Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1985"

Facilitating ESL Reading by Teaching Text Structure

Abstract: Recent research has shown that the rhetorical organization of narrative and expository texts interacts with the formal schemata of native English-speaking readers (the readers' background knowledge of and experience with textual organization) to affect reading Researchers have recently shown that formal, rhetorical schemata have similar effects on reading in English as a second language Moreover, the research in native English reading has shown that explicit teaching of various aspects of text structure can facilitate first language reading This article reports a controlled training study designed to answer the related question for second language reading, Can we facilitate ESL reading by explicit teaching of text structure? The results indicate that training on the top-level rhetorical organization of expository texts significantly increased the amount of information that 25 intermediate-level ESL students could recall

Variations in Social Support Associated with Gender, Ethnicity, and Age

Abstract: Much of the research conducted on social support over the last decade has focused on specific population groups. Until recently, very little work compared social support across groups. The importance of this type of research is discussed, including the potential role of social support in explaining subpopulation differences in psychological distress. Studies are reviewed that compare support and support effects across sex, ethnic, and age groups. In general, the findings suggest that levels of some aspects of support and the effectiveness of support components vary across these subgroups. Even the stress-buffering versus direct-effect functions of social support may vary across subgroups, as illustrated by one study focusing on social class. The implications of these studies and directions for future research are discussed.

Sertoli cell junctions: morphological and functional correlates.

Abstract: Publisher Summary Modern cell biology has shown that cellular recognition and adhesion are not always manifested by junctions of a classical type or by morphological entities recognizable by standard transmission electron microscopy techniques. This chapter describes several junctions in which experimental data are the primary evidence for suggesting a junctional relationship between cells. The cyclic nature of spermatogenesis and the continually changing morphology of the Sertoli cell provide a dynamic framework in which junctions are periodically formed and eliminated. Desmosomes are important in maintaining the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium, a function, which should not be underemphasized, because many germ cell types appear only loosely arranged in the seminiferous epithelium. Based on circumstantial evidence, it is reasonable to suspect that, as yet, unrecognized junctional forms are present in the relationship of the Sertoli cell and germ cells and will be revealed in the future through methodological advances.

Avoiding Type III Errors in Health Education Program Evaluations: A Case Study

Abstract: Monitoring the implementation of a program being evaluated can improve the interpretability of data collected and help evaluators to avoid committing a Type III error: evaluating a program that has not been adequately implemented. This article describes an evaluation that analyzed the implementation of a school health education curriculum, assessed cognitive learning outcomes attributable to the curriculum, and examined the relationship between classroom implementation and changes in students' knowledge. Five fifth-grade classes (n = 101) participated in the curriculum, and five classes (n = 84) served as a comparison group. Data collection procedures involved a pretest and posttest of all students' health-related knowledge, daily monitoring of classroom implementation by the five teachers participating, and questionnaires completed by principals and teachers. Analysis methods included descriptive statistics, parametric and nonparametric tests of significance, and qualitative assessment procedures. Results indicated that the curriculum had a positive effect on learning in students; curriculum implementation varied considerably among the five classes participating; teaching/learning activities that were most and least likely to be implemented could be identified and described; both teachers and principals perceived the program favorably; some health instruction was occurring in the comparison classes, so it was not appropriate to consider them as pure controls; and no statistically significant relationship between curriculum implementation and cognitive outcomes was observed. This study provides evidence of the need for and value of measuring implementation of programs being evaluated. Implications for developing implementation measures and the role of formative evaluation in health education practice are considered.

Support network characteristics associated with support satisfaction and perceived support

Abstract: Social support networks, supportive behaviors, and subjective appraisals of support (perceptions, satisfaction) have emerged as three approaches to social support conceptualization and measurement. We see these as three equally legitimate components of the social support meta-construct, and ask what support network characteristics are associated with perceptions of and satisfaction with support. Ninety-eight nontraditional women students (ages 30 to 61) provided data on characteristics of networks providing five modes of support, satisfaction with each mode of support, and perceptions of support from family, friends, and others. Bi- and multivariate analyses yielded complex findings but indicated that support perceptions and satisfaction are related to size of support mode-specific networks, closeness of network relationships, and composition of networks, particularly the presence of a spouse, and the proportion of close friends, social acquaintances, and immediate family. Since Cobb's (1976) enthusiastic review, a huge volume of empirical literature has emerged under the rubric of "social support"-recognition of the importance of social context in the development and maintenance of individual well-being and distress. Unfortunately, this research has often been conducted without the prerequisite theoretical and conceptual analysis of the social support construct, resulting in a plethora of idiosyncratic measures (often post hoc) exhibiting dubious relevance to unclear concepts (Barrera, 1981; Dean & Lin, 1977; Heller & Swindle, 1983; Thoits, 1982).

Electrophysiological indices of auditory discrimination in newborn infants: The bases for predicting later language development?*

Abstract: Auditory evoked responses were recorded from scalp locations over the left and right hemispheres of newborn infants in response to series of computer synthesized speech sounds. The children were later tested at 3 years of age on a verbal test. Multivariate analyses of the AER data identified regions of the brain wave which discriminated between children who three years later performed at different levels on a standard language performance test.

G.H. Mead, a contemporary re-examination of his thought

Abstract: The development of a radically democratic intellectual - George Herbert Mead, 1863-1931 Mead's position in intellectual history and his early philosophical writings the definition of the physical the origin of the concept of symbolic interaction ethics constitution of the physical object and role-taking temporality and intersubjectivity scientific progress and social progress.

Beyond Structured Observation: Methodological Issues and New Directions

Abstract: Structured observation studies of managers and supervisors completed before Mintzberg (1068), Mintzberg's work (1968, 1973), and recent contributions are reviewed. Integration of the results of this body of literature reveals several severe limitations with methods currently in use. Methodologies are suggested that complement or build on structured observation as a technique for understanding the nature of managerial work.

Knowledge, attitudes, and dietary practices of female athletes.

Abstract: The relationship between the nutrition knowledge and attitudes and dietary practices of adolescent female athletes was studied, using a 24-hour recall and a 48-hour food record with a modified version of the self-administered knowledge and attitude questionnaire of Werblow et al. Analysis indicated that the diets were similar to those of other teenage girls in the United States. The calculated mean values for vitamins A and C were more than 100% of the RDAs, while those for calcium and iron were less than 67% of the allowances. The mean energy value was less than recommended and may have been inadequate for the active subjects. Food consumption analysis showed that of total servings, the milk and meat groups accounted for only about 10% each and that more than 30% came from the "others" group. Although the subjects had some common misconceptions about nutrition, they were generally knowledgeable as well as positive in their attitudes toward nutrition. Nutrition knowledge and attitudes were positively correlated, indicating that the more nutrition knowledge a subject had, the more positive was the attitude toward nutrition, and vice versa. However, no significant correlation was found between nutrition knowledge or attitudes and dietary intake, suggesting that factors other than nutrition knowledge and attitudes, such as a concern for weight and a dependence on others for food selection, played a role in determining the food practices of the subjects.

Cognitive distraction in female sexual arousal.

Abstract: This study was designed to assess the relationship between subjective and physiological measures of female sexual arousal during the presentation of an erotic stimulus and when an erotic stimulus was presented concurrently with a distracting stimulus. Twenty-four females were exposed to baseline, erotic stimulus, and erotic stimulus plus distraction conditions while subjective and vaginal photoplethysmographic indices of sexual arousal were monitored. The erotic stimulus was an audiotaped description of explicit sexual activity, primarily from the perspective of a female. The cognitive distraction consisted of a series of visually presented, simple addition tasks. The results suggested significant increases in subjective and photoplethysmographic measures of sexual arousal from baseline to erotic stimulus conditions and significant decreases in both measures of sexual arousal when the distraction task was added to the erotic stimulus. Correlations between subjective and photoplethysmographic measures of sexual arousal were nonsignificant during the erotic condition, but significant when the distraction task was added to the erotic stimulus. The women were divided into “frequently” and “infrequently” orgasmic groups to further investigate the relationship between subjective and physiological measures of sexual arousal. Analyses revealed no between-group differences in subjective or photoplethysmographic measures during any condition. Correlations between the two measures of sexual arousal were significant during all conditions for the “frequently” orgasmic groups and nonsignificant during all conditions for the “infrequently” orgasmic group.

The glycocalyx of the mouse uterine luminal epithelium during estrus, early pregnancy, the peri-implantation period, and delayed implantation. I. Acquisition of Ricinus communis I binding sites during pregnancy.

Abstract: Mouse uteri were examined during estrus, early pregnancy, the peri-implantation period, and delayed implantation to determine whether changes in the surface coat of the luminal epithelium could be associated with receptivity of the uterus to the presence of blastocyst-stage embryos or blastocyst adhesion. By using alkaline bismuth subnitrate to label periodate-oxidized glycols within the glycocalyx we were able to measure the thickness and examine the morphology of the glycocalyx by electron microscopy. Ferritin-conjugated Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA-I) demonstrated the presence of D-galactose at terminal, nonreducing positions within the glycocalyx. A relatively thick (0.06-0.1-micron) surface coat was present during estrus, but contained almost no RCA-I binding sites. During Day 3 of pregnancy the surface coat remained up to 0.1 micron thick and RCA-I binding sites were present. At Day 4 and during delay the glycocalyx had a fibrillar appearance, contained RCA-I binding sites, and was reduced to 0.06-0.08 micron in thickness. During Day 5 of pregnancy the thickness of the surface coat was greatly reduced, but there remained uniform lectin binding adjacent to the plasma membrane both at sites of blastocyst attachment and between implantation sites. The results indicate that the luminal epithelium of the mouse uterus acquired RCA-I binding sites during pregnancy and that the thickness of the surface coat was greatly reduced at the time of implantation.

The paths to mental health: An exploratory study of husbands and wives in dual‐career families

Abstract: This exploratory study tried to trace the links among three sets of exogenous variables—individual differences, work and non-work factors—two endogenous variables—job satisfaction and life satisfaction, and the dependent variable, mental health, for husbands and wives in dual-earner families to see if there were differences in the paths for the two groups. Data were collected from 166 non-traditional families and the 332 responses were analysed to establish the links. It was found in this cross-sectional study that, while both job satisfaction and life satisfaction had direct influences on the mental health of the husbands, such was not the case for the wives. For the wives, life satisfaction and two of the exogenous variables—multiple role stress and number of children—had significant direct links to their mental health. The implications of the findings of this exploratory cross-sectional study for future research in the area are discussed.

Technical efficiency of Philippine agriculture

Abstract: (1985). Technical efficiency of Philippine agriculture. Applied Economics: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 205-214.

Sex Differences in Earnings: The Influence of Industrial Sector, Authority Hierarchy, and Human Capital Variables.

Abstract: Industrial sectors and authority hierarchies are examined as an explanation for women's lower earnings compared with men's. Sectoral location and authority position are found to have independent additive effects on earnings; these effects, however, differ by sex. Women are more likely to achieve higher authority positions within the peripheral sector, and men occupy similar authority positions across sectors. Men receive slightly higher benefits from being in the core sector, and although industrial sector and authority position do not interact for either women or men, men receive greater benefits from high authority positions than do women. The additional control for human capital variables did not reduce substantially the female-male earnings gap, but we did find that the human capital variables operate differently for women and men over industrial sectors. Whereas core and periphery men seem to be similarly advantaged and disadvantaged by various human capital variables, these variables are substantial...

Plasma FFA responses to prolonged walking in untrained men and women

Abstract: Gender differences in plasma FFA responses to 90 min of treadmill walking at 35% \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }\)were investigated in six men and six women following an overnight fast. The subjects represented average values for maximal oxygen uptake and body fat percentage for age and gender. Mean plasma FFA concentration at 45 and 90 min of exercise were significantly (P<0.05) higher for women (0.82 mmol·l−01, 0.88 mmol·l−01) than men (0.42 mmol·l−01, 0.59 mmol·l−1). Lower R values for women throughout the exercise period indicated a greater percentage fat in total metabolism than for men while the FFA/glycerol results supported greater lipolytic activity for women. The uniformity of percent fat in metabolism for women from rest to exercise showed that FFA release from adipose tissue increased rapidly with the onset of exercise which was not the case for men. Comparison of metabolic data as well as a statistical analysis (ANCOVA) controlling for the influence of \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }\)and percentage body fat on FFA plasma concentration suggested that gender differences in FFA responses to prolonged submaximal exercise can be expected to occur in untrained subjects.

Skill level, vision, and proprioception in simple one-hand catching.

Abstract: Two experiments examined the interaction of vision and articular proprioception in simple one-hand catching. In Experiment 1 (N = 18) skilled baseball and Softball players used the left and right hands to catch slowly moving tennis balls, while Experiment 2(N = 16) used novice catchers as subjects. In half the trials, sight of the catching hand was prevented by placing a screen alongside the subjects’ face. Results of Experiment 1 revealed that the screen caused minimal disruption of the positioning phase of the catch, with moderate disruption of the grasping phase. However, for the unskilled subjects of Experiment 2, the screen caused considerable disruption of positioning. The data provide only minimal support for Smyth and Marriott’s (1982) contention that limb position is inadequately specified by articular proprioception. It is argued that skill level serves as a mediator in the ability to use proprioception for limb positioning, but vision appears necessary to control the precise temporal organizati...

A computerized interactive technique for mapping influence diagrams (MIND)

Abstract: A computerized interactive technique for mapping influence diagrams is presented. The technique can be used to elicit influence diagrams for large, complex business policy and planning problems, to map the diagrams, to encode more information in the diagrams than is possible with traditional techniques, and to do so systematically and efficiently. The technique can reduce the cognitive strain associated with mapping influence diagrams. At the same time it can improve the efficiency of interpretation and use of the diagrams.

The feminist critique and a decade of published research in sociology journals

Abstract: In the mid to early 1970s feminist writers raised four major criticisms about sociological research on women and expressed concern about the related issue of the discipline's treatment of women soc...

In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina

Abstract: Burton traces the evolution of Edgefield County from the antebellum period through Reconstruction and beyond. From amassed information on every household in this large rural community, he tests the many generalizations about southern black and white families of this period and finds that they were strikingly similar. Wealth, rather than race or class, was the main factor that influenced family structure, and the matriarchal family was but a myth.

Prevention of recurrent spontaneous abortions by leukocyte transfusions.

Abstract: One hundred and thirty-nine couples referred because of recurrent abortions with no obvious cause were assessed for genetic similarity using the HLA major histocompatibility system. Comparison with 103 fertile control couples demonstrated that a much higher proportion of couples in the abortion group shared two or more HLA antigens. Using this criterion, 44 wives out of the 139 couples referred, when compared with a child-bearing group, appeared to share a greater than expected number of histocompatibility antigens and were therefore considered suitable for treatment. Twenty-eight wives have received treatment with white cell infusions from erythrocyte-compatible donors and so far they have delivered 17 babies plus 2 second babies. Another 3 wives are pregnant beyond their previous dates for abortions (1 first and 2 second pregnancies). There have been 5 failures (4 first pregnancy and 1 second pregnancy); one of these was treated a second time and has now successfully delivered. Seven couples are awaiting conception. Of the patients who have become pregnant, 81.5% have had successful deliveries. No adverse transfusion reactions have been observed.

On linear Volterra equations in Banach spaces

Abstract: In this paper we present the basic theory for a class of Volterra differential-integral equations of convolution type in Banach spaces. We show that existence of resolvent operator for such an equation is equivalent to its wellposedness, and we obtain a Hille-Yosida theorem. Unfortunately, this result is not easy to apply and therefore it is important to have peturbation theorems available. We present a result of this type which also contains an existence theorem, and show by means of several examples that it cannot be improved.

Correlations of narcissistic traits with defensive style, machiavellianism, and empathy

Abstract: Etude de la validite de l'inventaire de la personnalite narcissique de Raskin et Hall (1979) chez 97 etudiants a partir de ses correlations avec des mesures du style defensif, du machiavelisme et de l'empathie

Dose-response studies on male reproductive parameters in dogs with nafarelin acetate, a potent LHRH agonist.

Abstract: Adult male beagle dogs were administered daily subcutaneous injections of either 05 or 20 micrograms/kg of a potent LHRH agonist, nafarelin acetate, for 44 days Although there was a rise in the circulating levels of the gonadotropins and of testosterone following the early injections of agonist, continued treatment caused a marked decline in acute response and basal levels of both LH and testosterone and smaller decreases in the acute FSH response The decline in LH and testosterone was accompanied by decreases in testicular volume, ejaculated sperm count, sperm motility, ejaculate volume, and duration of ejaculation The decline in these parameters was more rapid at 20 micrograms/kg than at 05 micrograms/kg The profile of responses to 20 micrograms/kg could be superimposed on that previously shown for the injection of 100 micrograms/kg At the end of treatment, prostate weights were 36% and 68% of vehicle-treated controls for high- and low-dose animals, respectively Spermatogenesis was absent in the testes of all agonist-treated animals Over the dose range tested, the dose-response on all parameters was characterized by a slower evolution to the same maximal effect, rather than by a partial effect If these data can be extrapolated to man, they would suggest that administration of higher dose levels of LHRH agonists than presently reported should be explored

On the distribution of the studentized maximum of equally correlated normal random variables

Abstract: Let X1,…X,k have a joint k-variate normal distribution with zero means, common unknown varianceσ2and known correla- tion matrix (ρij) where ρi j = ρ for all i ≠ j. Let s2 be distributed independently of the X1 such that vs2/σ2 has a chisquared distribution with v degrees of freedom. New tables with wider coverage and more accuracy than the previously published ones are given for the percentage points of . Some basic theoretical results are given in Section.