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Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1986"


Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of the sociolinguistics and the Sociology of Language Methodological Concerns in the context of Pidgin to Creole and beyond.
Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction Knowledge of Language Variation Language and Society Sociolinguistics and the Sociology of Language Methodological Concerns Overview Further Reading Part I: Languages and Communities: 2. Languages, Dialects, and Varieties Language or Dialect? Standardization Regional Dialects Social Dialects Styles, Registers, and Beliefs Further Reading 3. Pidgins and Creoles Lingua Francas Definitions Distribution and Characteristics Origins From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond Further Reading 4. Codes Diglossia Bilingualism and Multilingualism Code-Switching Accommodation Further Reading 5. Speech Communities Definitions Intersecting Communities Networks and Repertoires Further Reading Part II: Inherent Variety: 6. Language Variation Regional Variation The Linguistic Variable Social Variation Data Collection and Analysis Further Reading 7. Some Findings and Issues An Early Study New York City Norwich and Reading A Variety of Studies Belfast Controversies Further Reading 8. Change The Traditional View Some Changes in Progress The Process of Change Further Reading Part III: Words at Work: 9. Words and Culture Whorf Kinship Taxonomies Color Prototypes Taboo and Euphemism Further Reading 10. Ethnographies Varieties of Talk The Ethnography of Speaking Ethnomethodology Further Reading 11. Solidarity and Politeness Tu and Vous Address Terms Politeness Further Reading 12. Talk and Action Speech Acts Cooperation Conversation Further Reading Part IV: Understanding and Intervening: 13. Gender Differences Possible Explanations Further Reading 14. Disadvantage Codes Again African American English Consequences for Education Further Reading 15. Planning Issues A Variety of Situations Further Examples Winners and Losers Further Reading 16. Conclusion References Index

2,182 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relative contribution of eight variables in predicting responsible environmental behavior and found that seven of the variables were statistically significant, including the level of environmental sensitivity, perceived knowledge of environmental action strategies, perceived skill in using environmental actions, psychological sex role classification, individual locus of control and attitude toward pollution.
Abstract: In this study, we examined the relative contribution of eight variables in predicting responsible environmental behavior. Scores on a validated behavior instrument served as the criterion. High and low behavior groups selected from 171 respondents were compared using members of midwestern Sierra Clubs and Elderhostel programs as subjects. Multilinear regression analyses were used to determine the performance of each predictor variable and to ascertain the most parsimonious set of variables that predicts environmental behavior. Seven of eight variables were found to be statistically significant. They were: (1) level of environmental sensitivity, (2) perceived knowledge of environmental action strategies, (3) perceived skill in using environmental action strategies, (4) psychological sex role classification, (5) individual locus of control, (6) group locus of control, and (7) attitude toward pollution. The one nonsignificant variable was (8) belief in technology. Stepwise regression showed that the...

362 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article reviewed previous theoretical statements about the nature of leisure experience, described a theory of leisure experiences, and reviewed research evidence bearing on the theory, and suggested a catalyst to stimulate and direct future research regarding the subjective experiences of persons engaged in leisure and the role these experiences play in shaping them as persons.
Abstract: This paper reviews previous theoretical statements about the nature of leisure experience, describes a theory of leisure experience, and reviews research evidence bearing on the theory. Researchable postulates are stated regarding the nature of leisure experience and the leisure state, the conditions necessary to experience leisure and the leisure state, and the effects on the individual of experiencing leisure and the leisure state. This theory is suggested as a catalyst to stimulate and direct future research regarding the subjective experiences of persons engaged in leisure and the role these experiences play in shaping them as persons.

329 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a strategic view of environmental uncertainty for profit-oriented organizations, and argue that managers make decisions that sometimes result in the aggressive creation of environmental uncertainties.
Abstract: This paper presents a strategic view of environmental uncertainty for profit-oriented organizations. It argues that managers make decisions that sometimes result in the aggressive creation of environmental uncertainty. A proposed model suggests that although strategy, structure, and performance constitute environmental enactment processes, the environment also directly influences organization performance. Further, the performance of others influences the environment through individual and collective actions.

268 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the Farrell framework, overall efficiency (OE) can be decomposed into two multiplicative components, allocative efficiency (AE) and technical efficiency (TE), respectively as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: After a twenty year lull, the measurement of productive efficiency is enjoying a revival. In particular, the index of efficiency developed by Debreu (I95i) and later utilised by Farrell (I957) has received considerable attention. These measures have been used fairly extensively in empirical work in both the operations research and economic literature. These types of indexes have also appeared in the growing literature on testing for regularity conditions in production (e.g. in Afriat, I972; Diewert and Parkan, I983; and Varian, 1984). Since the Farrell-type measure is the focus in this paper, a brief review is useful. In the Farrell framework, overall efficiency (OE) can be decomposed into two multiplicative components, allocative efficiency (AE) and technical efficiency (TE);

235 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hypothesis that tonic and some types of clonic convulsions can occur independently of seizure discharge in forebrain structures, whereas clonus restricted to the face and forelimbs depends on seizure discharge emanating from structures within the forebrain for expression is supported.

231 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of environmental controls when these are viewed as restricting disposal of outputs are modeled as a function of the relative productive efficiency of firms using restricted and unrestricted technologies.

185 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: High repetitive motions involving extreme wrist positions, especially flexion and ulnar deviation while grasping, are predominant in meat cutting and probably contribute to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome in this industry.
Abstract: A retrospective study was done to determine why a meat packing plant in Illinois had such an unusually high incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome In the past 12 years, 148% of employees at this plant have had a carpal tunnel release Only two of 117 patients remained unimproved at an average follow-up of 374 months The most consistent result after release was relief of the paroxysmal attacks of burning pain and paresthesia Weakness of grip was the most significant postoperative complaint in 78% Highly repetitive motions involving extreme wrist positions, especially flexion and ulnar deviation while grasping, are predominant in meat cutting and probably contribute to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome in this industry Previous reports of industrial carpal tunnel syndrome have not approached the incidence identified in this study Patient awareness and Workers' Compensation benefits may account for the high numbers seeking treatment

148 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a 20-item self-report measure of network orientation is presented, which measures the individual's willingness to utilize his or her social support resources, and the measure showed good validity with respect to a range of social support criterion measures.
Abstract: A construct in social support that has received relatively little attention is network orientation: the individual's willingness to utilize his or her social support resources. This construct and a 20-item self-report measure of it are presented. Data from five samples, including four samples of somewhat heterogeneous students and one sample of community adults, were used to assess the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument showed good internal consistency and showed excellent stability in the community sample, but not in the student samples. The measure showed good validity with respect to a range of social support criterion measures, somewhat good validity with respect to personal characteristics, and somewhat poor validity with respect to coping and self-disclosure criteria. It was proposed that individuals who have social support resources but do not use them may be an important focus for interventions.

147 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a buried late-precambrian rift was found to have been reactivated by compressional or tensional stresses related to plate tectonic interactions and was interpreted from gravity, magnetic, seismic refraction, seismic reflection and stratigraphic studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of inferences about the trajectory of a single projectile point is explored, based on the assumption that the point is only the partial remnants of a complex projectile delivery system.
Abstract: Although often treated as complete cultural entities, projectile points are only the partial remnants of complex projectile delivery systems. The problem explored in this paper is the inferences th...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest an important neuromodulatory role for galanin in the enteric nervous system and significantly depressed the ACh release evoked by electrical stimulation or caused by VIP and substance P.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Grain boundary cavitation in Type 304 stainless steel under creep loading was investigated in this article, where the correlation between cavity density and boundary structure was characterized by high voltage electron microscopy and Kikuchi patterns.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Serum levels of LH and testosterone (T), LHRH or LH antibody titers, as well as testicular and accessory sex gland weights and histology were determined, and immunization had no effect on average daily gain, hot carcass weights or loin eye area.
Abstract: Forty crossbred boars were equally divided into eight groups at birth. Four groups were immunized (200 micrograms/boar) at 12 wk of age against either luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) conjugated to human serum globulin (LHRH-hSG) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), LHRH-hSG in muramyldipeptide adjuvant (PEP), procine luteinizing hormone (LH) conjugated to hSG (pLH-hSG) in CFA or ovine LH (oLH) in CFA. Equal doses of boosters were given in either PEP or incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) at 16 and 18 wk of age. Two groups of boars were immunized with either hSG + CFA or hSG + PEP (adjuvant controls). Two groups were castrated either at the time of weaning (castrate weaning) or at 16 wk when immunized boars were given their first booster injections (castrate booster). All pigs were slaughtered at 24 wk of age. Serum levels of LH and testosterone (T), LHRH or LH antibody titers, as well as testicular and accessory sex gland weights and histology were determined. By wk 16, LHRH antibody titers began to rise in those boars immunized against LHRH-hSG. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antibody titers on wk 18, 20 and 22 were greater than those at wk 16. By 22 wk of age, LHRH-hSG boars had non-detectable plasma LH and T and reduced weights of testes and acessory sex glands. Boars immunized against oLH did not respond to treatment, whereas pLH-hSG boars showed a reduction in serum T levels and accessory sex gland weights. Immunization had no effect on average daily gain, hot carcass weights or loin eye area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A theory on the place of origin and time of domestication of these ancient cultivars is given in the conclusions of this paper.
Abstract: Preserved remains of manioc(Manihot) from 6 archaeological sites in the Casma Valley of Peru are illustrated and described. The combined collections from these sites total 197 pieces of root, 32 bark fragments, 22 pieces of stem, 4 capsules, and 2 leaf twigs. Based on radiocarbon assays, the specimens range in age from 1800 B.C. to A.D. 1532. This collection of sweet manioc is unique for its age, number, and wealth of different plant parts. A theory on the place of origin and time of domestication of these ancient cultivars is given in the conclusions of this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared high school students' knowledge of and participation in responsible environmental behaviors after participation in a six-day residential environmental education workshop and found that those receiving the issue awareness instruction failed to demonstrate an increase in their level of knowledge of environmental action and did not report participating in a significantly greater number of environmental behaviors.
Abstract: High school students' knowledge of and participation in responsible environmental behaviors were compared after participation in a six-day residential environmental education workshop. One treatment group received instruction, for the most part at the awareness level, in environmental issues while the other group received instruction, also at the awareness level, in both environmental issues and action strategies. The results showed that those students receiving the issue awareness instruction failed to demonstrate an increase in their level of knowledge of environmental action and did not report participating in a significantly greater number of environmental behaviors. However, those students receiving instruction in both environmental issues and action strategies did demonstrate an increased level of knowledge of environmental action and reported participating in a greater number of environmental behaviors. Educational implications are also discussed.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present research demonstrates the effect of a less cumbersome intervention to reduce home safety hazards in three families being treated for child abuse and neglect.
Abstract: Home safety is a problem associated with child neglect. Previous attempts to remediate home safety problems within the context of an ecobehavioral approach to treating child abuse and neglect involved considerable counselor involvement. The present research demonstrates the effect of a less cumbersome intervention to reduce home safety hazards in three families being treated for child abuse and neglect. A multiple-baseline design across safety hazards within families and across each family was used to evaluate the effects of the treatment program. Social validation data from two of the families indicated satisfaction with the program.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended the application of optimal foraging theory to horticultural economies and used the Machiguenga population of southeastern Peru as a test case.
Abstract: This paper extends the application of optimal foraging theory to horticultural economies. The Machiguenga, a native Amazonian population of southeastern Peru, are used as a test case. The results demonstrate the theory's utility in structuring questions and predicting the outcome of horticultural production. By extending the range of foraging theory the evolution of subsistence strategies from hunting-gathering to agriculture can be examined in quantitative terms. The evolutionary sequence is illustrated with a hypothetical population. Additional insights are gained when the theory is used to structure specific production decisions. Disagreements concerning the scarcity of protein in Amazonian economies are shown to be a consequence of the measurement units employed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The evolution of limited neoteny in newts as a correlated response to the inhibition of land‐drive behavior is discussed and the ontogenetic sequence of cranial osteogenesis through adulthood is described.
Abstract: 62901 ABSTRACT The ontogenetic sequence of cranial osteogenesis through adulthood is described in samples of newts from completely metamorphosing and partially neotenic populations. Cranial ossification proceeds in the same sequence in both samples. Seven stages of cranial development are described on the basis of conspicuous events that occur during ontogeny. These include four larval stages, metamorphs, efts, and adults. Neotenic adults have skulls that are metamorphosed completely and indistinguishable from the skulls of non-neotenic adults. Neoteny in these newts does not involve the skull and is limited to the postmetamorphic retention of some gill structures and, thus, is termed "limited neoteny." The evolution of limited neoteny in newts as a correlated response to the inhibition of land-drive behavior is discussed. Adult cranial osteology has played an im- portant role in the classification of salaman- ders (notably, Cope, 1889; Dunn, '26; Noble, '31; Regal, '66; Tihen, '58; Wake, '66; Wake and Ozeti, '69). Many previous studies have detailed aspects of cranial structure and on- togeny, and related them to ecological spe- cializations and metamorphosis (Fox, '54; Monath, '65; Papendieck, '54; Parker and Dunn, '64; Regal, '66; Srinivasachar, '62; Worthington and Wake, '71; and references therein). Because neoteny (Pierce and Smith, '79) occurs in all families of urodeles (Porter, '721, meaningful comparisons of adult cranial structures are sometimes difficult to achieve. Likewise, because of differences in larval on- togeny, comparisons of larval cranial struc- tures are also difficult to use (Larsen, '63). Comparisons of complete ontogenetic se- quences can provide a better basis from which to group salamander taxa and to inter- pret the ontogenetic details of neoteny and metamorphosis that are needed to support theoretic models relating ontogeny to ph;-Lg- eny (Alberch et al., '79; Alberch, '85; Fink, '82). Nevertheless, whole sequences of skull development have been described for only seven species of salamanders (Salamandra salamandra, Stadtmuller, '24; Eurycea bisli- neata, Wilder, '25; Triturus vulgaris, Erd- mann, '33; Ambystoma mexicanum, Keller, '46; Ambystoma texanum, Bonebrake and Brandon, '71; Rhyacotriton olympicus, Wor- thington and Wake, '71; and Aneides lugub ris, Wake et al., '83).


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the fate of vegetation as three rural landscapes (each 25km 2 ) in southeastern Wisconsin were urbanized was investigated using a spatial data base with time series of land use and vegetal cover for 1937, 1963 and 1975.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two types of filaments were observed within the subacrosomal space of rat spermatids and were characterized as actin by demonstration of actin filament affinity for myosin S-1 subfragments and a much thicker type of filamentous structure was observed.
Abstract: Two types of filaments were observed within the subacrosomal space of rat spermatids. The first of these types was characterized as actin by demonstration of actin filament affinity for myosin S-1 subfragments. Actin filaments were noted in the subacrosomal space shortly after the acrosomal sac made contact with the nucleus. As the acrosome increased its surface area contact with the spermatid nucleus, the number of layers of subacrosomal filaments increased. Pre-treatment with detergent, which in addition to permeablizing cells to allow entry of S-1, also caused the acrosome to vesiculate and the subacrosomal space to widen. In such preparations filaments were more easily visualized and appeared to extend between the nuclear and acrosomal membranes, indicating, but not proving, attachment to these membranes. During spermatid clongation, the number of actin filaments in the subacrosomal space increased greatly, especially over the dorsal convex region of the spermatid head. The polarity of the majority of filaments was not ascertainable since filaments were tightly packed within the narrow subacrosomal space. In late spermiogenesis (steps 18 and 19), actin filaments were no longer detected within the subacrosomal space. A second and much thicker type of filamentous structure was observed in the subacrosomal space of spermatids at steps 14-17 of spermiogenesis. About 14 nm in diameter (10-15 nm measurement range depending on fixation protocol utilized), these filaments did not decorate with myosin S-1 subfragments and were found in subacrosomal regions not containing actin. Fourteen nanometer filaments were seen in parallel array along the ventral folded portion of the nuclear membrane and extended partially around the nucleus. Like actin filaments. 14 nm filaments were not seen in the subacrosomal space during late spermiogenesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1986-Stroke
TL;DR: Although TIA and stroke patients with negative arteriograms have a high incidence of abnormalities on ECG and 2DE, the percentage of patients with EA is low, and cardiac history and ECG identify most patients, 2DE provides little additional information.
Abstract: Sixty-five consecutive patients with recent unequivocal TIA (33) or stroke (32), but nondiagnostic arteriograms, had two-dimensional echocardiograms (2DE) and electrocardiograms (ECG) to determine the incidence of cardiac abnormalities which could cause embolic stroke. Abnormalities were classified according to increasing probability of causing an embolic event: non-specific, possible emboligenic abnormality (PEA) or definite emboligenic abnormality (EA). Although 2DE was abnormal in 33 patients (51%), and ECG in 38 (59%), many abnormalities were nonspecific. Only four patients (6%) had EA on ECG and two (3%) on 2DE. Since one patient had EA on both tests, 2DE identified only one patient (mitral valve prolapse) not already identified by ECG. All patients with EA had a prior history of cardiac disease. PEA was present on ECG in 11 patients (17%), and on 2DE in 25 (38%). There was no correlation between age, CT results, or neurologic symptoms commonly associated with embolic stroke and the presence of EA or PEA on ECG or 2DE. Although TIA and stroke patients with negative arteriograms have a high incidence of abnormalities on ECG and 2DE, the percentage of patients with EA is low, and cardiac history and ECG identify most patients. 2DE provides little additional information.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the structures restricting the movement of large macromolecules across the PDZ from blood vessels to the embryo may include discontinuous tight junctions, membrane interdigitations, and amorphous intercellular material.
Abstract: The rat primary decidual zone (PDZ) is a transitory, avascular region of transformed fibroblasts surrounding the implanting embryo. Tracer studies have indicated that the PDZ is selectively permeable to macromolecules, permeability decreasing with increasing molecular weight of the tracer. To clarify the morphological basis of the permeability barrier, we have studied the ultrastructure of the PDZ with particular emphasis on the intercellular features and cellular junctions. The cells of the PDZ were large and tightly packed; their apposed membranes showed extensive interdigitations in some regions, but elsewhere they were relatively straight. Tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomelike junctions were observed between decidual cells. The tight junctions usually consisted of one or two points of membrane fusion, and they were oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the PDZ. These junctions were frequently associated with gap junctions. Scattered pockets of dilated extracellular space between decidual cells contained collagen fibrils and an amorphous, dense material. These extracellular components were also sequestered by the decidual cells in deep invaginations of the cell surface that were continuous with the extracellular space. Decidual cells also exhibited flangelike processes that penetrated the basal laminae of the adjacent epithelium and capillary endothelium. Our present observations indicate that decidual cells are connected by tight junctions, and a previous study demonstrated that macromolecules up to 40 kDa readily cross the PDZ; hence, the tight junctions appear to be discontinuous. We suggest that the structures restricting the movement of large macromolecules (66 kDa and larger) across the PDZ from blood vessels to the embryo may include discontinuous tight junctions, membrane interdigitations, and amorphous intercellular material.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a unified theory of periodicity of dissipative ordinary and functional differential equations in terms of uniform boundedness is discussed, and sufficient conditions for the uniform boundedess are given by means of Liapunov functionals having a weighted norm as an upper bound.
Abstract: We discuss a unified theory of periodicity of dissipative ordinary and functional differential equations in terms of uniform boundedness. Sufficient conditions for the uniform boundedness are given by means of Liapunov functionals having a weighted norm as an upper bound. The theory is developed for ordinary differential equations, equations with bounded delay, and equations with infinite delay.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, child victims of a lightning strike were interviewed to assess their attributions for the incident and to judge the degree of their emotional upset and symptomatology following the tragedy.
Abstract: Child victims of a lightning strike were interviewed to assess their attributions for the incident and to judge the degree of their emotional upset and symptomatology following the tragedy. Those who made any attribution were significantly more upset than those who made no attribution for the incident. Anecdotal data suggest that self-blaming attributions were made by those adults who, by virtue of their roles, had an opportunity to feel more responsibility for the incident; and these were the adults who seemed most emotionally upset (symptomatic) after the incident. The results have importance for the concept of "need for meaning" and for the issue of "when do people make attributions?"

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether 80 college women, grouped according to their scores on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS; J. T. Spence, R. Helmreich, & J. E. Stapp 1973 Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 219-220), were differentially affected by a videotape career intervention.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1986-Fuel
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured gasification rates of a Texas lignite char, having calcium contents varying from 1.1 to 12.9 wt%, in air, steam, CO 2, and H 2.