Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 2019"
TL;DR: This review focuses on the diverse effects and efficacy of herbal compounds in controlling the development of MDR in microbes and hopes to inspire research into unexplored plants with a view to identify novel antibiotics for global health benefits.
Abstract: The war on multidrug resistance (MDR) has resulted in the greatest loss to the world’s economy. Antibiotics, the bedrock, and wonder drug of the 20th century have played a central role in treating infectious diseases. However, the inappropriate, irregular, and irrational uses of antibiotics have resulted in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This has resulted in an increased interest in medicinal plants since 30–50% of current pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are plant-derived. The question we address in this review is whether plants, which produce a rich diversity of secondary metabolites, may provide novel antibiotics to tackle MDR microbes and novel chemosensitizers to reclaim currently used antibiotics that have been rendered ineffective by the MDR microbes. Plants synthesize secondary metabolites and phytochemicals and have great potential to act as therapeutics. The main focus of this mini-review is to highlight the potential benefits of plant derived multiple compounds and the importance of phytochemicals for the development of biocompatible therapeutics. In addition, this review focuses on the diverse effects and efficacy of herbal compounds in controlling the development of MDR in microbes and hopes to inspire research into unexplored plants with a view to identify novel antibiotics for global health benefits.
301 citations
TL;DR: A review of the major studies on the hybrid heat transfer enhancement techniques can be found in this paper, where it was found that best enhancement is achieved via the hybrid application of the heat pipe with fins or metal foam.
194 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a triplex-tube heat exchanger (TTHX) with phase change materials (PCMs) has been found to be a very efficient energy storage application for this purpose, but the low thermal conductivity of PCMs makes them unable to give the desired response for storage and recovery.
177 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of the interplay between NOMA and many existing wireless technologies and emerging ones including multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), massive MIMO, millimeter wave communications, cognitive and cooperative communications, visible light communications, physical layer security, energy harvesting, wireless caching, and so on.
Abstract: Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been widely recognized as a promising way to scale up the number of users, enhance the spectral efficiency, and improve the user-fairness in wireless networks, by allowing more than one user to share one wireless resource. NOMA can be flexibly combined with many existing wireless technologies and emerging ones including multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), massive MIMO, millimeter wave communications, cognitive and cooperative communications, visible light communications, physical layer security, energy harvesting, wireless caching, and so on. Combination of NOMA with these technologies can further increase scalability, spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and greenness of future communication networks. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the interplay between NOMA and the above technologies. The emphasis is on how the above techniques can benefit from NOMA and vice versa. Moreover, challenges and future research directions are identified.
175 citations
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center1, Johns Hopkins University2, Marquette University3, University of Minnesota4, Eastern Michigan University5, Wichita State University6, University of North Carolina at Greensboro7, Virginia Institute of Marine Science8, University of Wyoming9, Qatar University10, New Mexico State University11, VU University Amsterdam12, Southern Illinois University Carbondale13, University of Maryland, College Park14, United States Department of Agriculture15, University of Bayreuth16, The Wilderness Society17, Kansas State University18, Institut national de la recherche agronomique19, University of Central Florida20, University of Alberta21, Archbold Biological Station22, University of Colorado Boulder23, James Hutton Institute24, University of Buenos Aires25, Stanford University26, Northwest A&F University27, University of New Mexico28, Lanzhou University29, University of Oulu30, Queensland University of Technology31, University of Kansas32, Towson University33, Michigan State University34, University of Oregon35, Chinese Academy of Sciences36, University of Tasmania37, Jönköping University38, Norwegian University of Life Sciences39, Colorado State University40, University of Greifswald41, Northern Arizona University42, University of Kentucky43, University of Texas at El Paso44, La Trobe University45, University of Houston46, Charles Sturt University47, University of Sydney48, University of Manchester49, Arizona State University50, Leiden University51, University of Oklahoma52, University of California, Santa Cruz53, Oregon State University54, University of British Columbia55, Inner Mongolia University56, Utrecht University57, Georgia Institute of Technology58
TL;DR: An unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs shows that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated, and finds that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated G CDs in the short term.
Abstract: Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term (<10 y). In contrast, long-term (≥10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously.
122 citations
TL;DR: This review provides a theoretical basis for the infrared treatment of food and the interaction of infrared technology with food ingredients, and the effect of IR on physico-chemical properties, sensory properties, and nutritional values, as well asThe interaction of food components under IR radiation can be discussed as a future food processing option.
Abstract: Infrared (IR) technology is highly energy-efficient, less water-consuming, and environmentally friendly compared to conventional heating. Further, it is also characterized by homogeneity of heating, high heat transfer rate, low heating time, low energy consumption, improved product quality, and food safety. Infrared technology is used in many food manufacturing processes, such as drying, boiling, heating, peeling, polyphenol recovery, freeze-drying, antioxidant recovery, microbiological inhibition, sterilization grains, bread, roasting of food, manufacture of juices, and cooking food. The energy throughput is increased using a combination of microwave heating and IR heating. This combination heats food quickly and eliminates the problem of poor quality. This review provides a theoretical basis for the infrared treatment of food and the interaction of infrared technology with food ingredients. The effect of IR on physico-chemical properties, sensory properties, and nutritional values, as well as the interaction of food components under IR radiation can be discussed as a future food processing option.
115 citations
California Institute of Technology1, Open University2, University of Tennessee3, European Space Research and Technology Centre4, INAF5, Australian National University6, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence7, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory8, ETH Zurich9, University of Auckland10, University of Cincinnati11, Université libre de Bruxelles12, Ames Research Center13, Luleå University of Technology14, Southern Illinois University Carbondale15, Goddard Space Flight Center16, University of Glasgow17, University of Nevada, Las Vegas18, University of Alberta19, Purdue University20, Florida State University21, University of Münster22, Glenn Research Center23, California State University, Northridge24, University of Nantes25, Colorado State University26, Stony Brook University27, University of Western Ontario28, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris29, Brown University30, University of Paris31, German Aerospace Center32, Imperial College London33, University of California, San Diego34, University of New Mexico35, University of California, Berkeley36, Research Institutes of Sweden37, Natural History Museum38, Carnegie Institution for Science39, Utrecht University40, University of Oxford41, Tokyo Institute of Technology42, Arizona State University43, Massachusetts Institute of Technology44, University of Oslo45, Centre national de la recherche scientifique46, Kennedy Space Center47, American Museum of Natural History48, Spanish National Research Council49
TL;DR: The iMOST team as mentioned in this paper defined a set of science and engineering objectives for the Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign and provided a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration.
Abstract: Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars exploration led the agencies to establish the international MSR Objectives and Samples Team (iMOST). The purpose of the team is to re-evaluate and update the sample-related science and engineering objectives of a Mars Sample Return (MSR) campaign. The iMOST team has also undertaken to define the measurements and the types of samples that can best address the objectives. Seven objectives have been defined for MSR, traceable through two decades of previously published international priorities. The first two objectives are further divided into sub-objectives. Within the main part of the report, the importance to science and/or engineering of each objective is described, critical measurements that would address the objectives are specified, and the kinds of samples that would be most likely to carry key information are identified. These seven objectives provide a framework for demonstrating how the first set of returned Martian samples would impact future Martian science and exploration. They also have implications for how analogous investigations might be conducted for samples returned by future missions from other solar system bodies, especially those that may harbor biologically relevant or sensitive material, such as Ocean Worlds (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) and others. Summary of Objectives and Sub-Objectives for MSR Identified by iMOST: Objective 1 Interpret the primary geologic processes and history that formed the Martian geologic record, with an emphasis on the role of water. Intent To investigate the geologic environment(s) represented at the Mars 2020 landing site, provide definitive geologic context for collected samples, and detail any characteristics that might relate to past biologic processesThis objective is divided into five sub-objectives that would apply at different landing sites. 1.1 Characterize the essential stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and facies variations of a sequence of Martian sedimentary rocks. Intent To understand the preserved Martian sedimentary record. Samples A suite of sedimentary rocks that span the range of variation. Importance Basic inputs into the history of water, climate change, and the possibility of life 1.2 Understand an ancient Martian hydrothermal system through study of its mineralization products and morphological expression. Intent To evaluate at least one potentially life-bearing “habitable” environment Samples A suite of rocks formed and/or altered by hydrothermal fluids. Importance Identification of a potentially habitable geochemical environment with high preservation potential. 1.3 Understand the rocks and minerals representative of a deep subsurface groundwater environment. Intent To evaluate definitively the role of water in the subsurface. Samples Suites of rocks/veins representing water/rock interaction in the subsurface. Importance May constitute the longest-lived habitable environments and a key to the hydrologic cycle. 1.4 Understand water/rock/atmosphere interactions at the Martian surface and how they have changed with time. Intent To constrain time-variable factors necessary to preserve records of microbial life. Samples Regolith, paleosols, and evaporites. Importance Subaerial near-surface processes could support and preserve microbial life. 1.5 Determine the petrogenesis of Martian igneous rocks in time and space. Intent To provide definitive characterization of igneous rocks on Mars. Samples Diverse suites of ancient igneous rocks. Importance Thermochemical record of the planet and nature of the interior. Objective 2 Assess and interpret the potential biological history of Mars, including assaying returned samples for the evidence of life. Intent To investigate the nature and extent of Martian habitability, the conditions and processes that supported or challenged life, how different environments might have influenced the preservation of biosignatures and created nonbiological “mimics,” and to look for biosignatures of past or present life.This objective has three sub-objectives: 2.1 Assess and characterize carbon, including possible organic and pre-biotic chemistry. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Any biologic molecular scaffolding on Mars would likely be carbon-based. 2.2 Assay for the presence of biosignatures of past life at sites that hosted habitable environments and could have preserved any biosignatures. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Provides the means of discovering ancient life. 2.3 Assess the possibility that any life forms detected are alive, or were recently alive. Samples All samples collected as part of Objective 1. Importance Planetary protection, and arguably the most important scientific discovery possible. Objective 3 Quantitatively determine the evolutionary timeline of Mars. Intent To provide a radioisotope-based time scale for major events, including magmatic, tectonic, fluvial, and impact events, and the formation of major sedimentary deposits and geomorphological features. Samples Ancient igneous rocks that bound critical stratigraphic intervals or correlate with crater-dated surfaces. Importance Quantification of Martian geologic history. Objective 4 Constrain the inventory of Martian volatiles as a function of geologic time and determine the ways in which these volatiles have interacted with Mars as a geologic system. Intent To recognize and quantify the major roles that volatiles (in the atmosphere and in the hydrosphere) play in Martian geologic and possibly biologic evolution. Samples Current atmospheric gas, ancient atmospheric gas trapped in older rocks, and minerals that equilibrated with the ancient atmosphere. Importance Key to understanding climate and environmental evolution. Objective 5 Reconstruct the processes that have affected the origin and modification of the interior, including the crust, mantle, core and the evolution of the Martian dynamo. Intent To quantify processes that have shaped the planet's crust and underlying structure, including planetary differentiation, core segregation and state of the magnetic dynamo, and cratering. Samples Igneous, potentially magnetized rocks (both igneous and sedimentary) and impact-generated samples. Importance Elucidate fundamental processes for comparative planetology. Objective 6 Understand and quantify the potential Martian environmental hazards to future human exploration and the terrestrial biosphere. Intent To define and mitigate an array of health risks related to the Martian environment associated with the potential future human exploration of Mars. Samples Fine-grained dust and regolith samples. Importance Key input to planetary protection planning and astronaut health. Objective 7 Evaluate the type and distribution of in-situ resources to support potential future Mars exploration. Intent To quantify the potential for obtaining Martian resources, including use of Martian materials as a source of water for human consumption, fuel production, building fabrication, and agriculture. Samples Regolith. Importance Production of simulants that will facilitate long-term human presence on Mars. Summary of iMOST Findings: Several specific findings were identified during the iMOST study. While they are not explicit recommendations, we suggest that they should serve as guidelines for future decision making regarding planning of potential future MSR missions. The samples to be collected by the Mars 2020 (M-2020) rover will be of sufficient size and quality to address and solve a wide variety of scientific questions. Samples, by definition, are a statistical representation of a larger entity. Our ability to interpret the source geologic units and processes by studying sample sub sets is highly dependent on the quality of the sample context. In the case of the M-2020 samples, the context is expected to be excellent, and at multiple scales. (A) Regional and planetary context will be established by the on-going work of the multi-agency fleet of Mars orbiters. (B) Local context will be established at field area- to outcrop- to hand sample- to hand lens scale using the instruments carried by M-2020. A significant fraction of the value of the MSR sample collection would come from its organization into sample suites, which are small groupings of samples designed to represent key aspects of geologic or geochemical variation. If the Mars 2020 rover acquires a scientifically well-chosen set of samples, with sufficient geological diversity, and if those samples were returned to Earth, then major progress can be expected on all seven of the objectives proposed in this study, regardless of the final choice of landing site. The specifics of which parts of Objective 1 could be achieved would be different at each of the final three candidate landing sites, but some combination of critically important progress could be made at any of them. An aspect of the search for evidence of life is that we do not know in advance how evidence for Martian life would be preserved in the geologic record. In order for the returned samples to be most useful for both understanding geologic processes (Objective 1) and the search for life (Objective 2), the sample collection should contain BOTH typical and unusual samples from the rock units explored. This consideration should be incorporated into sample selection and the design of the suites. The retrieval missions of a MSR campaign should (1) minimize stray magnetic fields to which the samples would be exposed and carry a magnetic witness plate to record exposure, (2) collect and return atmospheric gas sample(s), and (3) collect additional dust and/or regolith sample mass if possible.
107 citations
TL;DR: A concept in which shape memory polymers serve as a means to achieve freestanding 3D architectures from the same basic approach is introduced, with demonstrated ability to realize lateral dimensions, characteristic feature sizes, and thicknesses as small as ≈500, 10, and 5 µm simultaneously, and the potential to scale to much larger or smaller dimensions.
Abstract: Capabilities for controlled formation of sophisticated 3D micro/nanostructures in advanced materials have foundational implications across a broad range of fields. Recently developed methods use stress release in prestrained elastomeric substrates as a driving force for assembling 3D structures and functional microdevices from 2D precursors. A limitation of this approach is that releasing these structures from their substrate returns them to their original 2D layouts due to the elastic recovery of the constituent materials. Here, a concept in which shape memory polymers serve as a means to achieve freestanding 3D architectures from the same basic approach is introduced, with demonstrated ability to realize lateral dimensions, characteristic feature sizes, and thicknesses as small as ≈500, 10, and 5 µm simultaneously, and the potential to scale to much larger or smaller dimensions. Wireless electronic devices illustrate the capacity to integrate other materials and functional components into these 3D frameworks. Quantitative mechanics modeling and experimental measurements illustrate not only shape fixation but also capabilities that allow for structure recovery and shape programmability, as a form of 4D structural control. These ideas provide opportunities in fields ranging from micro-electromechanical systems and microrobotics, to smart intravascular stents, tissue scaffolds, and many others.
105 citations
TL;DR: By incorporating 2D materials and oxides into a double-layer MD, the practical application of RRAM MD can be significantly enhanced to facilitate the development of artificial synapses for brain-enhanced computing systems in the future.
Abstract: The development of the information age has made resistive random access memory (RRAM) a critical nanoscale memristor device (MD). However, due to the randomness of the area formed by the conductive filaments (CFs), the RRAM MD still suffers from a problem of insufficient reliability. In this study, the memristor of Ag/ZrO2/WS2/Pt structure is proposed for the first time, and a layer of two-dimensional (2D) WS2 nanosheets was inserted into the MD to form 2D material and oxide double-layer MD (2DOMD) to improve the reliability of single-layer devices. The results indicate that the electrochemical metallization memory cell exhibits a highly stable memristive switching and concentrated ON- and OFF-state voltage distribution, high speed (∼10 ns), and robust endurance (>109 cycles). This result is superior to MDs with a single-layer ZrO2 or WS2 film because two layers have different ion transport rates, thereby limiting the rupture/rejuvenation of CFs to the bilayer interface region, which can greatly reduce the randomness of CFs in MDs. Moreover, we used the handwritten recognition dataset (i.e., the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database) for neuromorphic simulations. Furthermore, biosynaptic functions and plasticity, including spike-timing-dependent plasticity and paired-pulse facilitation, have been successfully achieved. By incorporating 2D materials and oxides into a double-layer MD, the practical application of RRAM MD can be significantly enhanced to facilitate the development of artificial synapses for brain-enhanced computing systems in the future.
99 citations
TL;DR: Under the proposed framework, the proposed encryption scheme is highly sensitive to minor differences in both secret key and plain image, resulting in resisting chosen/known plaintext attacks effectively, comparing with existing approaches in literature.
96 citations
TL;DR: The current status of high-performance computing applications in the general area of drug discovery is reviewed and an introduction to the methodologies applied at atomic and molecular scales is provided, followed by three specific examples of implementation of these tools.
Abstract: In this paper we review the current status of high-performance computing applications in the general area of drug discovery. We provide an introduction to the methodologies applied at atomic and molecular scales, followed by three specific examples of implementation of these tools. The first example describes in silico modeling of the adsorption of small molecules to organic and inorganic surfaces, which may be applied to drug delivery issues. The second example involves DNA translocation through nanopores with major significance to DNA sequencing efforts. The final example offers an overview of computer-aided drug design, with some illustrative examples of its usefulness.
Washington University in St. Louis1, Uppsala University2, Museum für Naturkunde3, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover4, Southern Illinois University Carbondale5, University of Hull6, Shahid Beheshti University7, Spanish National Research Council8, University of Belgrade9, Cadi Ayyad University10, Ege University11, University of Porto12, Australian National University13, Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum14, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek15, Nevşehir University16, Braunschweig University of Technology17, Max Planck Society18, Sao Paulo State University19, Ohio University20, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens21, University of L'Aquila22, Florida State University23, Pompeu Fabra University24, Centre national de la recherche scientifique25, University of California, Santa Cruz26
TL;DR: The authors reconstruct the phylogeny of lacertid lizards and investigate how the evolution of this clade has varied with paleoclimates and how closely adapted extant species are to modern climates.
Abstract: Climatic conditions changing over time and space shape the evolution of organisms at multiple levels, including temperate lizards in the family Lacertidae. Here we reconstruct a dated phylogenetic ...
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution1, University of Oxford2, University of New Mexico3, Michigan State University4, Southern Illinois University Carbondale5, University of Alaska Fairbanks6, University of Rhode Island7, University of Palermo8, Massachusetts Institute of Technology9, University of Florence10, National Research Council11, Marche Polytechnic University12, University of Tennessee13, Cornell University14, University of Iceland15, Arizona State University16, University of Sheffield17, University of California, San Diego18, Rutgers University19, Washington University in St. Louis20, Middle East Technical University21
TL;DR: In the forearc regions of Costa Rica, helium and carbon isotope data reveal that about 20 per cent less carbon is being transported into the deep mantle than previously thought.
Abstract: Carbon and other volatiles in the form of gases, fluids or mineral phases are transported from Earth's surface into the mantle at convergent margins, where the oceanic crust subducts beneath the continental crust. The efficiency of this transfer has profound implications for the nature and scale of geochemical heterogeneities in Earth's deep mantle and shallow crustal reservoirs, as well as Earth's oxidation state. However, the proportions of volatiles released from the forearc and backarc are not well constrained compared to fluxes from the volcanic arc front. Here we use helium and carbon isotope data from deeply sourced springs along two cross-arc transects to show that about 91 per cent of carbon released from the slab and mantle beneath the Costa Rican forearc is sequestered within the crust by calcite deposition. Around an additional three per cent is incorporated into the biomass through microbial chemolithoautotrophy, whereby microbes assimilate inorganic carbon into biomass. We estimate that between 1.2 × 108 and 1.3 × 1010 moles of carbon dioxide per year are released from the slab beneath the forearc, and thus up to about 19 per cent less carbon is being transferred into Earth's deep mantle than previously estimated.
Stanford University1, University of Toronto2, Yale University3, Oregon Health & Science University4, University of Utah5, Veterans Health Administration6, University of Washington7, University of Maryland, Baltimore8, York University9, University of Alabama at Birmingham10, University of Pennsylvania11, American Enterprise Institute12, Royal Perth Hospital13, University of Western Australia14, University of Kansas15, University of Florida16, Southern Illinois University Carbondale17, National Changhua University of Education18, State University of New York Upstate Medical University19, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio20, Texas Woman's University21, Washington State University Spokane22, University of Iowa23, John Hunter Hospital24, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences25, Western New England University26, Eastern Virginia Medical School27, United States Department of the Navy28, University of Southern California29, University of Miami30, Monash University31, University of Alabama32, Tufts University33, Boston University34, Wayne State University35, United States Department of Veterans Affairs36, University of Minnesota37, Harvard University38
TL;DR: An increasing number of travel, tourism, and hospitality management programs are developing and implementing online courses as mentioned in this paper. Faculty and students are encountering advantages and disadvantages as well as disadvantages as th...
Abstract: An increasing number of travel, tourism, and hospitality management programs are developing and implementing online courses. Faculty and students are encountering advantages and disadvantages as th...
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of five different brake friction composites to the standard of Indian scenario brake pads by varying the different cashew friction dusts without varying the other ingredients was discussed.
TL;DR: A synthetic MOF-based artificial LHC system where their well-defined structure will open up new possibilities as the separated charge can hop along 1D pore channel for further mechanistic understanding and future developments.
Abstract: Chromophore assemblies within well-defined porous coordination polymers, such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), can emulate the functionality of the antenna rings of chlorophylls in light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). The chemical, electronic, and structural diversities define MOFs as a promising platform where photogenerated excitons can be displaced to redox catalysts similar to the reaction center of the LHC. The precise positioning of the pigments and complementary redox units enables us to understand the charge/energy-transfer process within these crystalline solid compositions. In this study, we postsynthetically anchored tetraphenylporphyrinato zinc(II) (TPPZn)-derived complementary pigment within the 1D pores of 1,3,6,8-tetrakis(p-benzoicacid)pyrene (H4TBAPy)-derived NU-1000 MOF to form a high-density donor–acceptor system. The ground- and excited-state redox potentials of the donor and acceptor were chosen to facilitate an energy transfer (EnT) from the excited MOF (i.e., NU-1000*) to TPPZn and ...
TL;DR: The emerging roles of lncRNA mediated plant gene regulation are described and a subset of lNCRNAs that are epigenetic regulators of plant gene expression are highlighted.
TL;DR: In this article, a panel survey of St Louis County, Missouri residents conducted before and after the police shooting of Michael Brown examines the effects on procedural justice and trust, police legitimacy, and willingness to cooperate with police.
Abstract: Public support and trust are critical to effective democratic policing, but scholars have suggested police in the United States may be experiencing a legitimacy crisis. High-profile police-involved shootings like those which have happened over the last 2 years can have negative consequences. This study assesses the consequences of the Ferguson, Missouri unrest and police response on local residents’ views. A panel survey of St Louis County, Missouri residents conducted before and after the police shooting of Michael Brown examines the effects on procedural justice and trust, police legitimacy, and willingness to cooperate with police. Results reveal a significantly different effect on African American versus non-Black residents. African Americans’ views significantly declined while non-Black residents’ perceptions were stable. Qualitative data are used to apply the conflict/group position and accumulated experience theories to explain racial disparities and are used as a basis to offer strategies to impro...
TL;DR: periodic, multi-matrix screening is recommended to track contaminant trends impacted by changes to flammability standards and manufacturing practices, with a particular focus on contaminants like TDCPP and TPhP that were found at levels comparable to thresholds for aquatic toxicity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a doped-crystalline material based on two metal-free organic small molecules is easily prepared through ultrasonic crystallization at room temperature, and a green, flexible, and convenient screenprinting technology for controllable pattern anticounterfeiting is then developed from this purely organic material, which improves the prospects for commercial utilization in the future.
Abstract: Traditional long-persistent luminescence (LPL) materials, which are based on inorganic systems containing rare elements and with preparation temperatures of at least 1000 degrees C, exhibit afterglow times of more than 10 h and can be tuned for different applications. However, the development of this field is hindered due to the large thermal energy consumption and the need for nonrenewable resources. Thus, the development of a "green" design and preparation of LPL materials is of some importance. A doped-crystalline material based on two metal-free organic small molecules is easily prepared through ultrasonic crystallization at room temperature. It has a high-quality, single crystalline structure, and visible LPL performance with a duration of more than 6 s upon low-energy photoexcitation. A green, flexible, and convenient screen-printing technology for controllable pattern anticounterfeiting is then developed from this purely organic material, which improves the prospects for commercial utilization in the future.
TL;DR: A number of studies have focused on the effect of the starter culture, fermentation process, probiotics, prebiotics and transportation, in the overall quality, flavor, sensory, and texture of the yogurt as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Yogurt is one of the oldest fermented dairy products worldwide. It is commonly made by fermenting domesticated bovine's milk using a 1:1 ratio of lactic acid producing bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and/or acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus under a controlled temperature and environmental conditions. For improving the marketability quality of yogurt, an ideal yogurt should have better flavor and texture as well as being manufactured in a reducing cost through better application of transit. A number of studies have focused on the effect of the starter culture, fermentation process, probiotics, prebiotics and transportation, in the overall quality, flavor, sensory, and texture of the yogurt. This review generally stresses upon the different difficulties and advantages being faced while manufacturing yogurt, health benefits of yogurt, innovations in transportation technology, how the presence of prebiotics are impacting the dairy industry, and the yogurt as a whole.
University of Utah1, University of Montana2, Southern Illinois University Carbondale3, Baylor University4, University of Southampton5, Tokyo Institute of Technology6, University of California, Santa Barbara7, Ames Research Center8, University of Maryland, College Park9, Goddard Space Flight Center10, Arizona State University11, Australian National University12, Carnegie Institution for Science13, John Abbott College14, McGill University15, University College London16, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)17, University of Colorado Boulder18, VU University Amsterdam19, Colorado School of Mines20, University of Queensland21
TL;DR: Five key challenges that warrant future exploration by the astrobiology community include identifying the precise context across multiple spatial and temporal scales to understand how tangible biosignatures may or may not be preserved; increasing capability to mine big data sets to reveal relationships, for example, how Earth's mineral diversity may have evolved in conjunction with life.
Abstract: Microbial life permeates Earth's critical zone and has likely inhabited nearly all our planet's surface and near subsurface since before the beginning of the sedimentary rock record. Given the vast time that Earth has been teeming with life, do astrobiologists truly understand what geological features untouched by biological processes would look like? In the search for extraterrestrial life in the Universe, it is critical to determine what constitutes a biosignature across multiple scales, and how this compares with "abiosignatures" formed by nonliving processes. Developing standards for abiotic and biotic characteristics would provide quantitative metrics for comparison across different data types and observational time frames. The evidence for life detection falls into three categories of biosignatures: (1) substances, such as elemental abundances, isotopes, molecules, allotropes, enantiomers, minerals, and their associated properties; (2) objects that are physical features such as mats, fossils including trace-fossils and microbialites (stromatolites), and concretions; and (3) patterns, such as physical three-dimensional or conceptual n-dimensional relationships of physical or chemical phenomena, including patterns of intermolecular abundances of organic homologues, and patterns of stable isotopic abundances between and within compounds. Five key challenges that warrant future exploration by the astrobiology community include the following: (1) examining phenomena at the "right" spatial scales because biosignatures may elude us if not examined with the appropriate instrumentation or modeling approach at that specific scale; (2) identifying the precise context across multiple spatial and temporal scales to understand how tangible biosignatures may or may not be preserved; (3) increasing capability to mine big data sets to reveal relationships, for example, how Earth's mineral diversity may have evolved in conjunction with life; (4) leveraging cyberinfrastructure for data management of biosignature types, characteristics, and classifications; and (5) using three-dimensional to n-D representations of biotic and abiotic models overlain on multiple overlapping spatial and temporal relationships to provide new insights.
TL;DR: E egg albumen is selected as the resistive layer to fabricate flexible tungsten/egg albumen/indium tin oxide/polyethylene terephthalate devices, which can operate normally under mechanical bending without significant performance degradation.
Abstract: As artificial synapses in biomimetics, memristors have received increasing attention because of their great potential in brain-inspired neuromorphic computing. The use of biocompatible and degradab...
TL;DR: In this paper, women's interest and participation in entrepreneurship is growing and limited and inconclusive findings on such growth have made it difficult to characterize its influence on new venture innovatio...
Abstract: Women's interest and participation in entrepreneurship is growing. The limited and inconclusive findings on such growth have made it difficult to characterize its influence on new venture innovatio...
TL;DR: Feeding ecological knowledge: the underutilised power of faecal DNA approaches for carnivore diet analysis Pedro MONTERROSO* CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto.
Abstract: PM enjoyed a postdoctoral fellowship funded by FEDER funds through the Operational Programme for Competitiveness Factors - COMPETE and by National Funds through
FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/BIA/50027/2013 and POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006821). RG was supported by a research contract from the Portuguese
Foundation for Science and Technology (IF/564/2012). The University of Idaho, USA, provided salary support for LW. The Luso-American Development Foundation (FLAD) provided travel funding between the University of Porto, Portugal, and the University of Montana, USA.
TL;DR: Trait anxiety, Facebook intensity, and broadcasting behavior on Facebook positively predict Facebook addiction and state anxiety, and gender interacts with trait anxiety, so that the gender difference in Facebook addiction is significant only when trait anxiety is low.
Abstract: Background and aimsAlthough social networking sites brought giant convenience, many negative effects on users’ psychological well-being need more investigation. This study used a survey to examine ...
Book•
11 Apr 2019TL;DR: The Epileptic Baboon: Hypothetical Neuronal Networks and Actions of Anticonvulsant Drugs (Christian Menini, Carmen Silva-Barrat and Robert Naquet) and the Epilepsies (Henri Gastaut, and Benjamin G. Zifkin).
Abstract: Neuronal Networks, Epilepsy and the Action of Antiepileptic Drugs (Carl L. Faingold). Overview of Neurotransmission: Relationship to the Action of Antiepileptic Drugs (Ronald A. Browning). Overview of Ion Channels, Anticonvulsant Drugs and Seizures (Carl L. Faingold). Overview of Actions of Antiepileptic Drugs on Repetitive Neuronal Firing (M. Steven Evans). Brain Slice Model of Epilepsy: Neuronal Networks and Actions of Antiepileptic Drugs (Suzanne Clark and Wilkie A. Wilson). Cobalt-Induced Focal Seizures: Neuronal Networks and Actions of Antiepileptic Drugs (Charles R. Craig and Brenda K. Colasanti). Convulsant-Induced Neocortical Epilepsy: Neuronal Networks and Anticonvulsant Actions In Vivo (Allen B. Chatt and John S. Ebersole). Kindling: Amygdaloid Neuronal Networks and Actions of Convulsant and Antiepileptic Drugs (Larry G. Stark). The Electroshock Model, Neural Networks and Antiepileptic Drugs (Ronald A. Browning). Neuronal Networks in Convulsant Drug-Induced Seizures (C arl L. Faingold and Awais Riaz). Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rats: Actions of Antiepileptic Drugs and Monoaminergic Neurotransmitters (Phillip C. Jobe, Pravin K. Mishra and John W. Dailey). The Genetically Epilepsy-Prone Rat: Neuronal Networks and Actions of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters (Carl L. Faingold and Dean K. Naritoku). The Epileptic Gerbil: Neuronal Networks and Actions of Antiepileptic Drugs (Wolfgang L scher). The Epileptic Baboon: Hypothetical Neuronal Networks and Actions of Anticonvulsant Drugs (Christian Menini, Carmen Silva-Barrat and Robert Naquet). Classification of the Epilepsies (Henri Gastaut, and Benjamin G. Zifkin). Overview of the Pharmacokinetics of Antiepileptic Drugs (Henn Kutt). Overview of the Biotransformation of Anticonvulsant Drugs (C. Dean Withrow). Antiepileptic Drug Interactions: An Overview (Ilo E. Leppik). Antiepileptic Drug Toxicity: An Overview (Ilo Leppik). Antiepileptic Actions of Hydantoins (Ronald E. Browning and Carl L. Faingold). Antiep ileptic Actions of Carbamazepine (Gerhard H. Fromm). Antiepileptic Actions of Barbiturates (Maharaj K. Ticku and Shrinivas K. Kulkarni). Antiepileptic Actions of Valproate (Gerhard H. Fromm). Antiepileptic Actions of Benzodiazepines (Richard W. Olsen). Antiepileptic Actions of Ethosuximide (Gerhard H. Fromm). Anticonvulsant Drugs with New Mechanisms of Action (B.S. Meldrum). Antiepileptic Drugs Useful in the Treatment of Tonic-Clonic and Partial Epilepsy (Gerhard H. Fromm). Antiepileptic Drugs Useful in the Treatment of Absence Seizures (Gerhard H. Fromm). Antiepileptic Drugs Useful in Status Epilepticus (Daniel H. Lowenstein and Roger P. Simon). Index.