Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this article, the interrater reliability and agreement measures for ordinal and interval scales are reviewed and suggestions regarding their use in counseling psychology research are made regarding their application in the counseling psychology field.
Abstract: Indexes of interrater reliability and agreement are reviewed and suggestions are made regarding their use in counseling psychology research. The distinction between agreement and reliability is clarified and the relationships between these indexes and the level of measurement and type of replication are discussed. Indexes of interrater reliability appropriate for use with ordinal and interval scales are considered. The intraclass correlation as a measure of interrater reliability is discussed in terms of the treatment of between-raters variance and the appropriateness of reliability estimates based on composite or individual ratings. The advisability of optimal weighting schemes for calculating composite ratings is also considered. Measures of interrater agreement for ordinal and interval scales are described, as are measures of interrater agreement for data at the nominal level of measurement.
868 citations
TL;DR: The use of canonical correlation analysis in marketing research has been expanding substantially in recent years and for good reason (applications include [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 27] as mentioned in this paper ).
Abstract: The use of canonical correlation analysis in marketing research has been expanding substantially in recent years and for good reason (applications include [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 27]). However, canonical correlation like other analytical methods is not without certain limitations. It is important for these limitations to be kept in mind when choosing a technique for data analysis and when interpreting canonical results. Otherwise opportunities to distill additional important information from the data may be sacrificed or even worse faulty interpretations may occur. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate some potential shortcomings of canonical correlation analysis when it is used in marketing research. One reason applications of canonical analysis have grown is because the technique provides for multivariate analysis of whole batteries or sets of variables as they relate to each other. Following convention these sets are often designated as criterion and predictor variables. More traditional methods such as bivariate and multiple correlation restrict analysis to only one criterion variable at a time. Consequently, when these methods are utilized the criterion side of the relationship must be analyzed in a univariate fashion. Univariate analysis of criterion phenomena leaves something to be desired when the phenomena cannot be adequately expressed or measured by a single variable, which is often the case in marketing research. Frequently there is a potent conceptual basis for expecting both the criterion and predictor variables to be gestalt-like composite sets with relationships existing between the sets. In which case, any single criterion variable taken in isolation is at best indicative
309 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a good correlation between competent particle size and shear stress results when data points are derived in a uniform way, and the analysis ignores special considerations of sediment packing, shape, and grain-size distributions.
Abstract: Shear-stress analyses provide easily determined estimates of the competence of rivers to transport coarse bedload material. Relevant data from diverse geological and engineering reports are integrated, and a good correlation between competent particle size and shear stress results when data points are derived in a uniform way. Because flow mechanics differ in contrasting fluvial environments, the shear stresses needed to entrain large sediment may diverge considerably from values based on theoretical grounds. In shallow rivers, entrainment may occur at lower shear stresses than predicted by the Shields theory because hydrodynamic lift and bank caving provide additional transporting force. In very deep flows, the shear stresses needed to initiate particle movement are greater than theoretical values. Potential use of the empirical relationship between particle size and shear stress is limited by the following considerations: (1) random nature of turbulent life forces, (2) problems in interpreting the significance of the sedimentary deposit, (3) sediment finer than 5 cm in diameter is not considered, and (4) the analysis ignores special considerations of sediment packing, shape, and grain-size distributions.
165 citations
89 citations
TL;DR: This article conducted a study to determine if informal learners of ESL had the same acquisition order of morphemes as formal learners have been found to possess, and they found that they had overestimated the ability of their informal subject pool to produce English sentences.
Abstract: We conducted a study to determine if informal learners of ESL had the same acquisition order of morphemes as formal learners have been found to possess. Secondly, we wanted to find out what would happen to the established order if only certain of the grammatical morphemes were to be explained and drilled. We found that we had overestimated the ability of our informal subject pool to produce English sentences; that we had to structure our tasks which caused the loss of some “naturalness”; that language instruction might result in improved performance in morpheme usage but not a change in the order of acquisition of morphemes; that a rank ordering type of statistical analysis is inadequate for morpheme acquisition studies.
61 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that fifth and eighth graders tended to repeat stimulus words immediately after presentation, and not enter items into subsequent rehearsal sets, while adults, in contrast, tended to reenter items for additional rehearsal, and had larger rehearsal buffers.
60 citations
TL;DR: The Controversy in the Classroom as discussed by the authors is a well-known topic in political science education, and controversy in the classroom has been widely discussed. But it has not been discussed in the media.
Abstract: (1975). Controversy in the Classroom. Teaching Political Science: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 275-299.
54 citations
47 citations
42 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated that while positive mood did not influence helping, negative mood tended to facilitate such behavior.
Abstract: Summary Two experiments investigated the effect of pictorially induced moods on helping behavior. After a mood-arousing experience (positive, negative, control), Ss were provided with an opportunity to help a graduate student by volunteering to participate in an experiment. Results indicated that while positive mood did not influence helping, negative mood tended to facilitate such behavior. On the basis of subjective report data, the latter increase was interpreted in terms of expiation of guilt.
39 citations
TL;DR: When direct relationships were examined between first level manager consideration and work group criteria in three state mental institutions, there were significant findings.
Abstract: When direct relationships were examined between first level manager consideration and work group criteria in three state mental institutions, there were significant findings. Similar tests for init...
TL;DR: Cbachol-elicited drinking may result from neural activity changes similar to those recorded in this study, and atropine may inhibit carbachol-Elicited Drinking by inhibiting such neural firing changes.
Abstract: In the rat, microinjections of carbachol into the septal area elicited water ingestion and increased multiple unit activity at this site and also the noninjected lateral hypothalamus. Carbachol injection into the lateral hypothalamus also elicited water ingestion, but multiple unit activity did not increase in this structure, although it did in the noninjected septal area. If carbachol was injected into one of these sites and isotonic saline into the other (conditions comparable to those for which drinking has been previously demonstrated), increased multiple unit activity was still found. However, if carbachol was injected into one of these sites and atropine into the other (conditions comparable to those for which the blockade of drinking has been previously demonstrated), the increases in multiple unit activity were blocked. Carbachol-elicited drinking may result from neural activity changes similar to those recorded in this study, and atropine may inhibit carbachol-elicited drinking by inhibiting such neural firing changes.
TL;DR: Specific amino acids were identified from the profile of each yeast as those rapidly liberated by the aminopeptidase(s) of that yeast, delineating the amino acid requirement for the normal growth of each Yeast.
Abstract: Specificity of aminopeptidase(s) was fluorimetrically determined in the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum, H. duboisii, H. farciminosum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. After individually incubating each of 26 amino acid-β-naphthylamides with each yeast, the amount of each amino acid-β-naphthylamide hydrolyzed was determined by measuring the free naphthylamine. This resulted in a reproducible profile of the aminopeptidase(s) for each fungus when medium, growth time, size of inoculum and incubation period were standardized. This technique provided a rapid and specific means of identification and differentiation among these yeasts. Specific amino acids were identified from the profile of each yeast as those rapidly liberated by the aminopeptidase(s) of that yeast. These amino acids delineated the amino acid requirement for the normal growth of each yeast.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the components of high-inference ratings of instructors by correlating a highinference rating of teacher effectiveness with ratings obtained on items reflecting more specific instructor attributes.
Abstract: Student ratings are one of the most frequently used methods for evaluating teacher effectiveness in colleges and universities One drawback to the use of student ratings for the improvement of instruction is that the results obtained from them are often based upon rating items that are too general It is thus difficult to make specific recommendations to faculty members who wish to improve their ratings Rosenshine (1970) has referred to this type of measurement as "high-inference" measurement, because the rater has to make a number of inferences as to what constitutes "good" or "effective" performance In contrast, Rosenshine used the term "low-inference" to describe questionnaire or rating items that focus upon specific, and relatively objective characteristics Results obtained on scales composed of low-inference rating items, therefore, facilitate making specific recommendations for improvement The purpose of this study was to identify the components of high-inference ratings of instructors by correlating a high-inference rating of teacher effectiveness with ratings obtained on items reflecting more-specific instructor attributes Also, those morespecific item ratings which were good predictors of a high-inference item were to be identified
TL;DR: For example, the authors found that when instructed to enhance their arousal to the film without employing any physical stimulation, four of the six subjects were able to significantly increase their erections above the levels that were produced by either the film or the fantasy alone.
Abstract: Six human male subjects developed moderate to high sexual arousal, as measured by a penile transducer, to an erotic film and, in the absence of overt erotic stimulation, to erotic fantasy. When instructed to enhance their arousal to the film without employing any physical stimulation, four of the six subjects were able to significantly increase their erections above the levels that were produced by either the film or the fantasy alone. The remaining two subjects, however, responded in an opposite manner in that the instructions to enhance arousal resulted in a decrease of their erections to a level below that produced by either the film or the fantasy alone. These data indicate that although attempts to voluntarily control sexual arousal may be distracting to some men, they are effective for others.
TL;DR: A review of the research literature succeeded in identifying various demographic characteristics of expsychiatric patients that are related to recidivism and posthospital employment.
Abstract: Professionals engaged in psychiatric rehabilitation need to know what specific factors contribute to the success or failure of attempts to reintegrate the psychiatric patient back into the community. A review of the research literature succeeded in identifying various demographic characteristics of expsychiatric patients that are related to recidivism and posthospital employment. A composite picture of patients who are more likely to be recidivists or unemployed (or both) was advanced. The factors that appear to be related to posthospital employment are not consistently the same factors that are related to recidivism.
TL;DR: In this paper, Weber distinguishes between the intended sense of an action and the actor's motivation, and he is interested, not in the imputation of motive to the individual actor, but in understanding social action in its "context of sense" in relation to "typical" or "cross-sectional" usages based on consensus, that is, in its cultural significance.
Abstract: Ambiguities in Weber's theory of social action have been compounded in translation into English. American commentators have generally given a psychological twist to Weber's concepts of “intended sense” and “understanding,” in terms of an “imputation of motive.” Weber, on the other hand, distinguishes between the intended sense of an action and the actor's motivation. As a sociologist, he is interested, not in the imputation of motive to the individual actor, but in understanding social action in its “context of sense” in relation to “typical” or “cross-sectional” usages based on “consensus,” that is, in its “cultural significance”.
TL;DR: The experimental data clearly confirm a general luminance-contrast principle established in this laboratory on other visual functions: for contrasts just beyond some critical near-zero value, visual performance is determined by the prevailing retinal illuminance of that component, either target or background, which has the higher illumination level.
TL;DR: The growth of hybrid sunfish andChannel catfish below 15 C was determined in ponds on natural food and in cages on artificial feed, and in all cases, the hybrids gained weight, while the channel catfish lost weight.
Abstract: The growth of hybrid sunfish (male bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus x female green sunfish, L. cyanellus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) below 15 C was determined in ponds on natural food and in cages on artificial feed. In all cases, the hybrids gained weight, while the channel catfish lost weight.
TL;DR: The authors used U.S. Census data on State Economic Areas and found that economic-rational migration is a requisite of modern society which leads to the dispersion of kin and weakening of kin ties.
Abstract: Social theorists have thought of economic-rational migration as a requisite of modern society which leads to the dispersion of kin and weakening of kin ties. Census data on State Economic Areas and...
TL;DR: An increase in thermal and acid stability of the dogfish muscle (M4) lactate dehydrogenase as well as a decrease in the percentage of inhibition of enzyme activity by rabbit antisera and in the complement fixation was observed as a result of immobilization.
TL;DR: In this article, the freezing temperatures of aqueous calcium chloride and barium chloride and their mixtures with sodium chloride were measured at equivalent molalities of 0.1 to 1.5 mole-kg−1.
Abstract: The freezing temperatures of aqueous calcium chloride and barium chloride and their mixtures with sodium chloride were measured at equivalent molalities of 0.1 to 1.5 mole-kg−1. Osmotic and activity coefficients of the mixtures were calculated at the freezing points of the mixtures. From the freezing points and calorimetric enthalpies of mixing of sodium chloride-magnesium chloride solutions, osmotic and activity coefficients were calculated at 298°K. Agreement of the calculated properties with isopiestic and electrochemical measurements at 298°K is excellent.
TL;DR: The role of the woman offender in the scientific study of criminality has traditionally been largely unexplored, although recent studies indicate both an increase in reported female crime and an upsurge in interest on the subject as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested Rotter's hypothesis that internals would show more achievement-striving behaviors than externals using a direct measure of such behavior and found significant differences between internals and external within each sex in terms of the average SSHA profiles and the individual SSHA scales.
TL;DR: In this article, Zajonc' theory that the presence of a coactor is suffi cient to facilitate a dominant response was compared with Cot rell's theory that facilitation does not occur unless coactors compete.
Abstract: Zajonc' theory that the presence of a coactor is suffi cient to facilitate a dominant response was compared with Cot rell's theory that facilitation does not occur unless coactors compete. During 150 baseline trials 80 males individually predic ted the occurrence of two stimuli on a PDP-12 computer screen. For 150 test trials subjects were divided among alone-noncompetition, alone-competition, dyad-noncompetition, and dyad-competition con ditions. In addition, an alone-incentive group was paid 1c per correct prediction in order to assess the effects of drive on the dominant prediction. The results supported Cottrell: only the alone-incentive and dyad-competition groups showed facilitation of the dominant prediction from baseline to test session.
TL;DR: This correspondence develops a multiplier for two's complement numbers, similar to the quasi-serial multiplier which operates on sign magnitude numbers, which offers an alternative to add shift techniques for low costTwo's complement multiplication.
Abstract: This correspondence develops a multiplier for two's complement numbers, similar to the quasi-serial multiplier which operates on sign magnitude numbers. The method offers an alternative to add shift techniques for low cost two's complement multiplication.
TL;DR: An atlas of the cerebral ganglion of Moniliformis dubius has been constructed and the cells identified by number and the cytoarchitecture of these cells varies considerably.
Abstract: An atlas of the cerebral ganglion of Moniliformis dubius has been constructed and the cells identified by number. There is a total of 88 cells, two of which are binucleate. These cells (20 and 90) are located in the frontal plane. The cell population is equally distributed between each half of the ganglion, there being 41 cells on each side with six cells centrally located between the two halves. Most cells give rise to bilateral processes and are organized in such a way that there is an outer coat of somata or cell bodies. Cell bodies predominate on the ventral surface, but the dorsal surface is more of a mixture of cell bodies and nerve processes. The core or neuropile occupies the central part of the ganglion and is the site for cross over for many cell processes which then exist from the side opposite the cell body. The cytoarchitecture of these cells varies considerably. Most have a large round nucleus with well defined nucleoli.
TL;DR: The hypothesis was that Ss with high scores on dogmatism were less willing thanSs with low scores to attend speeches of presidential primary candidates whose views were discrepant with their own.
Abstract: Formation and change of political as well as other beliefs are a function of a person's exposure to information which is subject partially to his control. He may actively seek or avoid additional information, particularly information that might be discrepant with preconceived opinions. The hypothesis was that Ss with high scores on dogmatism were less willing than Ss with low scores to attend speeches of presidential primary candidates whose views were discrepant with their own. A sample of 181 Ss was drawn from franchised university students. In a questionnaire covering a wide variety of opinions, Ss were asked to indicate agreement-disagreement with active candidates and speech attendance. An analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test supported the hypothesis. The findings suggest implications for formation of beliefs about other public issues.