Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1970"
TL;DR: The dominance relationships and associated agonistic postures of Canada geese were studied during the winters 1963-64 and 1964-65 by observation of the behavior of radio-and color-marked families and individuals living in a large, wild flock in southern Illinois as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The dominance relationships and associated agonistic postures of Canada geese were studied during the winters 1963-64 and 1964-65 by observation of the behavior of radio-and color-marked families and individuals living in a large, wild flock in southern Illinois. Part I I. Behavior was not significantly altered by color-marking and attachment of trausmitters. 2. Hostile encounters occurred during almost all activities. They varied widely in frequency and intensity and were especially associated with feeding. 3. Success in hostile encounters was directly related to family size, i.e., large family> smaller family > pair > single. 4. Unified action by all members of a family occurred in 8.5 percent of victories and T5 percent of defeats. 5. All members of a family shared equal dominance status but the success of a family in the rank order was most dependent upon the gander. 6. Only once in 26 fights between unmarked family ganders did the gander of the largest family lose. 7. Dominance position of family individuals decreased immediately upon separation and increased upon reunification of family members. 8. Large families were engaged in significantly more conflicts per unit time than were singles, pairs, and small families. 9. Exceptions to the usual dominance hierarchy occurred after pairs were newly formed. The gander of a newly formed pair could dominate family ganders. 10. Intrafamily aggression was rare and of low intensity. 11. Fights rarely occurred; threats and chases were common. 12. In some instances, rank orders based upon individual recognition could exist. However, stable rank orders in most large flocks appear to be based on recognition of different postures and levels of intensity of threat. 13. The dominance order of geese yields benefit in terms of food and space acquisition and freedom from defeat in aggressive encounters for the pairs and their young in direct relation to those most successful at raising a brood. Part II 1. Postures associated with attack or fleeing or simultaneous tendencies to do both are described. These include actual fleeing or attack, Submissive attitude, Erect, Head-pumping, Rolling, Bent-neck, and Forward postures. 2. The Submissive attitude is exhibited mostly by single geese and probably results from the conflicting tendency to approach (but not attack) and flee from other geese at the same time. This posture functions to identify single geese, allow approach, habituation, and ultimately pair formation, and inhibits violent attack. 3. The Erect posture may take either the form of intention movements of escape or attack and represents an ambivalent motivation between these two tendencies. 4. Head-pumping contains alternating intention movements of attacking and fleeing and represents almost a perfect balance between these two tendencies but is of higher intensity and ritualization than the Erect position. 5. Rolling is a complex portion of the Triumph Ceremony but also serves as the most intense threat of Canada geese and is highly ritualized. The spatial relationships of a gander to his mate and family appear most important in motivating Rolling. Intrusion of another high ranking gander or family on those boundaries may result in violent attack. 6. Erect, Head-pumping, and Rolling serve as three different intensity threats which are recognized by other geese and serve to maintain and establish the rank order of geese without undue fighting. 7. Bent-neck and Forward postures may occasionally represent conflicting attack and flee tendencies but often appear to represent a conflict of attack and remain doing another activity such as feeding or preening. These postures serve to maintain and reinforce a rank order but are probably not very important in initial establishment of rank.
156 citations
96 citations
TL;DR: The general findings are that consequences of instructed behavior determine the extent to which the instructions are followed, and research that has treated instructions as discriminative stimuli is consistent.
Abstract: A kindergarten class, composed of five girls ages 4.8 to 6 yr, participated in the study. In each of 20 daily sessions a sequence of 10 simple instructions was given to the class, In baseline sessions, the teacher did not interact with the students, other than to give instructions. During these sessions, the children followed the teacher's instructions 60% of the time. When the teacher began attending to each child if she followed an instruction, the mean percentage of instructions followed increased to 78%. Subsequently, the teacher again employed the baseline procedures and the percentage of instructions followed decreased to 68.7%. When the teacher again provided attention dependent on the children's following the instructions, the percentage of instructions followed increased to 83.7%. The results are consistent with research that has treated instructions as discriminative stimuli. The general findings are that consequences of instructed behavior determine the extent to which the instructions are followed.
88 citations
TL;DR: A subject who spoke essentially in "telegraphic" English, leaving out most articles and auxiliary verbs, was trained to use a particular sentence form that included the articles and verbs to describe a set of standardized pictures.
Abstract: A subject who spoke essentially in "telegraphic" English, leaving out most articles and auxiliary verbs, was trained to use a particular sentence form that included the articles and verbs to describe a set of standardized pictures. The subject used the trained sentence form to describe the trained pictures, and in addition, use of the sentence form generalized to sets of untrained and novel stimuli. When the trained sentence form was changed, the subject used the new form to describe both training and generalization stimuli. When the original correct form of response was retrained, the subject once again used the trained sentence form to respond to both training and generalization trials.
80 citations
TL;DR: In the present experiment, the conditioning stimulus was terminated with a positive unconditioned stimulus, and it was found that the duration of the conditioned stimulus was a key factor in determining whether response suppression or response enhancement was observed during the stimulus.
Abstract: Previous experiments have shown that positively reinforced operant responding is suppressed during a conditioned stimulus terminated with an electric shock (conditioned suppression). In the present experiment, the conditioned stimulus was terminated with a positive unconditioned stimulus, and it was found that the duration of the conditioned stimulus was a key factor in determining whether response suppression or response enhancement was observed during the stimulus. The lever-pressing responses of rats were maintained by a variable-interval schedule of food reinforcement. While the rats were pressing the lever, a light was occasionally turned on, its offset coincident with a brief period of access to a sucrose solution. In consecutive blocks of sessions, the light duration was 40 sec, 12 sec, or 120 sec. Results showed that the rate of lever pressing was substantially suppressed during the 12-sec stimulus, slightly suppressed during the 40-sec stimulus, and enhanced during the 120-sec stimulus.
79 citations
TL;DR: This study involved comparison of three techniques for increasing range of motion, and IA-CA, a modified version of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) was compared using 24 normal male Ss.
Abstract: This study involved comparison of three techniques for increasing range of motion. Fast stretch (ballistic), slow stretch, and IA-CA, a modified version of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) were compared using 24 normal male Ss. Controlling for serial order effects, 6 groups of 4 Ss each were administered the treatments, and the differences between pre- and post-exercise measures were observed. Multiple regression analysis indicated the superiority of the IA-CA approach.
77 citations
TL;DR: It was found that button pressing was the preferred concurrent avoidance response and there were few punches, but when the monetary reinforcer was discontinued (extinction) punching increased for seven of the nine subjects, but there was no consistent change in the rate of button pressing.
Abstract: Nine subjects, 14 to 18 yr old, pulled a knob on a schedule of monetary reinforcement. Concurrently, they escaped or avoided periodic presentations of a tone by pressing a button that required 1.5 lb (6.67 N) of force or by punching a padded cushion that required 20 lb (88.96 N) of force. The punching response was designated as an aggressive response because the force of this response together with its topography was comparable to responses of humans that deface objects and produce escape or counter aggression from other humans. It was found that button pressing was the preferred concurrent avoidance response and there were few punches. However, when the monetary reinforcer was discontinued (extinction) punching increased for seven of the nine subjects, but there was no consistent change in the rate of button pressing. When the punching response was replaced by another non-preferred but non-aggressive response, neither this response nor button pressing increased during extinction. Hence, the increase in punching during extinction cannot be attributed solely to the fact that it was a concurrent response or a non-preferred response.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the main concepts associated with subliminal research are reviewed and clarified and a theoretical explanation of the effects of sub-liminal stimulation is given. Basic drive arous...
Abstract: This article reviews and clarifies the main concepts associated with subliminal research and develops and tests a theoretical explanation of the effects of subliminal stimulation. Basic drive arous...
65 citations
TL;DR: Fungi have been used directly as food and in the processing of food for many years as mentioned in this paper and their potential has been only partially explored, and in this day of widespread protein shortages they could be employed to make major contributions to the present world protein pool.
Abstract: Fungi have been used directly as food and in the processing of food for many years. However, their potential has been only partially explored, and in this day of widespread protein shortages they could be employed to make major contributions to the present world protein pool.
65 citations
TL;DR: A physiological difference in flight proficiency may exist between passerines and non-passerines, but is within the range of values obtained for passerines in fat-depletion studies.
63 citations
TL;DR: Both Retreatism and Reconciliation can lead to successful psychocultural adaptation; several case studies lend support to this theoretical framework.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that informational feedback could be used more widely as a therapeutic procedure to modify human behaviors, but only those behaviors that a patient is strongly motivated to change.
Abstract: The effects of informational feedback on a socially undesirable behavior were studied. The feedback was a mild vibrotactile stimulus and the response was slouching. When subjects slouched, a behavioral engineering apparatus provided vibrotactile stimulation to the shoulder. All subjects slouched less when stimulation was provided. A procedural control revealed that slouching will decrease because of the informational aspect of the stimulus consequence and not because of its aversive properties. When the subjects were instructed to slouch, the effects of feedback were reversed: feedback increased, rather than decreased, slouching. These results indicate that the effect of feedback for a response depends on the subject's motivation to perform that response. It is suggested that informational feedback could be used more widely as a therapeutic procedure to modify human behaviors, but only those behaviors that a patient is strongly motivated to change.
TL;DR: The results suggest that reactive inhibition therapy may be more efficient than reciprocal inhibition therapy, since it is a simpler procedure.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the token system is a practical and effective method for teaching beginning writing skills and that it has other desirable, if unanticipated, effects.
Abstract: The present experiment sought to develop a practical and effective method for teaching the beginning elements of hand-writing in a Head Start program. The method consisted of reinforcing responses to a writing program by giving the children access to a variety of activities normally available in the pre-school classroom. Tokens were presented for correct responses. The children then used the tokens to select reinforcers, such as snacks and access to a variety of play activities. In an experimental evaluation of the token system, it was found that responding was maintained as long as access to the reinforcing activities was contingent upon responding. When reinforcement was no longer contingent upon responding, virtually no responding occurred. Informal observations suggested that the token system had several unanticipated effects: the children's vocabulary and ability to understand instructions improved; a favorable attitude toward school developed; and their ability to play cooperatively with other children increased. It was concluded that the token system is a practical and effective method for teaching beginning writing skills and that it has other desirable, if unanticipated, effects.
TL;DR: A physiological role of the cholinergic drinking substrate is suggested and central atropine injection into one cholinergically positive drinking site inhibited the drinking elicited by eserine at a second such site.
TL;DR: Chloromercuri-amine I was transmetalated to give improved yields of 2-lithio-amine II and 2]-(dimethylamino)methyl]boronic acid III as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, an allochthonous beach deposit of peat from southern Florida was investigated with the aid of oriented microtome sections, showing that the peat had a microscopic structure similar to that seen in thin sections of Carboniferous coals.
Abstract: An allochthonous beach deposit of peat from southern Florida was investigated with the aid of oriented microtome sections. Because of its strong microlamination and lack of ingrown roots, this peat had a microscopic structure similar to that seen in thin sections of Carboniferous coals. On the other hand, autochthonous peats contained numerous ingrown rootlets and exhibited very little to no apparent bedding. Even after compression, these autochthonous peats did not develop the fine parallel laminations characteristic of many Carboniferous coals. The significance of this investigation lies in its contribution to our knowledge of the microscopic appearance of one type of allochthonously deposited peat. This provides some facts with which to evaluate the relative merits of the various arguments for or against the allochthonous and autochthonous theories of coal formation and also provides a basis for development of new theories.
TL;DR: The connection between the organization of the informal communication system and the reward system may be seen by looking at data which shows which type of groups are, on the average, 'over' recognised for their scientific productivity and which are 'under' recognised as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Choices by others 0 0 0 0 0 (9) Own choices 0 0 0 0 0 Differences 0 0 0 0 0 Experimentalists: Bubble Chamber Choices by others 0 0 2 4 I (52) Own choices 0 0 0 0 0 Differences 0 0 +2 +4 +1 Counter/Spark Chamber Choices by others I 6 2 4 2 (80) Own choices 3 4 3 5 4 Differences -2 +2 -I -I -2 The connection between the organization of the informal communication system and the reward system may be seen by looking at data which shows which type of groups are, on the average, 'over' recognised for their scientific productivity and which are 'under' recognised. The regression of recognition scores on the number of publications gives an indication of 'over' or 'under' recognition. The 36 +1.19 + .85 ·74 Communication and the Reward System of Science mean residuals from this regression for the five types of research groups are as follows: Theorists Phenomenologists Intermediate Abstract Experimentalists Bubble chamber .46 Counter/Spark chamber .35
TL;DR: In this paper, five rats were conditioned to press a lever on a fixed-interval 3-min schedule of food reinforcement, and the experimental chamber was light and dark on alternate days.
Abstract: Five rats were conditioned to press a lever on a fixed-interval 3-min schedule of food reinforcement. The experimental chamber was light and dark on alternate days. When the chamber was lit, the reinforcement was three 45-mg food pellets. When the chamber was dark, the reinforcement was one 45-mg food pellet. All Ss developed the typical pattern of accelerating response rates during the fixed interval. However, acceleration of rate was faster and terminal rate was higher when the reinforcement consisted of three pellets rather than one pellet. When the data were converted to proportions of total responses in successive interval quartiles, the response distribution was shown to be the same during light and dark sessions.
TL;DR: The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) as discussed by the authors was designed by Shostrom (1964) to provide a comprehensive measure of values and behaviors believed to be of importance in the development of self-actualization.
Abstract: THE Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) designed by Shostrom (1964, 1966) attempts to provide a comprehensive measure of values and behaviors believed to be of importance in the development of self-actualization. The POI consists of 150 twochoice, paired-opposite statements of values. Scores are reported for two major scales and for ten secondary scales. Culbert, Clark, and Bobele (1968), Gibb (1968), Foulds (1969), Knapp (1965), and Lieb and Snyder (1967) demonstrated the value of the POI in measuring certain dimensions that could be of importance in
TL;DR: It is a widely held belief that significant wage rate differentials existed between Britain and the United States during the period 1790-1830 as discussed by the authors, and the existence of such differentials is a pivotal factor in at least one theory of the nature and rate of growth of American and British technology and in the explanation of relative factor combinations in the two countries during the nineteenth century.
Abstract: It is a widely held belief that significant wage rate differentials existed between Britain and the United States during the period 1790–1830. Indeed, the existence of such differentials is a pivotal factor in at least one theory of the nature and rate of growth of American and British technology and in the explanation of relative factor combinations in the two countries during the nineteenth century.
TL;DR: It is felt that results from probability estimation studies provide more information about response processes than about PIP as such.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated counseling self-disclosure as a dimension of counselor effectiveness with a sample of forty-one graduate students in a counseling and guidance practicum, and found that counselors rated the counselors in three aspects of the counseling interview and supervisors rated counselors in eight areas.
Abstract: Counselor self-disclosure was investigated as a dimension of counselor effectiveness with a sample of forty-one graduate students in a counseling and guidance practicum. Effectiveness was measured by ratings from clients and practicum supervisors. Clients rated the counselors in three aspects of the counseling interview and supervisors rated counselors in eight areas. Counselor self-disclosure scores were correlated significantly with all the criterion scores of counselor effectiveness (p <. 05). It was suggested that the concept of psychological disclosure may have important implications for counselor selection and training.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Yeast supersuppressors functioned by allowing enzyme synthesis not found in the unsuppressed mutant, consistent with the inference that a supersuppressor may act by enabling nonsense codons to be read, producing altered enzyme protein.
Abstract: Yeast supersuppressor genes capable of masking the effects of several lysine mutant genes (ly1-1, ly9-1, ly2-1) were studied with respect to their effects on the respective enzymes (saccharopine dehydrogenase, saccharopine reductase, and α-amino-adipic acid reductase). In all strains tested, the supersuppressors functioned by allowing enzyme synthesis not found in the unsuppressed mutant. Studies by optical methods of saccharopine dehydrogenase and saccharopine reductase extracted from suppressed ly1-1 and ly9-1 cells, respectively, revealed that the Km values for these enzymes were significantly greater than those found in wild type. Saccharopine dehydrogenase from suppressed ly9-1 cells was found to have Km values similar to wild type. These findings are consistent with the inference that a supersuppressor may act by enabling nonsense codons to be read, producing altered enzyme protein. Recent findings that lysine degradation in mammals may involve saccharopine and that the human diseases, hyperlysinemia and saccharopinuria, may be due to metabolic blocks in this route of lysine degradation suggest the ly1-1 and ly9-1 yeast mutants as models for the human condition and its possible euphenic treatment.
TL;DR: This article found that the majority of clients who were counseled by advanced trainees or doctorate level staff viewed their counseling experience positively, while a large percentage of the clients of beginning practicum students viewed their counselling negatively.
Abstract: This study sought to assess students' reactions toward their vocational and educational counseling at a university counseling center. Students receiving educational-vocational counseling during the 1968-69 academic year served as subjects whose responses to a 29-item questionnaire were used to determine their reactions to counseling. The majority of clients who were counseled by advanced trainees or doctorate level staff viewed their counseling experience positively. A large percentage of the clients of beginning practicum students viewed their counseling negatively. The findings suggested weaknesses in vocational counseling facilities, in counselors' skills, and in training of beginning practicum students. Implications for change are suggested and the need for assessment in counseling agencies is emphasized.