Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1988"
TL;DR: The independence of delta epsilon N-U on denaturant supports the linear extension of pre- and postdenaturational base lines into the transition zone, allowing evaluation of unfolding equilibrium constants based on the two-state assumption.
Abstract: Characteristics and properties of the unfolding free energy change, delta G degrees N-U, as determined by the linear extrapolation method are assessed for the unfolding of phenylmethanesulfonyl chymotrypsin (PMS-Ct). Difference spectral measurements at 293 nm were used to define PMS-Ct unfolding brought about with guanidinium chloride, urea, and 1,3-dimethylurea. All three denaturants were shown to give identical extinction coefficient differences (delta epsilon N-U) between native and unfolded forms of the protein in the limit of zero concentration of denaturant. The independence of delta epsilon N-U on denaturant supports the linear extension of pre- and postdenaturational base lines into the transition zone, allowing evaluation of unfolding equilibrium constants based on the two-state assumption. An expression, based on the linear extrapolation method, was used to provide estimates of delta G degrees N-U for the three denaturants using nonlinear least-squares fitting of the primary data, delta epsilon versus [denaturant]. The three delta G degrees N-U values were identical, within error, suggesting that the free energy change is a property of the protein system and independent of denaturant. It is suggested that the error in delta G degrees N-U determined from use of the linear extrapolation method is significantly larger than commonly reported in the literature.
1,549 citations
TL;DR: Sagittal plane biomechanical and EMG analyses from eight below knee (B/K) amputee trials demonstrate considerably modified motor patterns from the residual muscles at the hip and knee as discussed by the authors.
512 citations
TL;DR: The linear extrapolation method was used to evaluate the unfolding free energy changes (delta G degrees N-U) for phenylmethanesulfonyl chymotrypsin and found that they are characteristic properties of the protein alone.
Abstract: The linear extrapolation method was used to evaluate the unfolding free energy changes (delta G degrees N-U) for phenylmethanesulfonyl chymotrypsin (PMS-Ct) at pH 6.0. The nonlinear least-squares fits of difference spectral data using urea and guanidinium chloride as denaturants gave identical values for delta G degrees N-U and delta epsilon degrees U, the latter being extinction coefficient differences between native and unfolded forms of the protein in the limit of zero concentration of denaturant. The independence of these parameters from the nature of solvent suggests strongly that they are characteristic properties of the protein alone. The delta G degrees N-U data at pH 6.0 and 4.0, which differ by more than 100-fold in stability of the protein, were incorporated into a thermodynamic cycle involving free energy changes for titration of native and unfolded PMS-Ct from pH 4.0 to 6.0. The purpose of the cycle was to test whether delta G degrees N-U obtained by use of the linear extrapolation method exhibits the characteristics required of a thermodynamic function of state. Within error, the thermodynamic cycle was found to accommodate the delta G degrees N-U quantities obtained at pH 4.0 and 6.0 for PMS-Ct.
304 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a rigorous analysis of the MP2 and MP3 supermolecular treatments in terms of the perturbation theory of intermolecules forces.
Abstract: This paper presents the first rigorous analysis of the MP2 and MP3 supermolecular treatments in terms of the perturbation theory of intermolecular forces. In order to connect the two formalisms the MP energies are first expanded in terms of an auxiliary double-perturbation theory in spirit similar to the one proposed by Sadlej (1980, Molec. Phys., 39, 1249). In the next step, each term of this expansion is related to the perturbation theory of intermolecular interactions in the formulation of Szalewicz and Jeziorski (1979, Molec. Phys., 38, 191). Although the formal analysis neglects intermolecular exchange effects, a generalization of the final results is proposed so as to accommodate exchange effects. The supermolecular MP2 interaction energy contains the second-order intrasystem correlation correction to the Coulomb energy, in addition to the UCHF dispersion. The supermolecular MP3 term additionally involves the following: first-order intrasystem (apparent) correlation correction to the second-order UC...
297 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a nonparametric frontier approach to measure the technical efficiency of a sample of U.S. banks and found that most of this inefficiency is due to pure technical inefficiency rather than scale inefficiency.
236 citations
TL;DR: The authors conducted an exploratory study comparing the perceptions of management control systems (MCS) which are held by U.S. and Japanese workers and found that Japanese workers are more aware of the presence of the controls as their American counterparts.
Abstract: This paper reports the results of an exploratory study comparing the perceptions of management control systems (MCS) which are held by U.S. and Japanese workers. It is argued that because of the shared values and norms present in the Japanese culture and the valuation of cooperation by that culture, the bureaucratic procedures will be fewer in Japanese firms. However, it is hypothesized that the Japanese workers will be as aware of the presence of the controls as their U.S. counterparts. Thus, the less bureaucratic MCS's will be perceived to be as explicit by Japanese workers as the more bureaucratic MCS is by U.S. workers. Subject to all the caveats for exploratory research, the findings are encouraging to those who argue that culture affects control.
229 citations
Louisiana State University1, University of Louisville2, University of Missouri3, Texas Southern University4, Massachusetts Institute of Technology5, University of Maryland, College Park6, Portland State University7, Winston-Salem State University8, Southern Illinois University Carbondale9, Georgia State University10, Albemarle Corporation11, University of Iowa12
TL;DR: This review covers literature indexed by Chemical Abstracts from January, 1985, Vol 102, issue 1, through October 1987, Vol.
Abstract: As you may have already noted, this year introduces a new set of authors for this fundamental review. As new authors, they hope that they can do as accurate a job as did their predecessor, Professor Earl Wehry, of the University of Tennessee. The format for this review follows the basic outline used by Professor Wehry, with some modifications. They have condensed several sections and eliminated the section on gas-phase chemiluminescence. The primary areas of emphasis including advances in experimental techniques, developments in instrumentation, and applications for chemical analysis, remain the same. To keep the review at a reasonable length, they have not included articles that are only peripherally related to analytical chemistry or those that represent straightforward extensions or demonstrations of previously published research. In this first issue, it is likely that they have made some errors of omission, and they request your assistance in identifying any obvious errors. They have tried to be conscientious in surveying the literature and have also surveyed individual researchers in the field. This review covers literature indexed by Chemical Abstracts from January, 1985, Vol. 102, issue 1, through October 1987, Vol. 107, issue 16. Accordingly, there will be some overlap between this reviewmore » and Professor Wehry's last review.« less
213 citations
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: Learning can be described from various perspectives as mentioned in this paper, including experiential, behavioral, and neurological, and it can be classified into three main types: experientially, behavioral and neurological.
Abstract: It seems appropriate to begin a book entitled Learning Strategies and Learning Styles with definitions of the terms style, strategy, and most basically, learning. Clarification of the meanings of these and other terms and important distinctions drawn between them will prepare the way for the remainder of the text. Learning can be described from various perspectives. I discuss three: the experiential, the behavioral, and the neurological.
152 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a set of axioms which a desirable solution should satisfy and the proportional solution is the only solution to satisfy these axiomatizations are provided. But these studies do not give a satisfactory answer to the question why the proportional solutions are the most widely used.
139 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this paper examined gender differences in body image and its relationship to depression-proneness and self-esteem, and found a pervasive preoccupation with weight and appearance for both men and women.
Abstract: Gender differences in body image and related correlates have received increasing attention in recent psychological research. The purposes of the present study were to further examine gender differences in body image and its relationship to depression-proneness and self-esteem. The Body Cathexis Scale, the Depression-Proneness Inventory, the Janis-Field Feelings of Inadequacy Scale, and a background questionnaire were administered to 176 female and male undergraduates at a small Midwestern college. Responses were analyzed by gender and by participants' perceived and actual weight. Findings were consistent with sociocultural messages, and showed a pervasive preoccupation with weight and appearance for both men and women. The importance of considering weight, environment, and other demographic data when studying body image is discussed.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is speculated that resinite and related macerals might play an especially important role in petroleum expulsion, as evidenced by their high genetic potential and their inherent capability of saturating the source rock pore system.
TL;DR: The problem of distributed detection involving N sensors is considered and the serial scheme has a performance better than or equal to the parallel fusion scheme analyzed in the literature.
Abstract: The problem of distributed detection involving N sensors is considered. The configuration of sensors is serial in the sense that the Jth sensor decides using the decision it receives along with its own observation. When each sensor uses the Neyman-Pearson test, the probability of detection is maximized for a given probability of false alarm, at the Nth stage. With two sensors, the serial scheme has a performance better than or equal to the parallel fusion scheme analyzed in the literature. Numerical examples illustrate the global optimization by the selection of operating thresholds at the sensors. >
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: It is hypothesized that tubulobulbar complexes are devices that rid the cells of ES-associated junctional links to effect dissociation of the spermatid from the Sertoli cell during spermiation.
Abstract: Cytochalasin D (CD) was used to perturb actin filaments of the Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization (ES)-a cytoskeletal complex of the Sertoli cell related to spermatids. CD (500 fiM for 6 h) produced a loss of 88% of the ES facing the head region of early (Step 8) elongating spermatids as compared to vehicle (dimethylsu1foxide:saline) controls. Nitrobenzoxadiazole-phallacidin staining of F-actin revealed a CD-related loss of uniform fluorescence over the head of elongated spermatids. To examine for a possible relationship between the presence of actin and cell attachment at ES sites, hypertonic fixatives were introduced to provoke cell shrinkage and stress ES-associated junctions. After osmotic stress, cell-to-cell adhesion at ES sites remained intact in vehicle-treated animals. CD treatment caused Sertoli cells to separate from elongating spermatids at sites where ES had been lost from the Sertoli cell surface. It is suggested that actin of the ES plays a role in cell-to-cell interaction analogous to its possible role at the Sertoli cell barrier. In CD-treated animals, structures resembling tubulobulbar complexes frequently developed at sites where ES was lost, suggesting that the loss of ES has a facilitatory role in tubulobulbar complex formation. It is hypothesized that tubulobulbar complexes are devices that rid the cells of ES-associated junctional links to effect dissociation of the spermatid from the Sertoli cell during spermiation. Spermatids at Step 8 of development are known to become oriented with their acrosomes facing the base of the Sertoli cell. After CD treatment, a 5.8-fold increase in malorientation of Step 8 spermatids was noted. A role for the ES cytoskeletal complex in orienting the spermatid acrosome toward the basal aspect of the Sertoli cell is also suggested.
TL;DR: This article used direct observation to investigate the relationship between audience characteristics and the verbal self-presentational behaviors of 34 school principals, and found that the principals presented themselves differently with high and low status, familiar and unfamiliar, and internal and external audiences.
Abstract: This study used direct observation to investigate the relationship between audience characteristics and the verbal self-presentational behaviors of 34 school principals. The results revealed that the principals presented themselves differently with high- and low-status, familiar and unfamiliar, and internal and external audiences. Differences in the principals' self-presentations during dyadic and group interactions were also observed. The implications of these findings for research on impression management behaviors and management theory are considered.
01 Jun 1988
TL;DR: The binding energies decrease in the order (HF) 2 > HF 3 and (HCl 2 > HCl 2, and correlation plays an increasingly larger role as each HF is replaced by HCl, contributing 2 3 of the total binding energy as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The title complexes are studied by ab initio methods using double-ζ basis sets augmented by diffuse sp and two sets of polarization functions The binding energies decrease in the order (HF) 2 > HF…HCl > (HCl) 2 , all of which form pseudolinear H bonds While not important for (HF) 2 , correlation plays an increasingly larger role as each HF is replaced by HCl, contributing 2 3 of the total binding energy of (HCl) 2 (HF) 3 and (HCl) 3 are both C 3h cyclic and exhibit cooperativity, particularly (HF) 3 ; correlation appears to be negligible in the three-body nonadditive interaction energies The red shift of the HF stretch in (HF) 3 is nearly twice as great as in the dimer while little enhancement is observed in the HCl analogues The other two observable bands in the trimers are of fairly high intensity and correspond to an out-of-plane and in-plane bend The intermolecular stretching modes in the dimers and trimers are of very low intensity A clear relationship is noted between the intermolecular frequencies and the strength of the interaction
TL;DR: Results revealed that the women with a history of sexual abuse had significantly more frequent complaints of a variety of medical problems, some of which, such as pelvic pain, have been noted in previous literature, and some ofWhich represent new findings.
Abstract: The previously noted association between a history of childhood sexual abuse and an unusual number of medical complaints in adult women was examined in this study. In total, 60 women, 27 of whom had and 33 of whom had not been sexually abused as children, completed questionnaire measures of their medical complaints. Results revealed that the women with a history of sexual abuse had significantly more frequent complaints of a variety of medical problems, some of which, such as pelvic pain, have been noted in previous literature, and some of which, such as asthma, represent new findings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of variations in the maceral composition of coal, in association with rank, upon reactivity in combustion were examined using a simple reactivity test, and the reactivity ranges for two rank series of single seam coals were determined along with the reactionivity ranges obtained from studying lithotypes of various maceral concentrations of a single coal.
TL;DR: It is concluded that infertility of transgenic female mice with hGH expression is due to activation of the TIDA system, suppression of endogenous PRL release, and luteal deficiency.
Abstract: Introduction of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene fused with mouse metallothionein I promoter into domestic mice leads to ectopic synthesis of hGH, marked stimulation of somatic growth, and female sterility. Transgenic females (produced by mating transgenic males to normal females) mated but failed to become pregnant or pseudopregnant as evidenced by the recurrence of vaginal plugs every 5-7 days. Daily injections of 1 mg progesterone, starting on day 1 postcoitum (p.c.), maintained pregnancy, suggesting that the sterility of these animals is due to inadequate luteal function. In ovariectomized female transgenic mice, median eminence (ME) turnover of dopamine (DA) was increased, and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were reduced, presumably because of the known lactogenic activity of hGH in rodents. From these observations we suspected that either 1) the corpora lutea of these animals are unresponsive to lactogenic hormones, or 2) hGH by stimulating tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons interferes with the increase in PRL release that normally follows mating and this, in turn, leads to luteal failure. To distinguish between these possibilities, transgenic females were treated with PRL-secreting ectopic pituitary transplants from normal females of the same strain on day 1 p.c. Eight of ten treated females became pregnant and delivered litters. We conclude that infertility of transgenic female mice with hGH expression is due to activation of the TIDA system, suppression of endogenous PRL release, and luteal deficiency.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the extent to which bargaining solutions satisfy many monotonicity properties that they do not satisfy in general when applied to economics, and they show that when there is only one good, they do in fact satisfy many non-convex properties.
TL;DR: A consistent pattern emerges indicating a grasping, arboreal quadruped, emphasizing walking and running on horizontal supports with only limited leaping or suspensory activities, and it is suggested that this pattern, with only minor changes, also characterized the earliest euprimates.
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the observable attempts of students to adapt to school, and they reflect both the school environment and the students themselves, making up of unique past experiences and unique styles of perceiving and thinking.
Abstract: The way we go about accomplishing learning will of course depend upon what we conceive of learning to be. I begin this concluding chapter by discussing definitions of learning. Then, I deal with the approaches students take to the task of learning in school. Approaches are the observable attempts of students to adapt to school, and they reflect both the school environment and the students themselves—individuals made up of unique past experiences and unique styles of perceiving and thinking. I consider some of the variables that contribute to the individuality of the student, including motives, self-concepts, and cognitive styles. I end by considering ways of improving learning, but since we can do little to change personality and cognitive style directly, suggestions generally involve modifications to the school environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new bargaining solution, called the equal-loss solution, was introduced, which equalizes across agents the losses from the ideal point, and two characterizations of the solution are presented by formulating axioms specifying how bargaining solutions should respond to changes in the feasible set and the ideal points.
TL;DR: The authors conducted a study to determine what, if any, differences exist between the way adult native speakers and non-native speakers make suggestions and what implications there may be for the ESL classroom teacher in helping students develop pragmatic competence.
Abstract: A discourse completion questionnaire consisting of 60 situations designed to elicit suggestions in English was administered to 28 native speakers of Chinese or Malay and 12 native speakers of American English. The purpose of the study was to determine what, if any, differences exist between the way adult native speakers and nonnative speakers make suggestions and what implications there may be, if any, for the ESL classroom teacher in helping students develop pragmatic competence. Situations reflected three degrees of embarrassment to addressees who were varied by familiarity and sex.
Speakers provided suggestions to about 50% of the situations, natives slightly more frequently than did nonnatives; however, nonnatives were slightly more direct in their responses than were natives. All subjects provided suggestions more frequently in urgent situations and less frequently in embarrassing situations. Simple statements of fact were the most common and neutral type of suggestions made by all speakers.
Although suggestions made by native and nonnative speakers were basically similar in directness and frequency, they differed in the number and type of politeness strategies used. Examples of successful strategies used by native speakers, which could be taught to ESL students using a functional approach, as well as some of the pragmatically less successful strategies used by nonnative speakers are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a sample size of 25 trials was identified as necessary to provide accurate ground reaction force (GRF) data describing a subject's running performance, and the minimum differences in GRF parameter values that are biomechanically significant were estimated at 1 N/kg and 2% for force and relative temporal measures, respectively.
TL;DR: The peritrophic membrane of Drosophila melanogaster consists of four layers, each associated with a specific region of the folded epithelial lining of the cardia, which is adapted to produce this multilaminar peritrophe by bringing together several regions of foregut and midgut, each characterized by a distinctively differentiated cell type.
Abstract: The peritrophic membrane of Drosophila melanogaster consists of four layers, each associated with a specific region of the folded epithelial lining of the cardia. The epithelium is adapted to produce this multilaminar peritrophic membrane by bringing together several regions of foregut and midgut, each characterized by a distinctively differentiated cell type. The very thin, electron-dense inner layer of the peritrophic membrane originates adjacent to the cuticular surface of the stomadeal valve and so appears to require some contribution by the underlying foregut cells. These foregut cells are characterized by dense concentrations of glycogen, extensive arrays of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and pleated apical plasma membranes. The second and thickest layer of the peritrophic membrane coalesces from amorphous, periodic acid-Schiff-positive material between the microvilli of midgut cells in the neck of the valve. The third layer of the peritrophic membrane is composed of fine electron-dense granules associated with the tall midgut cells of the outer cardia wall. These columnar cells are characterized by cytoplasm filled with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous Golgi bodies and by an apical projection filled with secretory vesicles and covered by microvilli. The fourth, outer layer of the peritrophic membrane originates over the brush border of the cuboidal midgut cells, which connect the cardia with the ventriculus.
TL;DR: The striking differences in the testicular structure between the active and regressed state of gonadal activity follows photoperiod-induced changes in endocrine parameters is suggested and suggests that the hamster would be an ideal model to study structure-function relationships in theTestis, and especially those related to the Sertoli cell.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to document morphological changes in the testis of the seasonally breeding golden hamster, an animal model which has been studied extensively from an endocrine standpoint but for which morphological data is inadequate. Germ cells, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells were studied during active and regressed state of gonadal activity by exposing the animals to long (16L:8D) and short photoperiods (6L:18D), respectively. Testis of the hamster exposed to short photoperiods displayed more than a ten-fold reduction in weight and decreased seminiferous tubule diameter. The seminiferous tubules contained primarily Sertoli cell and spermatogonia but also occasional spermatocytes and round spermatids. Leydig cells were decreased in size, a change which appeared to be primarily due to a decrease in cytoplasmic volume. The Leydig cell endoplasmic reticulum which was atypically saccular displayed both rough and smooth components and was decreased during short photoperiods. Mitochondria generally appeared larger and showed considerable structural heterogeneity. Short photoperiod-induced changes in the Sertoli cells included a marked reduction in cell height and an apparent reduction in cell volume, absence of lateral processes, presence of small, almost spheroidal nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli, an increase in the amount of lipid and decreases in the amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen. The striking differences in the testicular structure between the active and regressed state of gonadal activity follows photoperiod-induced changes in endocrine parameters and suggests that the hamster would be an ideal model to study structure-function relationships in the testis, and especially those related to the Sertoli cell.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated long-term stability of vocational interests in a sample of 409 subjects tested with the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) as college freshmen in 1974 and retested 12 years later in 1986.
TL;DR: (1988).
Abstract: (1988). Play: A Necessity for all Children. Childhood Education: Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 138-145.
TL;DR: Behavioral techniques including feedback, shaping, and positive reinforcement were effective in improving home conditions.
Abstract: Severely neglectful home environments pose threats to children's cognitive, emotional, and physical health. This research was designed to quantify and modify the conditions of the homes of three families adjudicated for child neglect. A valid and reliable measurement device (The CLEAN-Checklist for Living Environments to Assess Neglect) was used to document changes in home conditions. Behavioral techniques including feedback, shaping, and positive reinforcement were effective in improving home conditions.