Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the CH-O interaction between FnH3-nCH as proton donor and H 2O, CH3OH, and H2CO as acceptor and found that the interaction is quite weak with CH4 as donor but is enhanced by 1 kcal/mol with each F added to the donor.
Abstract: Ab initio calculations are used to analyze the CH···O interaction between FnH3-nCH as proton donor and H2O, CH3OH, and H2CO as acceptor. The interaction is quite weak with CH4 as donor but is enhanced by 1 kcal/mol with each F added to the donor. The CH···O interaction behaves very much like a conventional OH···O H-bond in most respects, including shifts in electron density that accompany the formation of the bond and the magnitudes of the various components of the interaction energy. The two sorts of H-bonds also gravitate toward a similar equilibrium geometry and are comparably sensitive to deformations from that structure. In a quantitative sense, while both CH···O and OH···O prefer a linear configuration, the former is somewhat more easily bent and is less sensitive to stretches from its equilibrium H-bond length. Whereas the OH bond has been shown to stretch and undergo a red shift in its vibrational frequency upon formation of a H-bond, the CH bond of the molecules studied here follows the opposite ...
864 citations
Book•
16 Jul 1999TL;DR: In this article, seven leading cultural observers examine several regions and several religions and explain the resurgence of religion in world politics, showing instead that modernization more often strengthens religion in the modern world.
Abstract: Theorists of -secularization- have for two centuries been saying that religion must inevitably decline in the modern world. But today, much of the world is as religious as ever. This volume challenges the belief that the modern world is increasingly secular, showing instead that modernization more often strengthens religion. Seven leading cultural observers examine several regions and several religions and explain the resurgence of religion in world politics. Peter L. Berger opens with a global overview. The other six writers deal with particular aspects of the religious scene: George Weigel, with Roman Catholicism;David Martin, with the evangelical Protestant upsurge not only in the Western world but also in Latin America, Africa, the Pacific rim, China, and Eastern Europe; Jonathan Sacks, with Jews and politics in the modern world; Abdullahi A. An-Na'im, with political Islam in national politics and international relations; Grace Davie, with Europe as perhaps the exception to the desecularization thesis; and Tu Weiming, with religion in the People's Republic of China.
690 citations
01 Apr 1999
TL;DR: Concrete Undiffused Diffused (CDD) as mentioned in this paper is a construction technique that uses concrete undiffused diffused material (CUDM) to fuse concrete blocks with concrete.
Abstract: Concrete Undiffused Diffused
656 citations
TL;DR: This work examined word-recognition memory in patients enrolled in a clinical study evaluating the capacity of vagus nerve stimulation to control epilepsy and found Stimulation administered after learning significantly enhanced retention.
Abstract: Neuromodulators associated with arousal modulate learning and memory, but most of these substances do not freely enter the brain from the periphery. In rodents, these neuromodulators act in part by initiating neural messages that travel via the vagus nerve to the brain, and electrical stimulation of the vagus enhances memory. We now extend that finding to human verbal learning. We examined word-recognition memory in patients enrolled in a clinical study evaluating the capacity of vagus nerve stimulation to control epilepsy. Stimulation administered after learning significantly enhanced retention. These findings confirm in humans the hypothesis that vagus nerve activation modulates memory formation similarly to arousal.
527 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study significantly increase the limited number of microbial isolates that are known to be capable of dissimilatory (per)chlorate reduction and demonstrate the hitherto unrecognized phylogenetic diversity and ubiquity of the microorganisms that exhibit this type of metabolism.
Abstract: Environmental contamination with compounds containing oxyanions of chlorine, such as perchlorate or chlorate [(per)chlorate] or chlorine dioxide, has been a constantly growing problem over the last 100 years. Although the fact that microbes reduce these compounds has been recognized for more than 50 years, only six organisms which can obtain energy for growth by this metabolic process have been described. As part of a study to investigate the diversity and ubiquity of microorganisms involved in the microbial reduction of (per)chlorate, we enumerated the (per)chlorate-reducing bacteria (ClRB) in very diverse environments, including pristine and hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, aquatic sediments, paper mill waste sludges, and farm animal waste lagoons. In all of the environments tested, the acetate-oxidizing ClRB represented a significant population, whose size ranged from 2.31 × 10 3 to 2.4 × 10 6 cells per g of sample. In addition, we isolated 13 ClRB from these environments. All of these organisms could grow anaerobically by coupling complete oxidation of acetate to reduction of (per)chlorate. Chloride was the sole end product of this reductive metabolism. All of the isolates could also use oxygen as a sole electron acceptor, and most, but not all, could use nitrate. The alternative electron donors included simple volatile fatty acids, such as propionate, butyrate, or valerate, as well as simple organic acids, such as lactate or pyruvate. Oxidized-minus-reduced difference spectra of washed whole-cell suspensions of the isolates had absorbance maxima close to 425, 525, and 550 nm, which are characteristic of type c cytochromes. In addition, washed cell suspensions of all of the ClRB isolates could dismutate chlorite, an intermediate in the reductive metabolism of (per)chlorate, into chloride and molecular oxygen. Chlorite dismutation was a result of the activity of a single enzyme which in pure form had a specific activity of approximately 1,928 μmol of chlorite per mg of protein per min. Analyses of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of the organisms indicated that they all belonged to the alpha, beta, or gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria . Several were closely related to members of previously described genera that are not recognized for the ability to reduce (per)chlorate, such as the genera Pseudomonas and Azospirllum . However, many were not closely related to any previously described organism and represented new genera within the Proteobacteria . The results of this study significantly increase the limited number of microbial isolates that are known to be capable of dissimilatory (per)chlorate reduction and demonstrate the hitherto unrecognized phylogenetic diversity and ubiquity of the microorganisms that exhibit this type of metabolism.
493 citations
TL;DR: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) provides a true orthogonal separation system that generates a peak capacity that is approximately equal to the product of the peak capacities of the two individual separation systems.
384 citations
TL;DR: This work suggests a novel explanation of people's limited recursive performance, without assuming the existence of a mentally represented competence grammar allowing unbounded recursion.
348 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that strain H-5T represents a novel genus in the Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum and that it should be named Geothrix fermentans sp.
Abstract: In an attempt to understand better the micro-organisms involved in anaerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the Fe(III)-reducing zone of petroleum-contaminated aquifers, Fe(III)-reducing micro-organisms were isolated from contaminated aquifer material that had been adapted for rapid oxidation of toluene coupled to Fe(III) reduction. One of these organisms, strain H-5T, was enriched and isolated on acetate/Fe(III) medium. Strain H-5T is a Gram-negative strict anaerobe that grows with various simple organic acids such as acetate, propionate, lactate and fumarate as alternative electron donors with Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. In addition, strain H-5T also oxidizes long-chain fatty acids such as palmitate with Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Strain H-5T can also grow by fermentation of citrate or fumarate in the absence of an alternative electron acceptor. The primary endproducts of citrate fermentation are acetate and succinate. In addition to various forms of soluble and insoluble Fe(III), strain H-5T grows with nitrate, Mn(IV), fumarate and the humic acid analogue 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate as alternative electron acceptors. As with other organisms that can oxidize organic compounds completely with the reduction of Fe(III), cell suspensions of strain H-5T have absorbance maxima indicative of a c-type cytochrome(s). It is proposed that strain H-5T represents a novel genus in the Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum and that it should be named Geothrix fermentans sp. nov., gen. nov.
337 citations
TL;DR: Designs for greenhouse studies of interactions between plants are reviewed and recommendations for their use are provided, showing the replacement series design to be the most popular, especially in studying crop–weed interactions.
Abstract: 1 Designs for greenhouse studies of interactions between plants are reviewed and recommendations for their use are provided.
2 Papers published over a 10-year period showed the replacement series design to be the most popular, especially in studying crop–weed interactions. Fifty per cent of the studies involved only two species, although studies testing the interaction between different genotypes of only a few species were also popular.
3 Limitations imposed by the choice of design, the variables measured, and the analysis used on the range of inferences that may be validly drawn from the experiment are frequently not well understood or appropriate for the questions that appear to be addressed. One example is the failure to distinguish the outcome of competition (the long-term outcome of interaction) and the effects of species on each other.
4 Studies in which only final yield is measured are severely limited as to the inferences which may be drawn. Effects due to interspecific interaction during the course of the experiment cannot then be separated from pre-existing differences, and interpretation may be biased towards species whose individuals were initially larger. In addition, measurements at several times are necessary to understand the changing dynamics of species interaction.
5 Simple pair-wise mixtures can assess the effect of treatment factors on the outcome of competition. Replacement series and related diallel designs generally produce results that may be size-biased even when initial interspecific differences are known. Additive designs (including target–neighbour designs), despite confounding density with species proportions, offer considerable scope for addressing mechanistic questions about interspecific interactions. Designs that allow response surface analysis can avoid many of the problems inherent in the other methods, but all need to be adjusted for initial interspecific differences. Designs for multiple species experiments are still largely untested, although several designs have been used. At the level of the individual plant, hexagonal fan designs permit study of the effects of varying the spatial pattern, and the densities and the relative proportions of interacting species, but suffer from lack of independence and lack of randomization.
329 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that, as microbially reduced humics enter less reduced zones of soils and sediments, the reduced humic substances may serve as electron donors for microbial reduction of several environmentally significant electron acceptors.
Abstract: The possibility that microorganisms might use reduced humic substances (humics) as an electron donor for the reduction of electron acceptors with a more positive redox potential was investigated. All of the Fe(III)- and humics-reducing microorganisms evaluated were capable of oxidizing reduced humics and/or the reduced humics analogue anthrahydroquinone-2,6,-disulphonate (AHODS), with nitrate and/or fumarate as the electron acceptor. These included Geobacter metallireducens, Geobacter sulphurreducens, Geothrix fermentans, Shewanella alga, Wolinella succinogenes and 'S. barnesii'. Several of the humics-oxidizing microorganisms grew in medium with AHQDS as the sole electron donor and fumarate as the electron acceptor. Even though it does not reduce Fe(III) or humics, Paracoccus denitrificans could use AHQDS and reduced humics as electron donors for denitrification. However, another denitrifier, Pseudomonas denitrificans, could not. AHODS could also serve as an electron donor for selenate and arsenate reduction by W. succinogenes. Electron spin resonance studies demonstrated that humics oxidation was associated with the oxidation of hydroquinone moieties in the humics. Studies with G. metallireducens and W. succinogenes demonstrated that the anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonate (AQDS)/AHQDS redox couple mediated an interspecies electron transfer between the two organisms. These results suggest that, as microbially reduced humics enter less reduced zones of soils and sediments, the reduced humics may serve as electron donors for microbial reduction of several environmentally significant electron acceptors.
311 citations
TL;DR: The authors created and posted a survey on the Web to examine the uses of the Web for political information and present recommendations for future online research, specifically in the areas of Web survey design, sampling, data collection and responses, and publicity.
Abstract: The World Wide Web and other new electronic technologies might soon become prime survey vehicles due to convenient, verifiable, low-cost delivery and return systems as well as easy access and feedb...
TL;DR: Analysis of the complete sequence of the 16S rDNA indicates that strain CKB is a member of the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria, and is only the second organism shown to be capable of this metabolism.
Abstract: As part of a study on the microbiology of chlorate reduction, several new dissimilatory chlorate-reducing bacteria were isolated from a broad diversity of environments. One of these, strain CKB, was selected for a more complete characterization. Strain CKB was enriched and isolated from paper mill waste with acetate as the sole electron donor and chlorate as the sole electron acceptor. Strain CKB is a completely oxidizing, non-fermentative, Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe. Cells of strain CKB are 0.5 x 2 microm and are highly motile, with a single polar flagellum. In addition to acetate, strain CKB can use propionate, butyrate, lactate, succinate, fumarate, malate or yeast extract as electron donors, with chlorate as the sole electron acceptor. Strain CKB can also couple chlorate reduction to the oxidation of ferrous iron, sulphide, or the reduced form of the humic substances analogue 2,6-anthrahydroquinone disulphonate. Fe(II) is oxidized to insoluble amorphous Fe(II) oxide, whereas sulphide is oxidized to elemental sulphur. Growth is not associated with this metabolism, even when small quantities of acetate are added as a potential carbon source. In addition to chlorate, strain CKB can also couple acetate oxidation to the reduction of oxygen or perchlorate. Chlorate is completely reduced to chloride. Strain CKB has an optimum temperature of 35 degrees C, a pH optimum of 7.5 and a salinity optimum of 1% NaCl. Strain CKB can grow in chlorate and perchlorate concentrations of 80 or 20 mM respectively. Under anaerobic conditions, strain CKB can dismutate chlorite into chloride and O2, and is only the second organism shown to be capable of this metabolism. Oxidized minus reduced spectra of whole-cell suspensions of strain CKB showed absorbance maxima at 423, 523 and 552nm, which are indicative of the presence of c-type cytochrome(s). Analysis of the complete sequence of the 16S rDNA indicates that strain CKB is a member of the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria. The phototroph Rhodocyclus tenuis is the closest known relative. When tested, strain CKB could not grow by phototrophy and did not contain bacteriochlorophyll. Phenotypically and phylogenetically, strain CKB differs from all other described bacteria and represents the type strain of a new genus and species.
TL;DR: In this paper, an enzymatically coupled sequential reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol by using a series of reactions catalyzed by three different dehydrogenases was described. But the authors did not consider the use of enzymes as catalysts for conversion.
Abstract: Strategies for effective conversion of atmospheric CO{sub 2} to methanol offer promising new technologies not only for recycling of the greenhouse gas but also for an efficient production of fuel alternatives. Partial hydrogenation of carbon dioxide has been accomplished by means of heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis. Oxide-based catalysts are predominantly used for industrial fixation of carbon dioxide. A unique approach in this direction involves the use of enzymes as catalysts for conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol. The use of enzymes is particularly appealing since it provides a facile low-temperature route for generation of methanol directly from gaseous carbon dioxide. The authors report an enzymatically coupled sequential reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol by using a series of reactions catalyzed by three different dehydrogenases. Overall, the process involves an initial reduction of CO{sub 2} to formate catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase (F{sub ate}DH), followed by reduction of formate to formaldehyde by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (F{sub ald}DH), and finally formaldehyde is reduced to methanol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In this process, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) acts as a terminal electron donor for each dehydrogenase-catalyzed reduction.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the sex-atypical activities and interests of females with CAH reflect direct effects of androgens on the developing brain rather than social responses to virilized genitalia, and that population sex differences in activities and interest arise in part from sex Differences in early androgens.
TL;DR: The prominent differential pulse voltammetric charging peaks establish this method, along with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and laser ionization-desorption mass spectrometry, as a tool for evaluating the degree of monodispersity of MPC preparations.
Abstract: This report describes how the electrochemical double-layer capacitances of nanometer-sized alkanethiolate monolayer-protected Au clusters (MPCs) dissolved in electrolyte solution depend on the alkanethiolate chain length (C4 to C16). The double-layer capacitances of individual MPCs (CCLU) are sufficiently small (sub-attoFarad, aF) that their metal core potentials change by >0.1 V increments for single electron transfers at the electrode/solution interface. Thus, the current peaks observed are termed “quantized double layer charging peaks”, and their spacing on the potential axis varies with CCLU. Differential pulse voltammetric measurements of CCLU in solutions of core-size-fractionated (i.e., monodisperse) MPCs are compared to a simple theoretical model, which considers the capacitance as governed by the thickness of a dielectric material (the monolayer, whose chain length is varied) between concentric spheres of conductors (the Au core and the electrolyte solution). The experimental results fit the simp...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used remotely sensed data to determine characteristics associated with high accident areas, such as topographic features and highway construction variables considered conducive to deer/vehicle accidents, and measured on aerial photographs and topographic maps within a 0.8 km radius of the road segments.
Book•
01 Jan 1999TL;DR: On doing an Osler Autopsy as mentioned in this paper, Osler's afterlife is described as follows: 1. English Gentlemen with American Energy 2. Learning to See: Student Years 3. The Baby Professor 4. The Best Men: Philadelphia 5. Starting at Johns Hopkins 6. We All Worship Him 7. The Great American Doctor 8. Leaving America 9. A Delightful Life and Place 10. Sir William 11. All the Youth and Glory of the Country 12. Never Use a Crutch 13.
Abstract: Preface: On Doing an Osler Autopsy 1. English Gentlemen with American Energy 2. Learning to See: Student Years 3. The Baby Professor 4. The Best Men: Philadelphia 5. Starting at Johns Hopkins 6. We All Worship Him 7. The Great American Doctor 8. Leaving America 9. A Delightful Life and Place 10. Sir William 11. All the Youth and Glory of the Country 12. Never Use a Crutch 13. Osler's Afterlife
TL;DR: The authors argue that evolving schools of thought must display a combination of novelty, continuity, and scope to achieve school status and discuss their role in promoting the detection and assimilation of a school's intellectual products, as well as the creation of a stream of empirical research.
Abstract: This article focuses on “schooling” in organization theory: the process through which new schools of thought become established as distinct, legitimate theoretical frameworks. We argue that evolving schools of thought must display a combination of novelty, continuity, and scope to achieve school status. We describe these attributes and discuss their role in promoting the detection and assimilation of a school's intellectual products, as well as the creation of a stream of empirical research. We derive eight testable propositions from our theoretical model and discuss implications for future research.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the iron oxidase activity of laccase may protect C. neoformans from macrophages by oxidation of phagosomal iron to Fe(III) with a resultant decrease in hydroxyl radical formation.
Abstract: While laccase of Cryptococcus neoformans is implicated in the virulence of the organism, our recent studies showing absence of melanin in the infected mouse brain has led us to a search for alternative roles for laccase in cryptococcosis. We investigated the role of laccase in protection of C. neoformans against murine alveolar macrophage (AM)-mediated antifungal activity by using a pair of congenic laccase-positive (2E-TUC) and laccase-deficient (2E-TU) strains. The laccase-positive cells with laccase derepression were more resistant to the antifungal activity of AM than a laccase-deficient strain ([28.9 ± 1.2]% versus [40.2 ± 2.6]% killing). Addition of l-dopa to Cryptococcus to produce melanin in a laccase-positive strain resulted in a slight increase in protection of C. neoformans from the antifungal activity of macrophages ([25.4 ± 3.4]% versus [28.9 ± 1.2]% killing). Recombinant cryptococcal laccase exhibited iron oxidase activity in converting Fe(II) to Fe(III). Moreover, recombinant laccase inhibited killing of C. neoformans by hydroxyl radicals catalyzed by iron in a cell-free system. Addition of the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol or dimethyl sulfoxide to AMs prior to the introduction of cryptococcal cells decreased killing of both strains and reduced the difference in susceptibility between the laccase-positive and laccase-deficient strains. Furthermore, laccase-mediated protection from AM killing was inhibited by the addition of Fe(II), presumably by overcoming the effects of the iron oxidase activity of cryptococcal laccase. These results suggest that the iron oxidase activity of laccase may protect C. neoformans from macrophages by oxidation of phagosomal iron to Fe(III) with a resultant decrease in hydroxyl radical formation.
12 Dec 1999
TL;DR: A new theoretical framework for understanding learning as a socially-grounded phenomenon based on the writings of the Russian philologist, M. Bakhtin is proposed, recounting the potential advantages of adopting dialogicality as a conceptual basis for ongoing work in CSCL.
Abstract: I propose here a new theoretical framework for understanding learning as a socially-grounded phenomenon based the writings of the Russian philologist, M. M. Bakhtin. Bakhtin's writings on the dialogic nature of all texts provide the basis for a new view of language, knowledge, and learning. From this perspective, learning is seen as the process of multiple voices coming into contact, both within and across speaker-produced utterances. Examples are provided of two types of studies based on such a theory of learning: studies of the appropriation of a social language and studies of speech genres. I conclude by recounting the potential advantages of adopting dialogicality as a conceptual basis for ongoing work in CSCL.
TL;DR: A survey of geographic and cultural contexts of low-fired or unfired pottery, highlighting the role(s) of pottery among contemporary hunter-gatherers and summarizing data pertaining to varied uses of Pottery containers is presented in this paper.
Abstract: Renewed research interest in the origins of pottery has illuminated an array of possible precipitating causes and environmental contexts in which pottery began to be made and used. This article is an attempt at synthesizing some of these data in hopes of stimulating further research into this intriguing topic. Following a review of theories on the origins of pottery, discussion proceeds to a survey of geographic and cultural contexts of low-fired or unfired pottery, highlighting the role(s) of pottery among contemporary hunter-gatherers and summarizing data pertaining to varied uses of pottery containers. It is argued that objects of unfired and low-fired clay were created as part of early “prestige technologies” of material representations beginning in the Upper Paleolithic and are part of an early “software horizon.” Clay began to be more widely manipulated by nonsedentary, complex hunter-gatherers in the very Late Pleistocene and early Holocene in areas of resource abundance, especially in tropical/subtropical coastal/riverine zones, as part of more general processes of resource and social intensification (such as “competitive feasting” or communal ritual). Knowledge of making and using pottery containers spread widely as “prestige technology” and as “practical technology,” the kind and timing of its adoption or “reinvention” varying from location to location depending on specific needs and circumstances.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors investigated the effect of perceived salesperson attractiveness on actual salesperson performance, focusing first on the moderating effect of length of the buyer-salesperson relationship and then on mediating effects of perceived communication ability, likeability, expertise, and trustworthiness on the attractiveness effect.
Abstract: This study empirically investigates the effect of perceived salesperson attractiveness on actual salesperson performance, focusing first on the moderating effect of length of the buyer - salesperson relationship and then on the mediating effects of perceived communication ability, likeability, expertise, and trustworthiness on the attractiveness effect A sample of 339 physicians was surveyed to obtain their evaluations of pharmaceutical company sales representatives’ attractiveness as well as their perceptions of the mediators Actual brand-by-brand market share data of the subject physicians’ prescriptions was collected as the dependent variable The results showed that perceived salesperson attractiveness had a significant positive effect on salesperson performance, but the effect was found to diminish as the length of the salesperson-customer relationship increased Three of the four proposed mediators were found to partially mediate the effect of attractiveness on sales performance
TL;DR: In this article, a management simulation that asked groups to decide which of two cholesterol-reducing drugs to market was conducted, and the authors found that initial preferences were major determinants of group decisions, depending on the strength of initial preferences and the content of the group interactions.
Abstract: Triads, working under time pressure or not, participated in a management simulation that asked groups to decide which of two cholesterol-reducing drugs to market. The total distribution of information available to the group always favored the same drug. However, members’ initial preferences were manipulated by varying the distribution of shared information (provided to all members) and unshared information (provided to only a single member) supporting each alternative. Thus, each member’s fact sheet either (a) favored the correct decision (correct preference condition), (b) mildly favored the incorrect decision (weak incorrect preference condition), or (c) strongly favored the incorrect decision (strong incorrect preference condition). Initial preferences were major determinants of group decisions. Time pressure either enhanced or reduced decision quality depending on the strength of initial preferences and the content of the group interactions. These findings are discussed in light of Karau and Kelly’s A...
TL;DR: The 1990 National Labeling and Education Act food label has influenced college students and Labeling education efforts are associated with greater knowledge about labels, more favorable attitudes toward them, and increased label use in making food choices.
Abstract: Objectives This study examined the influence of 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act food labels on college students. The purposes of the study were to examine knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students regarding labels and relationships among these factors, and whether educational experience with labels was associated with label-reading knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Design A descriptive, nonexperimental research design was used. Data were gathered using a survey designed for the study. Subjects The study surveyed 208 undergraduate students enrolled in general education classes at a midwestern university. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics analyzed knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of college students regarding food labels. The Student t test and χ 2 analysis evaluated specific measures of behavior. Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis examined relationships among variables and identified factors associated with label use. Results Students' mean knowledge score was 48%. Knowledge score was positively correlated with attitudes toward labels ( r =.14, P =.04) and use of labels ( r =.87, P =.0001). Previous education in reading labels was associated with higher knowledge scores ( P =.04). Ninety-five percent of participants perceived the label to be useful, but many distrusted nutrition claims. Seventy percent looked at the Nutrition Facts label when purchasing a product for the first time. The single best predictor of general label use was a positive attitude toward labels ( P P Conclusions The 1990 National Labeling and Education Act food label has influenced college students. Labeling education efforts are associated with greater knowledge about labels, more favorable attitudes toward them, and increased label use in making food choices. Special attention should be directed toward explaining terms and phrases on labels and the guidelines that ensure truthfulness of nutrition claims. College students need to understand their need for numerous nutrients instead of merely focusing on the fat and caloric content of foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:445-449 .
TL;DR: It is concluded that GH resistance and consequent reduction in peripheral IGF-I levels is associated with delay of female puberty, alterations in fetal and placental growth, delay of parturition, and reduced litter size.
Abstract: Mice homozygous for targeted disruption of the GH receptor/GH binding protein gene (GH-R-KO mice; −/−) exhibit reduced plasma IGF-I levels, elevated plasma GH levels, and dwarf phenotype. Although most GH-R-KO mice are fertile, age at first conception is greatly delayed in −/− x− /− matings. Here we report that the age of vaginal opening is significantly delayed in GH-R-KO vs. normal mice, but it can be advanced by treatment with recombinant human (rh)IGF-I. In pregnant GH-R-KO females, fetal size is reduced and pregnancy is prolonged while placental weight is, unexpectedly, increased. Alterations in fetal and placental weight are related to maternal rather than fetal genotype. Moreover, litter size and body weight of newborn pups are significantly reduced in GH-R-KO vs. normal females. Reduction in litter size reflects both dam and sire effects. We conclude that GH resistance and consequent reduction in peripheral IGF-I levels is associated with delay of female puberty, alterations in fetal and placental...
TL;DR: In comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC), two capillary columns are connected in series through an interface known as a "thermal modulator", which transforms effluent from the first capillary column into a series of sharp injection-like chemical pulses suitable for high-speed chromatography the second column as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC), two capillary columns are connected in series through an interface known as a 'thermal modulator'. This device transforms effluent from the first capillary column into a series of sharp injection-like chemical pulses suitable for high-speed chromatography the second column. Dramatic increases in the resolving power, sensitivity, and speed of the gas chromatograph result. This paper describes the development of a robust and reliable thermal modulator for GC x GC.
TL;DR: In this article, the use of verbal aggression and physical violence was associated with perceived marital power, the demand/withdraw interaction pattern, and self-reported use of physical violence in a sample of 42 married couples.
Abstract: Relations among perceived marital power, the demand/withdraw interaction pattern, and self-reports of the use of verbal aggression and physical violence were examined in a sample of 42 married couples. Couples completed several self-report questionnaires and discussed two areas of marital dissatisfaction, one identified by the wife and one identified by the husband. These interactions were rated for the use of the demand/withdraw interaction pattern. Regression analyses revealed that lower levels of perceived power by the husbands and higher levels of perceived power by the wives were associated with the use of verbal aggression and violence by husbands and wives, the husband demand/wife withdraw interaction pattern was associated with husband's use of verbal aggression, and the wife demand/husband withdraw pattern was associated with husband's verbal aggression and violence and with wife's violence.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the forces affecting organized interests' decisions to use particular lobbying tactics to target different legislators in committee, using the group-legislator dyad as their unit of analysis.
Abstract: We examine the forces affecting organized interests' decisions to use particular lobbying tactics to target different legislators in committee, using the group-legislator dyad as our unit of analysis. Two basic assumptions underlie our conceptual model of lobbying strategies in committee. First, organizations have legislative goals of expanding the size of their supportive coalitions and shaping the content of legislative proposals, and an ongoing interest in maintaining themselves. Second, different lobbying tactics are better suited to the achievement of each of these goals. Given these assumptions, the tactics organizations use to lobby individual legislators are expected to depend on (1) groups' perceptions of how legislators may help them to achieve their goals; (2) their policy positions and other characteristics of the issue debate; and (3) groups' resources. Our multinomial logit analysis lends suport to our expectations about the forces that shape the lobbying strategies organizations employ.
TL;DR: Water has important effects on landforms through sedimentation and erosion, and on the types, quantities and distributions of vegetation, aquatic organisms, and wildlife in arid landscapes as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the negative priming effect results from allocation of controlled attention and that individual differences in working memory capacity correspond to the ability to efficiently handle irrelevant information.
Abstract: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia The effect of a verbal (Experiment 1) and a nonverbal (Experiment 2) memory load on negative priming was investigated by employing a concurrent memory task with a letter naming task. Across both experiments, negative priming was reliable only under conditions of zero memory load, suggesting that the processes that contribute to negative priming are resource demanding and dependent on a domainfree resource pool. Individual differences in negative priming were observed, such that high working memory capacity subjects showed reliable negative priming whereas low working memory capacity subjects did not. The results suggest that the negative priming effect results from allocation of controlled attention and that individual differences in working memory capacity correspond to the ability to efficiently handle irrelevant information.