Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1972"

On a class of doubly transitive groups

Abstract: THE class u(u> 3) of a doubly transitive group of degree n is, according to Bochert,f greater than \ — § Vw. If we confine our attention however to those doubly transitive groups in which one of the substitutions of lowest degree is of order 2, it appears that the class is greater than \ — \\ Vw — 1. The proof of this statement rests essentially upon the following LEMMA. The degree of a diedral group of class u generated by two non-commutative substitutions of order 2 and degree u is at most §w. Let s and t be the two substitutions in question, and let the order of their product be N = 2pip2 a2 • • • Pn, where pi> P2, ' are distinct odd primes. The transitive constituents of {s, t] may be arranged as follows: s has mi cycles displacing letters not in t, and t has ra2 cycles displacing letters not in s; there are Xi regular constituents of order X{, with a generator in both s and t (thus common cycles of s and t are explicitly included, while the preceding type of constituent of degree and order 2 is excluded) ; there are yj non-regular constituents of degree Yj and order 2Yj, Yj an odd number; there are yd non-regular constituents of degree Yd and order 2 Yd, Yd even, with the generator of degree Yd in s, and the generator of degree Yd — 2 in t; in like manner there are yd' constituents of the order Yd with Yd — 2 letters in s and Yd letters in t. Since transitive

Methods in Peat Petrology and their Application to Reconstruction of Paleoenvironments

Abstract: In order to reconstruct the environments of peat deposition in southern Florida and to better understand the coal-forming processes, it was necessary to improve the techniques for collecting and analyzing modern phytogenic sediments. The need for minimizing compaction and distortion of organic sediments during field sampling required the development of a modified piston corer. The partial vacuum created by such a piston reduces compaction and holds the sediment in proper position in the coring tubes on the downstroke as well as during the uplift. Relatively undistorted microtome sections (15μ thick) were cut from oriented samples of peat impregnated with paraffin. By comparison with reference slides of modern plant tissues, it was possible to identify the genera and sometimes the species of plants contributing to the peat even though there were only much-altered fragments of these plants present. Vertically oriented sections are especially useful, because they can be easily compared with thin sections of coals. The method proved successful for study of peats of many different compositions and textures. A field test of the environmental interpretations made from oriented microtome sections showed a very good correspondence between actual surface environments and environments which had been predicted solely from analysis of microtome sections of surface peat. However, describing the vegetation in terms of the relative proportions of particular species proved to be more speculative. A relatively close correspondence was also exhibited between paleoecological interpretations made from oriented microtome sections of peat and those made by palynologic analyses. However, each method has its advantages, and interpretations based on the combined data of both methods are superior to those obtained by using either one alone.

On the Correlation of Electrical Conductivity Properties of Porous Systems with Viscous Flow Transport Coefficients

Abstract: This study emphasizes the role that surface conductivity plays in electrical transport processes in porous media. It shows that this term has to be included in the calculations where phase distributions or porosities are to be deducted from formation factor type measurements even in clean formations when electrolyte concentrations are low. in applying a parallel resistance model of conduction processes through porous media, it can be demonstrated that the pertinent parameters are a conductivity ratio function k s /k f = f(C) and the extent of the internal specific pore surface area S p . The conductivity ratio function will also depend on the nature of the internal surface area which determines the mechanism of charge fixation at the solid-solution interface. Based on the assumption that electrical and viscous flow paths in the porous medium are identical, the electrical transport coefficients can be -connected to viscous flow parameters by way of introducing the Kozeny-Carman hydraulic radius concept of porous interstices and linking the internal surface area term to the permeability of the medium.

Electronic Effects in Metallocenes and Certain Related Systems

Abstract: Publisher Summary Electronic substituents can affect organic molecules in diverse ways. Because all aromatic organometallic π-complex systems possess several possible sites for which substituent effects could be analyzed, it seems best that the various sites be studied independently of one another. The study of relative site reactivities for aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions has provided useful information for assessing homoannular electronic effects within the ferrocene system. The product distribution from various electrophilic substitution reactions of monosubstituted ferrocenes has been studied by a number of workers. Although numerous π-bonded organometallic complexes are known today, ligand-exchange studies have been performed on systems other than the metallocenes, and of these only ferrocenes have been studied extensively. The mass spectra of many substituted ferrocenes have been published and various pathways have been postulated to account for the fragments observed. The mass spectrum of ferrocenes exhibits a high abundance for the m/e 121 peak M, which has been attributed to the fragment (C5H5Fe)+ presumed to arise from the cleavage of the ring–metal bond. Electron-donating groups attached to benzene greatly enhance the ring's reactivity toward electrophilic substitution reactions, whereas electron-attracting groups decrease such reactivity markedly.

Genetic and Physiological Control of Serine and Glycine Biosynthesis in Saccharomyces

Abstract: Two of the three known metabolic pathways to serine and glycine have been shown to be present in prototrophic yeast strains, i.e., the phosphorylated pathway from glycolytic intermediates and the glyoxylate pathway from tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. Two serine-glycine auxotrophs (ser1 and ser2) were found to be blocked in the phosphoglycerate pathway. The ser1 gene controls l-glutamate:phosphohydroxypyruvate transaminase biosynthesis, and the ser2 gene controls phosphoserine phosphatase biosynthesis. The other pathway to glycine, from isocitrate, is repressed by growth in glucose media, specifically, at isocitrate lyase and at the alanine:glyoxylate transaminase. This pathway is derepressed by growth to stationary phase in glucose media yielding high activity of these enzymes. The phosphorylated pathway appears to be the principal biosynthetic pathway to serine and glycine during growth on sugar media. Strains which are serine-glycine dependent in glucose media became capable of serine-glycine independent growth on acetate media. These results describe a method of physiological control of a secondary metabolic pathway allowing a single lesion in the principal biosynthetic pathway to produce auxotrophy. This may be termed conditional auxotrophy.

tree growth, air pollution, and climate near LaPorte, Ind.

Abstract: A multivariate technique was employed to assess tree-ring growth and climatic relationships of white oak in northern Illinois-Indiana, including LaPorte, Ind. Climate accounted for 59% of the variance in ring-width chronology, and prior growth accounted for 2%. Since the reported LaPorte precipitation anomaly is considered to be largely a phenomenon of summer convective storms (Changnon, 1968), the importance of the late spring and summer precipitation on ring width suggests that white oak rings from the LaPorte stands versus the control stands would be likely to show differences in growth after 1930 if a precipitation anomaly had occurred. Our particular tree-ring analysis neither proves nor disproves the precipitation anomaly at LaPorte. It does suggest that some factor in the LaPorte area became increasingly more limiting to tree growth than climate during the decade of 1940, and caused a gradual reduction of growth. Our best inference is that this growth reduction may have been a direct result of toxi...

A generalized set of discrete frequency distributions with Fortran program

Abstract: Geologists unfamiliar with the application of probability theory to discrete data in other fields of research are usually acquainted with only three discrete theoretical frequency distributions: Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial distributions. In some situations these distributions may fail to adequately describe a set of experimental data. Other distributions such as the Poisson with zeros, Neyman type A, logarithmic with zeros, Poisson-binomial, and Thomas double Poisson together with the more common Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial form a generalized subset of discrete theoretical distributions, one of which should fit almost any experimental data set. A computer program is presented which allows testing of any combination of these distributions against observed discrete data.

Sums of Finite Sets of Integers

Abstract: (1972). Sums of Finite Sets of Integers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 9, pp. 1010-1012.

Training profoundly retarded children to stop crawling

Abstract: Many profoundly retarded children continue to crawl even though they can walk. Crawling and walking were viewed as two alternative response modes, both reinforced by movement. Children choose the one mode that is easier and faster for them. A training program was designed to increase the ease and speed of walking relative to that of crawling, and consisted of restraint-for-crawling and priming-of-walking. With the program, four retarded children reduced crawling and began to walk instead. When training was discontinued, two children with moderate walking impairment continued to walk rather than crawl. Two children with severe impairment of walking, however, required the occasional use of the restraint procedure to maintain walking as the dominant mode of locomotion. The program was easily administered, required little time, and was effective for all four children.

Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC). TLC is increasingly being used for the quantitative determination of carbohydrates. The procedure is excellent for the determination of the kinetics, mechanism, or percentage of products of a carbohydrate reaction but is limited to the components that can be completely separated. There are several methods available that can be separated into two major groups: (1) direct quantitative determination—estimation of the compound directly on the plate and (2) indirect quantitative determination—elution of the compound from the plate followed by some physical estimation. In some of the methods, destruction of the carbohydrate is not necessary, and the compounds can then be used for further qualitative analysis by means of infrared radiation (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy.

Laboratory alteration of trioctahedral micas

Abstract: Artificial alteration of thirty-five trioctahedral .and one dioctahedral micas by solutions varying in strength from 0.001 to 1.00 molal magnesium sulfate was found to approximate a normal exchange reaction after surface effects are eliminated. The equilibrium constants for the reaction: 1/2 Mg 2+ + K-mica = Mgv2-mica + K + (vermiculite) range from 0.0001 to 0.0028 and average 0.0010 in value. X-ray diffraction study reveals that iron-rich micas tend to develop a 1 : 1 mixed-layer biotite-vermiculite structure in weak magnesium sulfate solutions whereas magnesium-rich biotite and phlogopite alter to vermiculite. Mica composition also influences the degree of alteration of mica to vermiculite. High fluorine and octahedral multivalent cation contents tend to retard the reaction whereas high magnesium content and perhaps high calcium contents tend to favor the alteration. The equilibrium constant data indicate that vermiculite and hydrobiotite are more stable than trioctahedral micas in most weathering environments.

Philippine migration: the settlement of the Digos-Padada Valley Davao Province.

Abstract: The reserach objective was to determine the reasons for the migration to Digos-Padada region the history of the migration the origins of the migrants the financing of the migration and of the pioneering phase and the socioeconomic impact of the immigration movement on the Digos-Padada region. The migration to the Digos-Padada region got slowly underwqy in the 1920s increased sharply in the 1930s and reached its peak by 1950. The region has received about 100000 migrants since World War 2. The random sample of 1000 migrant households was stratified on the basis of both accessibility and size of settlement. Field observations were supplemented by data obtained from such sources as: census returns for the years 1903 1918 1939 1948 and 1960; some 9700 applications for homestead and free patent grants made to the Bureau of Lands; and some 1500 detailed questionnaires answered by migrant (1300) and nonmigrant (200) heads of households now residing in the valley. The Digos-Padada valley did not differ markedly from other Philippine lowland areas in regard to the potential it offered for economic development. The major significant difference lay in the fact that at least until the 1920s and in a very real sense until as late as the postwar years the lands of the valley were still relatively devoid of settlement. Its accessibility to the major developing centers of southeastern Mindanao particularly to Davao City its coastal location the general lack of topographic obstructions to road construction the relatively favorable edaphic and climatic environments and its empty lands made it a prime target for large scale migrations. The Digos-Padada valley presented few obstacles to the settlement of large numbers of new migrants. Settlement began along traditional lines i.e. initial settlement was mainly along the more accessible coast. As the major road network slowly took shape the spread of settlement followed these arteries. Most recently there has been a noticeable dispersement of settlement across the entire valley. Nearly all sections of the Philippines contributed migrants to the Digos-Padada valley. There was little difference in the patterns of origins of migrants to the valley through time. Nearly 9 out of every 10 migrants interviewed reported acquaintances already present in the valley at the time of their arrival. A continuing contact between the valley migrants and their source areas was evidenced by the fact that slightly more than one half of the interviewees had themselves returned home on visits. The high proportion of returning visitors was indicative of the very strong family and community ties ties that remained unbroken even by long distance migration.

Portable electroanesthesia device with automatic power control

Abstract: A portable, battery-powered, self-contained electroanesthesia device. A signal generator provides a sinusoidal, constant magnitude signal of fixed, preset frequency with relatively high accuracy and without recalibration each time the device is energized. The preset frequency characteristically produces electroanesthetic induction in a live subject with relatively high efficiency. An amplifier increases the power level sufficiently for producing electroanesthetic induction of the subject. Electrodes supply the amplified signal to tissue of the subject, there being provision for matching the impedance of said tissue of the subject to the amplifier for maximizing transfer of the amplified signal to said tissue. Circuitry is provided also for monitoring and limiting the power level of the signal supplied by said electrodes to the tissue.

Excitation of the Metastable E Σ g + 3 State of N 2 by Electron Impact

Abstract: The contribution of the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}(E^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+})$ state to the total metastable excitation function of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ was assessed on the basis of previous time-of-flight studies of metastable nitrogen molecules. As a result, the cross section for electron-impact excitation of the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}(E^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+})$ state was determined in the domain of the resonance from threshold (11.87 eV) to an energy of about 13 eV. The maximum value of the cross section was found to be about 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at an energy of 12.2 eV. The measurement was made absolute by using the previously determined yield of the metastable detector, the lifetime of the $E$ state and eliminating the energy spread in the electron beam from the primary data. The half-width (full width at half-maximum) of the resonance like excitation function near threshold was found to be about 0.4 eV. No substantial evidence was obtained from the present data for the presence of the nonresonant part of the excitation function for the $E^{3}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}^{+}$ state.

The hunter‐gatherer nomads of northern Mexico: A comparison of the archival and archaeological records

Abstract: Certain characteristics of the culture(s) of nomads are discussed and to these are attributed the concentration of archaeological work in north‐eastern Mexico upon excavation of sheltered sites. By presenting and comparing cultural traits for which there is evidence from both the early archival sources and the archaeological record, a reasonably viable and sensitive picture of aboriginal culture in north‐eastern Mexico is given. These data serve to emphasize the long duration and the remarkable similarity and conservatism of nomad culture in the area over a period of some 9,000 years, from about 7500 B.C. to the time of the Spanish entradas in the early seventeenth century.

Characteristics and response-displacement effects of shock-generated responding during negative reinforcement procedures: pre-shock responding and post-shock aggressive responding

Abstract: Bar-pressing (Experiment I) or key-pressing (Experiments II and III) responses of monkeys were reinforced according to a fixed-interval schedule of negative reinforcement: the first response after a fixed interval of time terminated regularly spaced shocks for a fixed time designated as the reinforcement period. During extinction, shocks continued during the reinforcement period. That there were two types of responding generated by shock alone was indicated by (1) the level of responding maintained during extinction relative to conditions without shock, (2) the stability of two between-shock response patterns across reinforcement and extinction conditions, and (3) the development of these two between-shock patterns without a history of reinforcement. Subjects developed either a pre-shock or a post-shock response pattern when only the bar was available. However, when both a bite tube, an operandum requiring an aggressive topography, and a recessed key, an operandum that did not require an aggressive topography, were provided, the post-shock pattern was observed in tube biting and the pre-shock pattern was observed in key pressing. Removal of the bite tube produced post-shock key responding similar to that observed when only the bar was available. The displacement of post-shock, aggression-motivated responding confirmed the confounding effect of shock-generated responding in negative reinforcement procedures, and suggests that the use of concurrent response alternatives would reduce such confounding.

Socialization in a Heteronomous Profession: Public School Teaching

Abstract: This investigation focused on the conceptual modification of professional and bureaucratic role conceptions which accompanies passage from education student to public school teacher. Comparisons were made between 121 educa tion students and eighty-eight experienced teachers on measures of professional and bureaucratic role conceptions. Analyses of variance were employed to test the differences between groups on each dimension. No significant difference in professional orientation was found between students and experienced teachers, although females were significantly higher than males on the same dimension. Experienced teachers were significantly less bureaucrati cally oriented than education students. None of the interaction effects reached significance. It is suggested that the present work may serve to inform future longitudinal studies of socialization into public school teaching. PUBLIC SCHOOL teaching, along with sev eral other occupations including nursing and social work, has long sustained an image of pro fessionalism. In teaching, this professional ideol ogy has been promulgated in large part by teach ers' organizations, especially the National Edu cation Association and its state and local affil iates. Ideology notwithstanding, it seems fair to say that in the past public school teaching has not qualified as a profession in terms of criteria that will be discussed. However, within the last decade there has been mounting evidence that teachers are aggressively aspiring to genuine professional status (8). At the same time, the long standing tradition of local lay control over education and the in creasing size and complexity of school organiza tions have reinforced the bureaucratic-employee image of teaching. Although both professional and bureaucratic principles of organization share some common characteristics, they represent fun damentally different forms of social control. Moreover, the tension between the two patterns of control and their attendant role requirements represents a pervasive problem for those occupa tions subjected to both forms of social control. Such occupations have been termed heteronomous professions.1 The problem is especially acute in occupations like teaching, which are not yet "full fledged" professions but are engaged in the process of professionalization.2 The present paper describes a study of social ization and public school teaching. Specifically, the investigation focuses on the conceptual mod ification of professional and bureaucratic roles which accompanies passage from student to prac titioner.