Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1992"
TL;DR: A set of four yeast shuttle vectors that incorporate sequences from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2 mu endogenous plasmid has been constructed, providing high-copy-number counterparts to the current pRS vectors.
1,674 citations
TL;DR: Ground reaction forces, joint positions, joint moments, and muscle powers in the lower extremity were compared between soft and stiff landings from a vertical fall of 59 cm to obtain the moments and powers during descent (free fall) and floor contact phases.
Abstract: Ground reaction forces (GRF), joint positions, joint moments, and muscle powers in the lower extremity were compared between soft and stiff landings from a vertical fall of 59 cm. Soft and stiff landings had less than and greater than 90 degrees of knee flexion after floor contact. Ten trials of sagittal plane film and GRF data, sampled at 100 and 1000 Hz, were obtained from each of eight female athletes and two landing conditions. Inverse dynamics were performed on these data to obtain the moments and powers during descent (free fall) and floor contact phases. Angular impulse and work values were calculated from these curves, and the conditions were compared with a correlated t-test. Soft and stiff landings averaged 117 and 77 degrees of knee flexion. Larger hip extensor (0.010 vs 0.019 N.m.s.kg-1; P less than 0.01) and knee flexor (-0.010 vs -0.013 N.m.s.kg-1; P less than 0.01) moments were observed during descent in the stiff landing, which produced a more erect body posture and a flexed knee position at impact. The shapes of the GRF, moment, and power curves were identical between landings. The stiff landing had larger GRFs, but only the ankle plantarflexors produced a larger moment (0.185 vs 0.232 N.m.s.kg-1; P less than 0.01) in this condition. The hip and knee muscles absorbed more energy in the soft landing (hip, -0.60 vs -0.39 W.kg-1; P less than 0.01; knee, -0.89 vs -0.61 W.kg-1; P less than 0.01), while the ankle muscles absorbed more in the stiff landing (-0.88 vs -1.00 W.kg-1; P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
720 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the post-acquisition performance of large bank mergers between 1982 and 1987 and found that the merged banks outperformed the banking industry on the whole, their better performance appeared to result from improvements in the ability to attract loans and deposits, in employee productivity, and in profitable asset growth.
502 citations
TL;DR: DSC experiments performed on ribonuclease A and hen egg white lysozyme in the presence of varying concentrations of the osmolytes glycine, sarcosine, N,N-dimethylglycine, and betaine found that solutions containing up to several molar concentrations of these solutes resulted in considerable increases in the thermal unfolding transition temperature for these proteins.
Abstract: Organisms and cellular systems which have adapted to stresses such as high temperature, desiccation, and urea-concentrating environments have responded by concentrating particular organic solutes known as osmolytes. These osmolytes are believed to confer protection to enzyme and other macromolecular systems against such denaturing stresses. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) experiments were performed on ribonuclease A and hen egg white lysozyme in the presence of varying concentrations of the osmolytes glycine, sarcosine, N,N-dimethylglycine, and betaine. Solutions containing up to several molar concentrations of these solutes were found to result in considerable increases in the thermal unfolding transition temperature (Tm) for these proteins. DSC scans of ribonuclease A in the presence of up to 8.2 M sarcosine resulted in reversible two-state unfolding transitions with Tm increases of up to 22 degrees C and unfolding enthalpy changes which were independent of Tm. On the basis of the thermodynamic parameters observed, 8.2 M sarcosine results in a stabilization free energy increase of 7.2 kcal/mol for ribonuclease A at 65 degrees C. This translates into more than a 45,000-fold increase in stability of the native form of ribonuclease A over that in the absence of sarcosine at this temperature. Catalytic activity measurements in the presence of 4 M sarcosine give kcat and Km values that are largely unchanged from those in the absence of sarcosine. DSC of lysozyme unfolding in the presence of these osmolytes also results in Tm increases of up to 23 degrees C; however, significant irreversibly occurs with this protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
435 citations
TL;DR: The dependence of unfolding delta G on [GdnHCl] was found to be linear over the full denaturant concentration range, provided that the chloride ion concentration was kept at a threshold of greater than or equal to 1.5 M.
Abstract: Guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) and thermally induced unfolding measurements on the oxidized form of Escherichia coli thioredoxin at pH 7 were combined for the purpose of assessing the functional dependence of unfolding free energy changes on denaturant concentration over an extended GdnHCl concentration range. Conventional analysis of GdnHCl unfolding exhibits a linear plot of unfolding delta G vs [GdnHCl] in the transition zone. In order to extend unfolding delta G measurements outside of that narrow concentration range, thermal unfolding measurements were performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the presence of low to moderate concentrations of GdnHCl. The unfolding delta G values from the DSC measurements were corrected to 25 degrees C using the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation and mapped onto the delta G vs [GdnHCl] plot. The dependence of unfolding delta G on [GdnHCl] was found to be linear over the full denaturant concentration range, provided that the chloride ion concentration was kept at a threshold of greater than or equal to 1.5 M. In the DSC experiments performed in the presence of GdnHCl, chloride concentrations were maintained at 1.5 M by addition of appropriate amounts of NaCl. The linear extrapolation method (LEM) gives an unfolding free energy change in the absence of denaturant (delta G degrees N-U) in excellent agreement with the delta G determined by DSC measurement in 1.5 M NaCl. The various methods give a consensus unfolding delta G value of 8.0 kcal/mol at 25 degrees C in the absence of denaturant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
310 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the predictive validity of Shimp and Sharma's (1987) CETSCALE was tested in a nationwide mail survey and the scale was shown to be a much stronger predictor of import buying behavior than are demographic variables.
Abstract: Consumers’ perceptions of the morality of buying foreign products, or consumer ethnocentric tendencies, are becoming an increasingly important issue for marketers in the global environment. The predictive validity of Shimp and Sharma’s (1987) CETSCALE was tested in a nationwide mail survey. The scale is shown to be a much stronger predictor of import buying behavior than are demographic variables. The ability of the scale to predict purchase behavior does not, however, appear to be consistent across the two products tested.
261 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the evolutionary history of modern New World monkeys and, in particular, the path to attainment of current body size is significant in understanding the similarities and differences between dietary strategies and other ecological parameters of similar-sized monkeys.
Abstract: The relationship between body size and feeding ecology is well established for primates. It is argued that the evolutionary history of modern New World monkeys and, in particular, the path to attainment of current body size is significant in understanding the similarities and differences between dietary strategies and other ecological parameters of similar-sized monkeys. Current interpretations of New World monkey evolutionary relationships are reviewed. Based on a synthesis of available body weights and the assumption that the earliest New World monkeys weighed close to 1 kg, similar to modern Aotus and Callicebus, predicted patterns of body size change in each lineage are given. Restrictions on directions of body size change in primates are discussed, and it is shown that “Stanley's Rule” offers a good explanation for differing body size ranges in New and Old World anthropoids. Predicted ecological correlates to body size drawn from the mammalian literature are offered and tested using data on New World monkeys, which show some concurrence and several interesting departures from predicted patterns. Sexual dimorphism in body weight of New World monkey species is reviewed, based on the new summary of body weight data given. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
249 citations
TL;DR: Examination of announcements of product recalls and products taken off the market outside the automobile industry finds negative abnormal returns for these announcements and that the returns are significantly more negative when products are replaced or the purchase price is returned.
Abstract: Previous research Has found that product recall announcements in the automobile industry are associated with negative abnormal returns. We extend this research by examining announcements of product recalls and products taken off the market outside the automobile industry. We find negative abnormal returns for these announcements and that the returns are significantly more negative when products are replaced (or the purchase price is returned) than when the products are checked and repaired. We find only limited evidence that government-ordered recalls produce more negative returns than voluntary recalls.
217 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the manner in which women athletes are frequently devalued and stigmatized, and examine the ways in which such devaluations affect women athletes' performance in sport.
Abstract: As the behavior of women athletes is often interpreted to violate gender norms, women athletes are frequently devalued and stigmatized. The present study examines the manner in which such devaluati...
164 citations
TL;DR: The electric-field-induced structures of small glass spheres in silicone oil produce laser diffraction patterns which verify, for the first time, the body-centered-tetragonal lattice structure predicted by theory.
Abstract: The electric-field-induced structures of small glass spheres in silicone oil produce laser diffraction patterns which verify, for the first time, the body-centered-tetragonal lattice structure predicted by theory. By n mechanism totally unlike that of conventionnl x-ray scattering, the incident laser beam propagates through the lattice of close-packed spheres via stable optic modes along regular arrays of transparent spheres, and then produces diffraction patterns after exiting from the lattice
156 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of culture on six aspects of budget control practices in the United States and Japan was investigated through questionnaires from 70 manufacturing companies and 149 such companies in Japan.
Abstract: This article reports the results of a study that hypothesized the influence of culture on six aspects of budget control practices in the United States and Japan. Data were collected through questionnaires from 70 manufacturing companies in the United States and 149 such companies in Japan. Results of data analyses indicate that the Individualism-Collectivism dimension would seem to explain why the U.S. companies, compared to the Japanese companies, tend to use communication and coordination more extensively, build budget slack to a greater extent, and use long-term performance evaluations to a lesser extent. The implications of the results for further research and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase transition behavior of isostructural lanthanide orthoaluminates and pentaphosphates has been investigated in the presence of specific heat and their associated entropies.
Abstract: From the specific-heat (${\mathit{C}}_{\mathit{p}}$) measurements on the isostructural ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$L(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${4\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O (L=La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb) Tb) crystals at 100 K T300 K, it is shown that these crystals undergo two structural phase transitions, ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ and ${\mathit{T}}_{2}$, in the aforesaid temperature range. The observed shapes of the anomalies in the specific heat and their associated entropies are such that ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$La(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${4\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O crystals have a low-temperature phase-transition behavior that is different from that observed in ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$L(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${4\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O (L=Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, and Tb). Also, our room-temperature infrared results and unit-cell parameters of ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$Dy(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${4\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O crystals indicate that the lattice is isostructural with the rest of the series but no transitions occur at 100 K T300 K. Unlike other isostructural lanthanide series, the phase-transition temperatures for ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$L(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${4\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O show no straightforward correlation either with the unit-cell parameters or with the host-lanthanide-ion's ionic radius. Further, the lattice-stability model, which successfully maps the trend of phase-transition temperatures for isostructural lanthanide orthoaluminates or pentaphosphates, is inadequate for predicting the observed behavior of ${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$L(${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$\ensuremath{\cdot}${4\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O lattices.
TL;DR: This paper summarizes the results of a retrospective review of generalization in the context of social skills research with preschool children and reveals some differences concerning the practices employed by studies within each group.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the results of a retrospective review of generalization in the context of social skills research with preschool children. A review of studies from 22 journals (1976 to 1990) that assessed generalization as part of social interaction research provided information concerning the prevalence of studies that have assessed generalization, common practices concerning the production and assessment of generalization, and the overall success of obtaining generalization and maintenance of social behaviors. A comparison of the most and least successful studies, with respect to generalization, revealed some differences concerning the practices employed by studies within each group. Differences differentially related to the production of generalization are discussed and recommendations are provided to guide and support future research efforts.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a straightforward application of a well-known procedure for the purpose of objectively determining the exact number of iterations necessary to confidently detect departures from robustness in Monte Carlo results.
Abstract: A recent survey of simulation studies concluded that an overwhelming majority of papers do not report a rationale for the decision regarding the number of Monte Carlo iterations. A surprisingly large number of reports do not contain a justifiable definition of robustness and many studies are conducted with an insufficient number of iterations to achieve satisfactory statistical conclusion validity. The implication is that we do not follow our own advice regarding the management of Type I and Type II errors when conducting Monte Carlo experiments. This paper reports a straightforward application of a well-known procedure for the purpose of objectively determining the exact number of iterations necessary to confidently detect departures from robustness in Monte Carlo results. A table of the number of iterations necessary to detect departures from a series of nominal Type I error rates is included.
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic precepts of environmental education, summarizes state-level efforts directed at its establishment, and makes suggestions for systematically incorporating it into the K-12 curriculum.
Abstract: Significant progress has been made in the United States in including the environment in government, business, household, and individual decisionmaking. Unfortunately, there is no parallel trend in the nation's K-12 schools. This article reviews the basic precepts of environmental education, summarizes state-level efforts directed at its establishment, and makes suggestions for systematically incorporating it into the K-12 curriculum.
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical model of dyadic native-nonnative speaker (NS-NNS) discourse is proposed in which discourse is described in terms of three features: interactional contingency, the goal orientation of participants, and dominance.
Abstract: In this paper a theoretical model of dyadic native-nonnative speaker (NS-NNS) discourse is proposed in which discourse is described in terms of three features: interactional contingency, the goal orientation of participants, and dominance. The model is then used to study the discourse of 30 dyadic oral interviews of the Cambridge First Certificate in English examination. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in abstracting the structure of oral interview discourse. They show that the discourse of oral proficiency interviews is characterized by greater reactiveness by NNS candidates and greater orientation toward goals by NS examiners. Variation in the structure of the discourse is also investigated in this study. This is shown to be related to the examiner, the theme of the interview, the task in which the participants are engaged, and the gender of examiner and candidate.
TL;DR: Sexual selection and mate choice have been the subject of extended theoretical debate and experimental studies on many organisms and a variety of factors may affect mate selection and preference, including the H-2 locus, t-allele and other genetic factors.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Female athletes have been identified as a potential risk group for the development of eating disorders and the gender-role orientation of athletes was examined, and athletes nevertheless reported traits associated with eating disorders as well as use of pathogenic weight control techniques.
Abstract: Female athletes have been identified as a potential risk group for the development of eating disorders Although adolescents in general are particularly vulnerable to the onset of eating disorders, little research has examined the problem among high school female athletes The present study explored this population by comparing female athletes and nonathletes in terms of (a) behavioral and psychological traits associated with eating disorders and (b) use of pathogenic weight control techniques (laxatives, vomiting, fasting, and diet aids) Sport-by-sport comparisons were also investigated to determine if athletes in specific sports were more at risk Moreover, in an attempt to link athletic participation and eating disordered behavior, the gender-role orientation of athletes was examined Results indicated that (a) athletes were more likely than nonathletes to possess certain behavioral and psychological correlates of eating disorders, (b) there were few differences among the various sport teams, and (c) gender-role orientation was generally not a critical variable Although group comparisons yielded limited significant differences, athletes nevertheless reported traits associated with eating disorders as well as use of pathogenic weight control techniques The unique contributions of the sport context and coaching practices exacerbating disordered eating are discussed
TL;DR: As the teacher systematically faded the prompts and visual feedback to the peers, social interaction continued at the levels found during intervention and was maintained during a short maintenance period.
Abstract: This study examined a system for fading teacher prompts to children who served as peers in peer-initiation interventions for young children with disabilities. A teacher taught peers to direct social initiations to children with disabilities, provided verbal prompts for those initiations, and introduced a system that provided peers with visual feedback about the social interactions of the children with disabilities. She then systematically withdrew the verbal prompts to peers, and subsequently faded the visual feedback system. Peer initiations increased when the intervention began and resulted in increases in social interaction for the children with disabilities. As the teacher systematically faded the prompts and visual feedback to the peers, social interaction continued at the levels found during intervention and was maintained during a short maintenance period.
TL;DR: The authors conducted an empirical investigation to determine if managers are consistent in their ethical decision making, and found that respondents will sometimes change their value structure or their perceived moral philosophy type depending upon the situation.
Abstract: This study is an empirical investigation to determine if managers are consistent in their ethical decision making. Respondents were evenly distributed among five moral philosophy types. The results suggest that, depending upon the situation, respondents will sometimes change their value structure or their perceived moral philosophy type.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a detailed explanation of the Problem Recognition process and a proposed model of the problem recognition process is presented, and the implications of this material will be discussed as it relates to marketing.
Abstract: Since 1910, when John Dewey first introduced the five‐stage decision process, it has been a widely accepted concept and still serves as the central pillar of a popular consumer behavior model. These stages are Problem Recognition, Information Search, Alternative Evaluation, Choice, and Outcomes. The importance of these stages is attested to by the considerable attention devoted to most of them in numerous textbooks and journal articles. Such attention, however, has not come to the Problem Recognition stage. While some texts provide hypothetical descriptions of this “trigger” of the decision process, theoretical discussion and empirical support are surprisingly lacking. Journal literature fares even worse, with articles on the topic almost non‐existent. Lack of information on the topic is even more ironic when one considers that a purchase cannot occur unless a problem is recognized! The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed explanation of the Problem Recognition process. The results of the few empirical studies that have been done will be examined. In addition, a proposed model of the Problem Recognition process is presented. The implications of this material will be discussed as it relates to marketing.
Patent•
30 Jan 1992TL;DR: In this article, a compact, sensitive, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic system (10) includes a chromatrographic column (14) having first section (14A) and second section(14B) in series with each other to permit the flow of sample (12) and a carrier (13) through the sections.
Abstract: A compact, sensitive, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic system (10) includes a chromatrographic column (14) having first section (14A) and second section (14B) in series with each other to permit the flow of sample (12) and a carrier (13) through the sections. The retention time of second section (14B) is less than the band resolution time of first section (14A). To control the wave fronts between the sections, first heater (22) and second heater (26) are positioned to heat and drive off sample collected at the outlet of first section (14A) for collection in second section (14B) and to heat sample collected at the inlet of second section (14B) so that first heater (22) rapidly drives off sample for collection in second section (14B) and then second section (14B) rapidly drives off sample in sharp wave front while first section (14A) is accumulating another band of later movement into second section (14B).
TL;DR: Posttests showed the emergence of untrained conditional relations involving photos and written names, indicating development of three classes of equivalent stimuli (each containing a dictated name, photo, and written name).
Abstract: On pretests, 3 men with brain injuries matched dictated names of three therapists to written names, but did not match dictated or written names to photos, produce correct names in response to photos, locate offices given written names, or name therapists on sight. Match-to-sample training established conditional relations between dictated names and photos. Posttests showed the emergence of untrained conditional relations involving photos and written names, indicating development of three classes of equivalent stimuli (each containing a dictated name, photo, and written name). For 1 participant, conditional relations involving photos of office nameplates were also examined, but did not emerge pre- or posttraining. Two participants produced names orally when given photos and sorted written names and faces together after training; the 3rd participant was unavailable for these posttests. After training, 1 participant located and named all three therapists in their offices.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a subject's perceptual response to a GXT can be used to accurately prescribe exercise intensity during level treadmill running and the intensity selected was within a typical range used for exercise prescription.
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the accuracy of an exercise intensity prescription based upon perceptual responses obtained during a graded exercise test. Fifteen physically active men completed a graded exercise test (GXT) on a motor driven treadmill. Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), and RPE were measured each minute. An RPE intensity prescription was calculated as 75% of heart rate reserve from the GXT heart rate and RPE data. A minimum of 48 h later the subjects completed 10 min of exercise (EXT) on a level treadmill at the prescribed RPE. The subjects set the treadmill speed to elicit an exercise intensity equal to the prescribed perception of effort. There were significant mean differences (P 0.05) between GXT and EXT for VO2 (36.1 +/- 5.2, 33.1 +/- 6.4) and VE (64.1 +/- 10.8, 58.4 +/- 13.5) respectively. The present investigation demonstrates that a subject's perceptual response to a GXT can be used to accurately prescribe exercise intensity during level treadmill running. The intensity selected was within a typical range used for exercise prescription. The advantage of RPE as a method of exercise prescription is that an individual does not need to stop during exercise and measure a heart rate, but can make pace adjustments while exercising based solely upon the perception of effort.
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the elevated levels of plasma beta-endorphin and cortisol reported in some smoking studies may not be characteristic effects of normal smoking.
Abstract: Two experiments assessed subjective and hormonal effects of smoking cigarettes with three different nicotine deliveries. In experiment 1, 12 males smoked two cigarettes on three different occasions: (1) nicotine-free; (2) their own brand (1.0 mg FTC-estimated nicotine delivery); or (3) 2.4 mg FTC nicotine cigarettes. In experiment 2, 12 males smoked cigarettes of comparable nicotine yield using a quantified smoke delivery system (QSDS). Blood was sampled 2 min after each cigarette completion. Relative to nicotine-free smoking, plasma beta-endorphin (BE) and serum cortisol concentrations increased after quasi-ad libitum smoking of 2.4 mg, but not after 1.0 mg nicotine cigarettes. Self-reported malaise (nausea, sickness, and unpleasantness) also increased after smoking 2.4 mg nicotine cigarettes; subjective distress was correlated with changes in blood BE and cortisol, Smoking 1.0 mg cigarettes did not increase BE or cortisol, or subjective distress. QSDS smoking produced hormonal and subjective effects similar to quasi-ad libitum smoking; however, correlations between neuromodulator concentrations and mood were non-significant. These findings suggest that the elevated levels of plasma BE and cortisol reported in some smoking studies may not be characteristic effects of normal smoking.
TL;DR: In this paper, the combustion properties of separated single coal maceral fractions from a rank series of coals were determined based on the burning profile in a TGA apparatus and the results indicated that most of the reactivity and combustion profile parameters varied significantly with coal rank and that all of the rank trends observed were best defined in the data from the single maceral samples which were more reproducible, more linear, and less variable.
TL;DR: The classes of compounds discussed in this review include organic solvents, asphyxiant gases, and heavy metals that are present in the environment as Industrial pollutants or byproducts.
Abstract: Recent studies of human beings exposed to environmental chemicals, as well as experimental animal studies, have identified a number of chemical agents that are commercial products, chemical intermediaries, waste products, or contaminants that are potentially ototoxic. The classes of compounds discussed in this review include organic solvents, asphyxiant gases, and heavy metals that are present in the environment as industrial pollutants or byproducts. Both human and animal investigations are summarized in discussing the actions of these ototoxic compounds. The suggested gaps in our knowledge are highlighted to help direct future research.
TL;DR: Mature seed explants of white ash were more organogenic with shoots that elongated better than explants from immature seeds, and somatic embryogenesis was observed in cultures where mature seeds were first cultured for 4 weeks on a medium containing 10 μM adenine 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Abstract: Immature and mature nonstratified seeds of white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) were dissected transversely and 2/3 of each seed was placed onto agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog medium. Adventitious buds, shoots, and somatic embryos formed on callus, cotyledons, and hypocotyls of the resulting seedlings. Shoot organogenesis was induced on explants cultured on medium with 10 μM thidiazuron but not on explants on media with benzyladenine (BA) or isopentenyladenine. Not all seed sources were equally capable of shoot organogenesis and embryogenesis. Atypical of adventitious regeneration of other woody plants, mature seed explants of white ash were more organogenic with shoots that elongated better than explants from immature seeds. Somatic embryogenesis was observed in cultures where mature seeds were first cultured for 4 weeks on a medium containing 10 μM adenine 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in combination with 0.1 and 1.0 μM thidiazuron, followed by transfer to a medium containing 0.05 μM 6-benzyladenine and 0.5 μM naphthaleneacetic acid. Adventitious shoots and epicotyls from both seedlings and germinated somatic embryos were rooted under intermittent mist and acclimatized to the greenhouse.
TL;DR: The reduction in the extensor moment offorce about the knee and the increase in the moments of force about the hip and ankle in the previously injured subjects reduced the stresses on the ACL and tibia while at the same time enabling them to run at the required speed.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the biomechanical effects of a functional knee brace on joint moments of force and joint powers in the lower extremity during the stance phase of running in subjects with a previous ACL injury. Sagittal-plane film records and ground reaction force data were obtained from five previously injured subjects running with and without a functional knee brace and from five healthy subjects running without the brace. Inverse dynamics were performed on these data to obtain the moments of force and joint powers. The angular impulse in the extensor direction was assessed from each moment of force curve, and the work performed during selected portions of the stance phase was assessed from the joint power curves. ANOVA techniques on these variables indicated no significant differences between the brace and no-brace conditions in the previously injured subjects. In comparison with the healthy runners, the previously injured subjects had, on average, 49% and 32% greater extensor angular impulse about the hip and ankle (both P less than 0.05). In contrast, the healthy runners had, on average, 233% greater (P less than 0.05) extensor angular impulse about the knee. The corresponding negative and positive work performed at the knee were 321% and 191% larger (both P less than 0.05) in the healthy runners. The reduction in the extensor moment of force about the knee and the increase in the moments of force about the hip and ankle in the previously injured subjects reduced the stresses on the ACL and tibia while at the same time enabling them to run at the required speed.