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TL;DR: This review focuses on the different types of ROS, their cellular production sites, their targets, and their scavenging mechanism mediated by both the branches of the antioxidant systems, highlighting the potential role of antioxidant in plants.
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were initially recognized as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. In recent years, it has become apparent that ROS plays an important signaling role in plants, controlling processes such as growth, development and especially response to biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli. The major members of the ROS family include free radicals like O2● −, OH● and non-radicals like H2O2 and 1O2. The ROS production in plants is mainly localized in the chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes. There are secondary sites as well like the endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane, cell wall and the apoplast. The role of the ROS family is that of a double edged sword; while they act as secondary messengers in various key physiological phenomena, they also induce oxidative damages under several environmental stress conditions like salinity, drought, cold, heavy metals, UV irradiation etc., when the delicate balance between ROS production and elimination, necessary for normal cellular homeostasis, is disturbed. The cellular damages are manifested in the form of degradation of biomolecules like pigments, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA, which ultimately amalgamate in plant cellular death. To ensure survival, plants have developed efficient antioxidant machinery having two arms, (i) enzymatic components like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR); (ii) non-enzymatic antioxidants like ascorbic acid (AA), reduced glutathione (GSH), α-tocopherol, carotenoids, flavonoids and the osmolyte proline. These two components work hand in hand to scavenge ROS. In this review, we emphasize on the different types of ROS, their cellular production sites, their targets, and their scavenging mechanism mediated by both the branches of the antioxidant systems, highlighting the potential role of antioxidant
1,954 citations
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05 Aug 1998TL;DR: Algorithms for Parallel Computing: Algebraic Equations and Matrices, Differentiation and Integration, and Tree Algorithms.
Abstract: FOUNDATIONS OF PARALLEL COMPUTING. Elements of Parallel Computing. Data Structures for Parallel Computing. Paradigms for Parallel Algorithm. Simple Algorithms. ALGORITHMS FOR GRAPH MODELS. Tree Algorithms. Graph Algorithms. NC Algorithms for Chordal Graphs. ARRAY MANIPULATION ALGORITHMS. Searching and Merging. Sorting Algorithms. NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS. Algebraic Equations and Matrices. Differentiation and Integration. Differential Equations. Answers to Selected Exercises. Index.
816 citations
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TL;DR: Some results on fixed points were discussed in this article, where the authors proposed a method for computing fixed points in a fixed point set, using fixed points as the fixed point function.
Abstract: (1969). Some Results on Fixed Points—II. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 405-408.
519 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors determined the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in various organs of the fresh water fish exposed to heavy metal contaminated water system for a period of 32 days and found that the accumulation of heavy metal gradually increases in liver during the heavy metal exposure period.
Abstract: The objective of the present study is to determine the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in various organs of the fresh water fish exposed to heavy metal contaminated water system. The experimental fish was exposed to Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb at sublethal concentrations for periods of 32 days. The elements Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr were assayed using Shimadzu AA 6200 atomic absorption spectrophotometery and the results were given as μ/g dry wt. The accumulation of heavy metal gradually increases in liver during the heavy metal exposure period. All the results were statistically significant at p Pb > Ni > Cr and Pb > Cd > Ni > Cr. Similarly, in case of kidney and flesh tissues, the order was Pb > Cd > Cr > Ni and Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni. In all heavy metals, the bioaccumulation of lead and cadmium proportion was significantly increased in the tissues of Cyprinus carpio (Common carp).
485 citations
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TL;DR: This review is focused on cogent mechanics employed by PGPR that assists plant to sustain healthy growth and the PGPR-based products which have been commercially developed exploiting these mechanics.
Abstract: Population growth and increase in food requirement is the global problem. It is inevitable to introduce new practices that help to increase agricultural productivity. Use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) has shown potentials to be a promising technique in the practice of sustainable agriculture. A group of natural soil microbial flora acquire dwelling in the rhizosphere and on the surface of the plant roots which impose beneficial effect on the overall well-being of the plant are categorized as PGPR. Researchers are actively involved in understanding plant growth promoting mechanics employed by PGPR. Broadly, these are divided into direct and indirect mechanics. Any mechanism that directly enhances plant growth either by providing nutrients or by producing growth regulators are portrayed as direct mechanics. Whereas, any mechanisms that protects plant from acquiring infections (biotic stress) or helps plant to grow healthily under environmental stresses (abiotic stress) are considere...
452 citations
Authors
Showing all 1469 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu | 64 | 498 | 17752 |
K. Kaviyarasu | 54 | 206 | 7645 |
Indranil Chakraborty | 43 | 220 | 5715 |
Mariadhas Valan Arasu | 41 | 252 | 5545 |
Upal Ghosh | 36 | 104 | 4821 |
Aryadeep Roychoudhury | 31 | 161 | 4844 |
Sanjeev K. Gupta | 28 | 280 | 2773 |
Pranav S. Shrivastav | 28 | 205 | 3287 |
Solomon Jeeva | 26 | 77 | 1781 |
Shanmuganathan Rajasekar | 24 | 121 | 1919 |
C. Maria Magdalane | 24 | 37 | 2302 |
Amit Roy | 22 | 148 | 2369 |
Aditya Banerjee | 22 | 80 | 1520 |
James Milton | 21 | 75 | 1887 |
Mallika Sanyal | 21 | 110 | 1296 |