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Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 2002"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Euler-Lagrange type necessary conditions which must be satisfied for the given functional to be extremum were developed for systems containing fractional derivatives, where the fractional derivative is described in the Riemann-Liouville sense.

866 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that in some cases, the evolutionary process selects inefficient networks even though eAEcient ones are statically stable, and there are contexts in which the evolutionarily stable networks coincide with the core stable networks, and thus achieve eAEciency.

854 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a general solution for a fractional diffusion-wave equation defined in a bounded space domain is given, where the response expressions are written in terms of the Mittag-Leffler functions.
Abstract: A general solution is given for a fractional diffusion-wave equation defined in a bounded space domain. The fractional time derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The finite sine transform technique is used to convert a fractional differential equation from a space domain to a wavenumber domain. Laplace transform is used to reduce the resulting equation to an ordinary algebraic equation. Inverse Laplace and inverse finite sine transforms are used to obtain the desired solutions. The response expressions are written in terms of the Mittag–Leffler functions. For the first and the second derivative terms, these expressions reduce to the ordinary diffusion and wave solutions. Two examples are presented to show the application of the present technique. Results show that for fractional time derivatives of order 1/2 and 3/2, the system exhibits, respectively, slow diffusion and mixed diffusion-wave behaviors.

470 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that R1, the first gene for resistance to late blight, is cloned by combining positional cloning with a candidate gene approach, and is located within a hot spot for pathogen resistance on potato chromosome V.
Abstract: Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive disease in potato cultivation worldwide. New, more virulent P. infestans strains have evolved which overcome the genetic resistance that has been introgressed by conventional breeding from wild potato species into commercial varieties. R genes (for single-gene resistance) and genes for quantitative resistance to late blight are present in the germplasm of wild and cultivated potato. The molecular basis of single-gene and quantitative resistance to late blight is unknown. We have cloned R1, the first gene for resistance to late blight, by combining positional cloning with a candidate gene approach. The R1 gene is member of a gene family. It encodes a protein of 1293 amino acids with a molecular mass of 149.4 kDa. The R1 gene belongs to the class of plant genes for pathogen resistance that have a leucine zipper motif, a putative nucleotide binding domain and a leucine-rich repeat domain. The most closely related plant resistance gene (36% identity) is the Prf gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae of tomato. R1 is located within a hot spot for pathogen resistance on potato chromosome V. In comparison to the susceptibility allele, the resistance allele at the R1 locus represents a large insertion of a functional R gene.

407 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of select macroeconomic variables, i.e., GNP, the consumer price index, the money supply, the interest rate, and the exchange rate on stock prices in five ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand) was investigated.

397 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2002-Ecology
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantified relationships between a suite of landscape metrics measured at different spatial scales and sizes of home ranges for female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to test whether spatial heterogeneity played a major role in determining the distribution of deer.
Abstract: We quantified relationships between a suite of landscape metrics measured at different spatial scales and sizes of home ranges for female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) to test whether spatial heterogeneity played a major role in determining the distribution of deer. We collected data on female mule deer and their habitats at five diverse study sites that spanned the length of California, USA. Sizes of home ranges (95% adaptive-kernel analysis) for 80 adult female mule deer varied markedly among individual deer (39–2878 ha) and among the five study sites (range of means for each study site, 49–1138 ha). We measured landscape metrics within varying radii (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 m) from the center of the home range for each deer. Landscape metrics such as edge density, mean shape index, and double-log fractal dimension were inversely correlated with the size of loge-transformed home ranges in deer across all spatial scales. Mean nearest neighbor and contagion index were positively correlated with home-ra...

386 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine whether regulation can be used to substitute for internal monitoring mechanisms (percentage of outside directors, officer and director common stock ownership, and CEO/Chair duality) to control for agency conflicts in a firm.
Abstract: In this paper we examine whether regulation can be used to substitute for internal monitoring mechanisms (percentage of outside directors, officer and director common stock ownership, and CEO/Chair duality) to control for agency conflicts in a firm. We find that, in general, the percentage of outside directors is negatively related to insider stock ownership, but is not affected by CEO/Chair duality. CEO/Chair duality is, however, less likely when insider stock ownership increases. We find these internal monitoring mechanisms to be significantly less related with regulated firms (banks and utilities). We conclude that to the extent that regulations reduce the impact of managerial decisions on shareholder wealth, effective internal monitoring of managers becomes less important in controlling agency conflicts. 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

351 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the impact of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) on how consumers use nutrition information and find that highly motivated and less knowledgeable consumers benefited more from NLEA than did other groups.
Abstract: Four studies investigate the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act’s (NLEA’s) impact on how consumers use nutrition information. Field and laboratory studies compare, but do not detect any changes in, consumers’ search for nutrition information or their recall of this information in the pre- and post-NLEA periods. However, the search activities of a select group (highly motivated and less knowledgeable consumers) benefited more from the NLEA than did other groups. Additional results from the field and lab studies indicate that the NLEA changed attention to negative nutrition attributes (such as fat and sodium, of which less is better) more than it changed attention to positive attributes such as calcium and vitamins. Analyses of scanner databases confirm this trend (with the exception of calories). Focus group results also reflect these findings. The authors discuss implications for public policy, management, academic research, and consumer welfare.

343 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors challenge the widespread notion that civic nationalism is dominant in Western Europe and North America, whereas ethnic nationalists are dominant in Central and Eastern Europe, and refines the civic/ethnic dichotomy and deduces the state policies that flow from ethnic, cultural, and civic conceptions of national identity.
Abstract: This article challenges the widespread notion that civic nationalism is dominant in Western Europe and North America, whereas ethnic nationalism is dominant in Central and Eastern Europe. After laying out the civic-West/ethnic-East argument, it refines the civic/ethnic dichotomy and deduces the state policies that flow from ethnic, cultural, and civic conceptions of national identity. It then employs survey data from 15 countries to measure mass conceptions of national identity by analyzing attitudes on criteria for national membership and state policy toward assimilation and immigration. The article finds that the civic-West/ethnic-East stereotype, when true, is only weakly true, and according to several measures is false. Finally, several explanations for strong cultural national identities in the West and strong civic national identities in Eastern Europe are given.

309 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work examines the endogenous choice of partners in such social coordination games and the implications for resulting play, model the interaction pattern as a network where individuals periodically have the discretion to add or sever links to other players.

289 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide the first regional-scale assessment of peatland carbon storage across 1.7 million km2 of western boreal land and estimate that disturbances, mainly fire, release approximately 6460 ± 930 GgCyr−1 to the atmosphere.
Abstract: [1] Cumulative impacts of disturbances on peatland carbon must be understood to predict future soil carbon stocks, yet the vulnerability and response of peatlands to disturbance have been neglected. We provide the first regional-scale assessment of peatland carbon storage across 1.7 million km2 of western boreal land. We estimate that disturbances, mainly fire, release approximately 6460 ± 930 GgCyr−1 to the atmosphere. Concurrently, disturbances reduce carbon uptake in continental peatlands by 85% compared to a no-disturbance scenario. A 17% increase in the area of peatland burned annually and the intensity of organic matter combustion would convert these peatlands into a regional net source of carbon to the atmosphere. Peatlands widely are considered to represent a northern carbon sink, however, we suggest reevaluation of this paradigm for continental boreal regions.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Understanding the conditions that affect how drug-dependent individuals discount delayed rewards might help to understand the myopic choices made by such individuals and help improve treatment outcomes.
Abstract: Rationale. A growing literature suggests that excessive temporal discounting of delayed rewards may be a contributing factor in the etiology of substance abuse problems. Little is known, however, about how drug deprivation may affect temporal discounting of delayed rewards by drug-dependent individuals. Objective. To examine the extent to which opioid deprivation affects how opioid-dependent individuals discount small, medium and large quantities of delayed heroin and money. Methods. Thirteen opioid-dependent individuals maintained on buprenorphine completed a hypothetical choice task in which they choose between a constant delayed reward amount and an immediate reward amount that was adjusted until they expressed indifference between both outcomes. The task was completed for three values of heroin and money rewards during eight sessions under conditions of opioid deprivation (four sessions) and satiation (four sessions). Results. Across conditions, hyperbolic functions provided a good fit for the discounting data. Degree of discounting was significantly higher when subjects were opioid deprived. Consistent with previous findings, degree of discounting was higher for heroin than money and inversely related to the magnitude of the reward. Conclusion. Opioid deprivation increased the degree to which dependent individuals discounted delayed heroin and money. Understanding the conditions that affect how drug-dependent individuals discount delayed rewards might help us understand the myopic choices made by such individuals and help improve treatment outcomes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examination of cutaneous expression of genes and enzymes responsible for the multistep conversion of tryptophan to serotonin and further to melatonin provides evidence that the human skin expresses intrinsic serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis pathways.
Abstract: SPECIFIC AIMSThe skin can metabolize serotonin to N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and possibly melatonin as recently shown in the hamster. We investigated these biosynthetic pathways in normal and pathological human skin, cultured normal and malignant keratinocytes and melanocytes derived from epidermal or follicular compartments, and follicular and dermal fibroblasts.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS1. RT-PCR detection of TPH, AANAT, and HIOMT mRNAsThe 380 bp TPH transcript was present in pituitary, adrenal gland, myometrium, and all samples of normal skin and skin containing basal cell carcinoma; it was also present in cultured normal epidermal and follicular melanocytes, all melanoma cell lines, normal neonatal and adult epidermal and follicular keratinocytes, squamous cell carcinoma cells, and dermal and dermal follicular fibroblasts; the only cells that tested negative for the transcript were HaCaT immortalized keratinocytes. Transcripts of AANAT showed the expected 176 bp fragment spanning exon 2 and 3, and an aberrant 22...

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2002-Planta
TL;DR: The role of phytochelatins (PCs) in metal tolerance in T. caerulescens and the related non-accumulator T. arvense was examined as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Thlaspi caerulescens (J. & C. Presl, "Prayon") is a heavy-metal hyperaccumulator that accumulates Zn and Cd to high concentrations (40,000 and 4,000 mg kg DW-1 respectively) without phytotoxicity. The mechanism of Cd tolerance has not been characterized but reportedly involves vacuolar sequestration. The role of phytochelatins (PCs) in metal tolerance in T. caerulescens and the related non-accumulator T. arvense was examined. Although PCs were produced by both species in response to Cd, these peptides do not appear to be involved in metal tolerance in the hyperaccumulator. Leaf and root PC levels for both species showed a similar positive correlation with tissue Cd, but total PC levels in the hyperaccumulator were generally lower, despite correspondingly higher metal concentrations. The lack of a role for PCs in the hyperaccumulator's response to metal stress suggests that other mechanisms are responsible Cd tolerance. The lower level of leaf PCs in T. caerulescens also implies that Cd in the shoot is sequestered in a compartment or form that does not elicit a PC response.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Given the complexities of campus environments, it continues to be a challenge to the field to firmly establish the most compelling institutional and environmental factors relating to high-risk collegiate drinking.
Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this article is to examine the aspects of collegiate environments, rather than student characteristics, that influence drinking. Unfortunately, the existing literature is scant on this topic. Method: A literature review of articles primarily published within the last 10 years, along with some earlier "landmark" studies of collegiate drinking in the United States, was conducted to determine in- stitutional factors that influence the consumption of alcohol. In addi- tion, a demonstration analysis of Core Alcohol and Drug Survey research findings was conducted to further elucidate the issues. Results: Several factors have been shown to relate to drinking: (1) organizational prop- erty variables of campuses, including affiliations (historically black in- stitutions, women's institutions), presence of a Greek system, athletics and 2- or 4-year designation; (2) physical and behavioral property vari- ables of campuses, including type of residence, institution size, loca- tion and quantity of heavy episodic drinking; and (3) campus community property variables, including pricing and availability and outlet density. Studies, however, tend to look at individual variables one at a time rather than in combination (multivariate analyses). Some new analyses, using Core Alcohol and Drug Survey data sets, are presented as examples of promising approaches to future research. Conclusions: Given the com- plexities of campus environments, it continues to be a challenge to the field to firmly establish the most compelling institutional and environ- mental factors relating to high-risk collegiate drinking. (J. Stud. Alco- hol, Supplement No. 14: 82-90, 2002)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Bullying behavior is prevalent in rural elementary schools and is indicative of aggression and proviolence attitudes and parents and teachers need to pay closer attention to bullying behavior among schoolchildren.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and correlates of bullying in 7 rural elementary schools from students', parents', and teachers' perspectives. METHOD: Surveys were completed by 739 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students, 367 parents, and 37 teachers. RESULTS: Students tended to report higher prevalence of bullying than did parents or teachers, and their reports were associated with aggression, attitudes toward violence, and perceptions of school safety. CONCLUSION: Bullying behavior is prevalent in rural elementary schools and is indicative of aggression and proviolence attitudes. Parents and teachers need to pay closer attention to bullying behavior among schoolchildren and to impart their knowledge to children in a comprehensive, coordinated manner. Language: en

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a numerical scheme for dynamic analysis of mechanical systems subjected to damping forces that are proportional to fractional derivatives of displacements is presented, where the fractional differential equation governing the dynamics of a system is transformed into a set of differential equations with no fractional derivative terms.
Abstract: This paper presents a numerical scheme for dynamic analysis of mechanical systems subjected to damping forces that are proportional to fractional derivatives of displacements. These equations appear in the modeling of frequency dependent viscoelastic damping of materials. In the scheme presented, the fractional differential equation governing the dynamics of a system is transformed into a set of differential equations with no fractional derivative terms. Using Laguerre integral formula, this set is converted to a set of first order ordinary differential equations, which are integrated using a numerical scheme to obtain the response of the system. In contrast to other numerical techniques, this method does not require one to store the past history of the response. Numerical studies show that the solution converges as the number of Laguerre node points increase. Further, results obtained using this scheme agree well with those obtained using analytical techniques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors empirically examined whether devoting more resources to education can positively affect the distribution of income (as measured by the Gini coefficient) within a country, and found that public education expenditures appear to be associated with a subsequent decrease in the level of income inequality.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study represents the first description of HS-oxidizing isolates and demonstrates that microorganisms capable of HS oxidation are phylogenetically diverse.
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that reduced humic substances (HS) can be reoxidized by anaerobic bacteria such as Geobacter, Geothrix, and Wolinella species with a suitable electron acceptor; however, little is known of the importance of this metabolism in the environment. Recently we investigated this metabolism in a diversity of environments including marine and aquatic sediments, forest soils, and drainage ditch soils. Most-probable-number enumeration studies were performed using 2,6-anthrahydroquinone disulfonate (AHDS), an analog for reduced HS, as the electron donor with nitrate as the electron acceptor. Anaerobic organisms capable of utilizing reduced HS as an electron donor were found in all environments tested and ranged from a low of 2.31 x 10(1) in aquifer sediments to a high of 9.33 x 10(6) in lake sediments. As part of this study we isolated six novel organisms capable of anaerobic AHDS oxidation. All of the isolates coupled the oxidation of AHDS to the reduction of nitrate with acetate (0.1 mM) as the carbon source. In the absence of cells, no AHDS oxidation was apparent, and in the absence of AHDS, no cell density increase was observed. Generally, nitrate was reduced to N(2). Analysis of the AHDS and its oxidized form, 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS), in the medium during growth revealed that the anthraquinone was not being biodegraded as a carbon source and was simply being oxidized as an energy source. Determination of the AHDS oxidized and nitrate reduced accounted for 109% of the theoretical electron transfer. In addition to AHDS, all of these isolates could also couple the oxidation of reduced humic substances to the reduction of nitrate. No HS oxidation occurred in the absence of cells and in the absence of a suitable electron acceptor, demonstrating that these organisms were capable of utilizing natural HS as an energy source and that AHDS serves as a suitable analog for studying this metabolism. Alternative electron donors included simple volatile fatty acids such as propionate, butyrate, and valerate as well as simple organic acids such as lactate and pyruvate. Analysis of the complete sequences of the 16S rRNA genes revealed that the isolates were not closely related to each other and were phylogenetically diverse, with members in the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subdivisions of the PROTEOBACTERIA: Most of the isolates were closely related to known genera not previously recognized for their ability to couple growth to HS oxidation, while one of the isolates represented a new genus in the delta subclass of the PROTEOBACTERIA: The results presented here demonstrate that microbial oxidation of HS is a ubiquitous metabolism in the environment. This study represents the first description of HS-oxidizing isolates and demonstrates that microorganisms capable of HS oxidation are phylogenetically diverse.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that microbial respiration of perchlorate is significantly affected by environmental conditions and per chlorate reduction is directly dependent on bioavailable molybdenum and the presence or absence of competing electron acceptors.
Abstract: As part of a study to elucidate the environmental parameters that control microbial perchlorate respiration, we investigated the reduction of perchlorate by the dissimilatory perchlorate reducer Dechlorosoma suillum under a diverse set of environmental conditions. Our results demonstrated that perchlorate reduction by D. suillum only occurred under anaerobic conditions in the presence of perchlorate and was dependent on the presence of molybdenum. Perchlorate reduction was dependent on the presence of the enzyme chlorite dismutase, which was induced during metabolism of perchlorate. Anaerobic conditions alone were not enough to induce expression of this enzyme. Dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2 mg liter−1 were enough to inhibit perchlorate reduction by D. suillum. Similarly to oxygen, nitrate also regulated chlorite dismutase expression and repressed perchlorate reduction by D. suillum. Perchlorate-grown cultures of D. suillum preferentially reduced nitrate in media with equimolar amounts of perchlorate and nitrate. In contrast, an extended (40 h) lag phase was observed if a similar nitrate-perchlorate medium was inoculated with a nitrate-grown culture. Perchlorate reduction commenced only when nitrate was completely removed in either of these experiments. In contrast to D. suillum, nitrate had no inhibitory effects on perchlorate reduction by the perchlorate reducer Dechloromonas agitata strain CKB. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite concomitant with perchlorate reduction to chloride. These studies demonstrate that microbial respiration of perchlorate is significantly affected by environmental conditions and perchlorate reduction is directly dependent on bioavailable molybdenum and the presence or absence of competing electron acceptors. A microbial treatment strategy can achieve and maintain perchlorate concentrations below the recommended regulatory level, but only in environments in which the variables described above can be controlled.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There were no age- or sex-related differences in the concentrations of fluorochemicals in mink livers, and greater concentrations are associated with those individuals collected near urbanized and/or industrialized areas.
Abstract: Mink and otters are good integrators of their aquatic environments and useful sentinel species for determining exposure to environmental contaminants. In this study, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS; C8F17SO3-), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA; C8F17SO2NH2), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS; C6F13SO3-), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; C7F15CO2-) were measured in livers of mink and river otters collected from various locations in the United States. PFOS was found in all mink livers analyzed. Frequencies of occurrence of FOSA, PFHxS, and PFOA were less. The greatest concentration of PFOS measured in liver of mink was 5140 ng/g, wet weight. Maximum concentrations of FOSA, PFHxS, and PFOA in mink livers were 590, 39, and 27 ng/g, wet weight, respectively. There were no significant positive relationships between concentrations of PFOS and PFHxS or PFOA in mink livers. Concentrations of PFOS were positively correlated with those of FOSA in mink livers from Illinois. There was no significant correlation between conc...

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2002-Wear
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the characterization of friction layer formation and correlation of the friction layer properties to the performance of a recently developed family of polymer matrix composites, and demonstrated that the character of a friction layer determined the friction performance of the investigated composite material.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors quantified CO2 and CH4 fluxes across the peat-atmosphere boundary using dark static chambers in adjacent internal lawns, continental bogs and frost mounds in an area of localized permafrost in north-central Saskatchewan.
Abstract: Discontinuous permafrost in peatlands has recently been melting across western Canada, creating wet Sphagnum-Carex lawns (internal lawns) interspersed within drier ombrotrophic bog. Permafrost degradation alters peat hydrology, thermal regimes and plant species assemblages, all of which could affect gaseous C emissions in peatlands. We quantified CO2 and CH4 fluxes across the peat-atmosphere boundary using dark static chambers in adjacent internal lawns, continental bogs and frost mounds in an area of localized permafrost in north-central Saskatchewan. Carbon dioxide and CH4 fluxes ranged from 0.2 to 14.6 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1 and from −24 to 344 μmol CH4, respectively, and differed significantly among peatland types and sampling dates. Our estimates of CH4 flux are low compared to previous estimates from boreal wetlands, with net consumption of CH4 typically in frost mounds. Permafrost melt in our study area is associated with 1.6- and 30-fold increases in CO2 and CH4 emissions, respectively. More widespread thaw across the discontinuous permafrost region will be an important consideration to boreal C budgets with future climatic changes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the short-run and long-run relationships among stock indices of the US, Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe-Middle East for the pre-Asian crisis and for the crisis period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This investigation compared ratings of perceived exertion specific to the active muscles used during resistance exercise (RPE-AM) using the 15-category Borg scale during high- intensity (HIP) and low-intensity (LIP) weight lifting.
Abstract: This investigation compared ratings of perceived exertion specific to the active muscles used during resistance exercise (RPE-AM) using the 15-category Borg scale during high-intensity (HIP) and low-intensity (LIP) weight lifting. Ten men (23.2 +/- 3.6 years) and 10 women (21.8 +/- 2.7 years) performed 2 trials consisting of seven exercises: bench press (BP), leg press, latissimus dorsi pull down, triceps press, biceps curl, shoulder press, and calf raise. The HIP and LIP protocols were completed in counterbalanced order. During HIP, subjects completed 5 repetitions using 90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). RPE-AM was measured after every repetition. During LIP, subjects completed 15 repetitions using 30% of 1RM. RPE-AM was measured after every third repetition. RPE-AMs were greater (p

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: State-corporate crime is defined as criminal acts that occur when one or more institutions of political governance pursue a goal in direct cooperation with other institutions of economic production and distribution as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The important contributions made by Richard Quinney to the study of corporate crime and the sociology of law, crime, and justice have influenced the development of the concept of state-corporate crime. This concept has been advanced to examine how corporations and governments intersect to produce social harm. State-corporate crime is defined as criminal acts that occur when one or more institutions of political governance pursue a goal in direct cooperation with one or more institutions of economic production and distribution. The creation of this concept has directed attention to a neglected form of organizational crime and inspired numerous empirical studies and theoretical refinements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined advanced mathematics achievement with 1,839 students from 162 schools and found that the more a student believed that success in mathematics was caused by natural ability, the higher the score on the test.
Abstract: The author examined advanced mathematics achievement with 1,839 students from 162 schools. The data were obtained from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study Population 3 cohort; the author used hierarchical (multilevel) linear modeling to examine student- and school-level factors. Even within the advanced mathematics cohort, gender and economic disparities existed, but the magnitude of these disparities varied from school to school. Average parent education was observed to be associated with the magnitude of the coefficient for attitude toward mathematics on achievement. The more a student believed that success in mathematics was caused by natural ability, the higher the score on the test. Finally, resources, school size, and average parent education were significantly associated with school mean achievement in advanced mathematics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients with progressive or recurrent serous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential have a long interval from diagnosis to progression and from progression to death, resulting in extended overall survival.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results of correlational and regression analyses support the predicted relations of imposter measures with high Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness and showed that depression and anxiety were particularly important characteristics of those with imposter feelings as well as low self-discipline and perceived competence.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to relate the impostor phenomenon (IP) to the Five-factor model of personality. A sample of 190 college students (79 men, 111 women) completed the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (Clance, 1985), the Perceived Fradulence Scale (Kolligian & Sternberg, 1991), and the NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised (Costa & McCrae, 1992). Results of correlational and regression analyses support the predicted relations of imposter measures with high Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness. Facet-level correlations showed that depression and anxiety were particularly important characteristics of those with imposter feelings as well as low self-discipline and perceived competence. Implications for treatment and future research on the IP are discussed.