estimated using criteria of molar-usage intervals, degree of molar replacement, and extent of molar wear. Based upon these estimated ages and total body weights, a growth equation for female elephants up to 25 years in age was calculated. The correlation coefficient based upon measurements of 56 specimens between body weight and shoulder height is 0.99, and between body weight and body length is 0.97.
TL;DR: The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale was used as a measure of defensiveness in conjunction with Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale to differentiate defensive and nondefensive repressors.
Abstract: The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale was used as a measure of defensiveness in conjunction with Byrne's Repression-Sensitization Scale to differentiate defensive and nondefensive repressors. All Ss were given a series of sentences partially masked with white noise. Defensive repressors had a significantly higher auditory perceptual threshold for sexual sentences than either sensitizers or nondefensive repressors. Results were interpreted as support for using a measure of defensiveness to differentiate the “true” repressor from Ss who obtain low Byrne scores simply because they lack the pathology implied in the test items.
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequence of reactions was described to obtain perbenzylated methyl malto-oligosaccharides with D.P. 1−16.
TL;DR: In this article, two groups of hybrid-strain rats were conditioned to press a lever on a fixed-interval 3 min schedule of food reinforcement, and both groups showed an accelerated response rate during successive quarters of the interreinforcement interval, but the rate of acceleration was greater for the 3-pellet group.
Abstract: Two groups (N = 5) of hybrid-strain rats were conditioned to press a lever on a fixed-interval 3 min schedule of food reinforcement. For the Ss in one group, reinforcement was three 45 mg food pellets, and for Ss in the other group, reinforcement was one 45 mg food pellet. Both groups showed an accelerated response rate during successive quarters of the interreinforcement interval, but the rate of acceleration was greater for the 3-pellet group. The mean percentage of total responses in an interval quarter was, however, the same for both groups, indicating that an increase in reinforcement quantity multiplies response rate during the interreinforcement interval by a constant factor.
TL;DR: Bilateral, but not unilateral, cortical spreading depression inhibited drinking of water, whether motivated by water deprivation or cholinergic brain stimulation.
TL;DR: In this article, the positron and internal-conversion-electron spectra were investigated with the MSU "orange" and ''ensuremath{\pi}sqrt{2}$ iron-free electron spectrometers.
Abstract: The photon spectrum accompanying the electron-capture decay of $^{83}\mathrm{Sr}$ has been studied with highresolution Ge(Li) spectrometers in singles and coincidence configurations. The positron and internal-conversion-electron spectra were investigated with the MSU "orange" and $\ensuremath{\pi}\sqrt{2}$ iron-free electron spectrometers. Sixty transitions were identified. Excited states have been placed in $^{83}\mathrm{Rb}$ at 5.0, 42.3, 295.2, 389.2, 423.5, 736.8, 804.8, 994.2, 1043.7, 1053.7, 1103.0, 1202.0, 1242.6, 1273.1, 1324.6, 1653.1, 1756.9, 1783.5, 1916.7, 1952.2, 2014.8, 2090.0, 2147.8, and 2179.3 keV. Internal-conversion coefficients, $log\mathrm{ft}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray branching ratios have been used to place limits upon the spins and parities of the excited states. An isomeric $M2$ transition of 42.3 keV has been identified. The ground-state spin and parity of $^{83}\mathrm{Sr}$ have been shown to be ${\frac{7}{2}}^{+}$, which are the same as for all other known 45-neutron nuclei.
TL;DR: Extroverts were predicted to learn a paired-associate list faster than introverts, but retain less than introvert when tested one, two, or seven days later as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Extroverts were predicted to learn a paired-associate list faster than introverts, but retain less than introverts when tested one, two, or seven days later. 75 college students were tested and the results indicated that the extroverts learned the list to criterion significantly faster than the introverts. The component analysis indicated superiority in the associative stage for the introverts, superiority in the integration stage for the extroverts, but no differences in response learning. The retention data did not support the prediction.
Book•
01 Jan 1968TL;DR: The use of corporal punishment in modifying student behavior is an old one, with many proponents of each viewpoint as discussed by the authors, and the vast majority of teachers are eager to find helpful guidelines for their work with resistant pupils.
Abstract: The Use of Punishment in Modifying Student Behavior G. ROY MAYER, Ed. D. BETH SULZER, Ph.D. JOHN J. CODY, Ph.D. Southern Illinois University The question of whether or not to use punishment in the classroom is an old one, with many proponents of each viewpoint. At one extreme, there is the contention that to &dquo;spare the rod spoils the child.&dquo; At the other extreme is the seemingly more popular gospel of love, acceptance, permissiveness, and self-expression. Furthermore, proponents of both of these extreme positions suggest that what they advocate is best for the child. As Morse (1959) stated, &dquo;Faced with this dilemma, the vast majority of teachers are eager to find helpful guidelines for their work with resistant pupils.&dquo; Such guidelines should be helpful in making decisions about the use of punishment in the classroom.