Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 1972"
TL;DR: This article showed that relevant contextual knowledge is a prerequisite for comprehending prose passages and showed that providing Ss with the same information subsequent to the passages produced much lower comprehension ratings and recall scores.
2,042 citations
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that under certain conditions a precise control goal can be attained with fuzzy observation and control as long as the observations become sufficiently precise when the goal is approached.
Abstract: A fuzzy mapping from X to Y is a fuzzy set on X × Y. The concept is extended to fuzzy mappings of fuzzy sets on X to Y, fuzzy function and its inverse, fuzzy parametric functions, fuzzy observation, and control. Set theoretical relations are obtained for fuzzy mappings, fuzzy functions, and fuzzy parametric functions. It is shown that under certain conditions a precise control goal can be attained with fuzzy observation and control as long as the observations become sufficiently precise when the goal is approached.
741 citations
TL;DR: Guaranteed cost control is a method of synthesizing a closed-loop system in which the controlled plant has large parameter uncertainty as mentioned in this paper, and it can be incorporated into an adaptive system by either online measurement and evaluation or prior knowledge on the parametric dependence of a certain easily measured situation parameter.
Abstract: Guaranteed cost control is a method of synthesizing a closed-loop system in which the controlled plant has large parameter uncertainty This paper gives the basic theoretical development of guaranteed cost control, and shows how it can be incorporated into an adaptive system The uncertainty in system parameters is reduced first by either: 1) on-line measurement and evaluation, or 2) prior knowledge on the parametric dependence of a certain easily measured situation parameter Guaranteed cost control is then used to take up the residual uncertainty It is shown that the uncertainty in system parameters can be taken care of by an additional term in the Riccati equation A Fortran program for computing the guaranteed cost matrix and control law is developed and applied to an airframe control problem with large parameter variations
688 citations
TL;DR: This paper argued that ethnic identity is a somewhat unimportant and ephemeral nuisance that will unquestionably give way to a common identity uniting all inhabitants of the state, regardless of ethnic heritage, as modern communication and transportation networks link the state's various parts more closely.
Abstract: Scholars associated with theories of “nation-building” have tended either to ignore the question of ethnic diversity or to treat the matter of ethnic identity superficially as merely one of a number of minor impediments to effective state-integration. To the degree that ethnic identity is given recognition, it is apt to be as a somewhat unimportant and ephemeral nuisance that will unquestionably give way to a common identity uniting all inhabitants of the state, regardless of ethnic heritage, as modern communication and transportation networks link the state's various parts more closely. Both tendencies are at sharp variance with the facts, and have contributed to the undue optimism that has characterized so much of the literature on “nation-building.”
541 citations
TL;DR: The data allow the view stated by Ortega, Florey, and others that large numbers of average scientists contribute substantially to the advance of science through their research to be questioned.
Abstract: Let us consider, then, some general conclusions that may be drawn from the findings reported in this study. The data allow us to question the view stated by Ortega, Florey, and others that large numbers of average scientists contribute substantially to the advance of science through their research. It seems, rather, that a relatively small number of physicists produce work that becomes the base for future discoveries in physics. We have found that even papers of relatively minor significance have used to a disproportionate degree the work of the eminent scientists. Although the conclusions of this paper may be reasonably clear, the implications of these data for the structure of scientific activity, at least in physics, need careful consideration.
365 citations
TL;DR: Soluble cytochrome oxidase has been prepared from the Keilin-Hartree preparation of bovine heart by sequential fragmentation of the respiratory chain by prior extraction with 1% cholate which selectively solubilizes the segment containing the antimycin A-sensitive cy tochrome b-c1 segment and succinate dehydrogenase.
285 citations
TL;DR: Spleen cells from non-immunized mice and guinea-pigs are triggered to DNA synthesis in vitro by PPD tuberculin and the responding cells are shown to be B lymphocytes.
Abstract: Spleen cells from non-immunized mice and guinea-pigs are triggered to DNA synthesis in vitro by PPD tuberculin. The responding cells are shown to be B lymphocytes.
263 citations
TL;DR: The retinopretectal projection was investigated in the rat, mouse, rabbit and tree shrew primarily by means of the Fink‐Heimer technique and a small amount of terminal degeneration was found in the ipsilateral anterior pretectal nucleus.
Abstract: The retinopretectal projection was investigated in the rat, mouse, rabbit and tree shrew primarily by means of the Fink-Heimer technique. The experimental animals survived for varying periods of time following unilateral eye removal. The retinopretectal projection in each species was predominantly contralateral. A dense field of terminal degeneration was observed in the nucleus of the optic tract and in the olivary pretectal nucleus in each of the species. A less dense projection was observed for the posterior pretectal nucleus in each species. A sparse projection to the anterior pretectal nucleus was observed in the rabbit and tree shrew but not in the rat or mouse. A dense, ipsilateral projection to the olivary pretectal nucleus was observed in the rat, mouse and tree shrew. A sparse, ipsilateral projection was found in the anterior end of the posterior pretectal nucleus in the rat, mouse and tree shrew and in the posterior part of this nucleus in the rabbit. In the tree shrew, a small amount of terminal degeneration was found in the ipsilateral anterior pretectal nucleus. The nomenclature used here is uniformly applicable among the species described.
260 citations
TL;DR: The leading side of JIII has 20 percent more frost cover than the trailing side, which explains the visible geometric albedo differences between the two sides, and the reflectivity of the material underlying the frost on JII, JIII, and JIV resembles that of silicates.
Abstract: Water frost absorptions have been detected in the infrared reflectivities of Jupiter's Galilean satellites JII (Europa) and JIII (Ganymede). We have determined the percentage of frost-covered surface area to be 50 to 100 percent for JII, 20 to 65 percent for JIII, and possibly 5 to 25 percent for JIV (Callisto). The leading side of JIII has 20 percent more frost cover than the trailing side, which explains the visible geometric albedo differences between the two sides. The reflectivity of the material underlying the frost on JII, JIII, and JIV resembles that of silicates. The surface of JI (Io) may be covered by frost particles much smaller than those on JII and JIII.
240 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that a program of directed masturbation can be effective in treating primary orgasmic dysfunction and techniques for dealing with clients' negative emotions towards masturbation are discussed.
Abstract: This chapter reports on the use of masturbation in the treatment of women who have never experienced orgasm (primary orgasmic dysfunction). A nine-step program was developed by the authors that includes directed masturbation in conjunction with sensate pleasuring and other therapy procedures.
218 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that an exchange-current correction of ≈ 10% to the threshold neutron capture n + p → d + γ can arise in a straightforward way from one-pion exchange terms, most of it coming from the exchange moments written down by Villars in 1947.
TL;DR: By means of this technique, prosthetic materials having a controlled pore microstructure for optimum strength and tissue ingrowth may be obtained.
Abstract: The replamineform process (meaning replicated life forms) is a technique for duplicating the microstructure of carbonate skeletal components in ceramic, metal, or polymer materials. The special pore structures of marine invertebrate skeletal materials such as echinoid spines and corals, which are difficult or impossible to create artificially, can thus be copied in useful materials. Of immediate interest is the possibility of using these replicated microstructures in the fabrication of orthopedic prosthetic devices. By means of this technique, prosthetic materials having a controlled pore microstructure for optimum strength and tissue ingrowth may be obtained.
TL;DR: The psychological problems posed for those who work in an ICU that provides the complex nursing care required by critically ill, often dying, patients are well recognized.
Abstract: Much has been written about the stressful psychological experience of being a patient in an Intensive Care (ICU) or other special care unit.1-5 Less well recognized, however, are the problems posed for those who work in an ICU that provides the complex nursing care required by critically ill, often dying, patients. Notable exceptions include the contributions of Vreeland and Ellis6 and of Gardam.7
TL;DR: A new type of matrix operation is introduced that allows treatment of such models in a relatively straightforward manner and a form for the general response is developed in terms of this new matrix operation.
Abstract: This paper fornulates a state-space model for linear iterative circuits having more than one spatial dimension. A new type of matrix operation is introduced that allows treatment of such models in a relatively straightforward manner. Finally, a form for the general response is developed in terms of this new matrix operation.
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TL;DR: A new field of engineering that promises to have a revolutionary impact on almost every field of science and technology is created, based upon mathematical concepts known as coherent or Fourier optics and holography.
Abstract: Dozens of research workers in more than a hundred leading laboratories of the world are working on creating the foundations for a new field of engineering that promises to have a revolutionary impact on almost every field of science and technology. Resulting from the introduction of a variety of new techniques and devices?including the laser?as well as from the development of new photo-sensitive and electron-beam recording materials?including thermoplastics, codable films, and mass-storage holographic memories?this new technology, known as optical computing, is based upon mathematical concepts known as coherent or Fourier optics and holography. In terms of future developments and applications, the most dramatic results very likely will emerge from the implementation of real-time image processing in various forms. But the great power of optical computing derives primarily from its newly recognized capability of parallel processing, a natural property of the lens! In a general way, all aspects of this new field can be characterized by established concepts of electric and electronic signal processing and communications.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the thickness dependence of the resistivity, the Hall coefficient, and the transverse magneto-resistance, by gradually varying the thickness of a single film which was kept under high vacuum during the entire experiment.
Abstract: Bismuth films (200-1400 \AA{}) were grown epitaxially on freshly cleaved mica substrates. These films consisted of a mosaic of equally oriented crystallites averaging several microns in diameter. The plane of the films coincided with the trigonal plane of Bi. We have studied the thickness dependence of the resistivity, the Hall coefficient, and the transverse magneto-resistance, by gradually varying the thickness of a single film which was kept under high vacuum during the entire experiment. The resistivity at 360 and 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is a smooth monotonic function of the thickness. At 12 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, we observed small oscillations in the resistivity and in the magnetoresistance. These oscillations are regarded as probable manifestations of the quantum size effect (QSE). The thickness dependence of the Hall coefficient is in striking disagreement with the predictions of the infinite-potential-well model. Better agreement between the theory and experimental results is obtained when we assume a less rigid boundary condition. Also for several films we have investigated the temperature dependence of these three transport coefficients and found it to be quite different from that of bulk bismuth. We have attempted to explain these results in terms of the behavior of the carrier concentration and of the different scattering mechanisms that can come into play in these films.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the inductive signal emanating from the AER remains qualitatively constant from stage to stage and from level to level during limb-bud outgrowth; information for proper sequencing of level-specific patterns in the limb must therefore be programmed intrinsically within the mesoderm.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the experimental status of identifiable centrifugal-barrier effects in: (i) shapes of resonances, (ii) accounts for deviations in SU(2) and SU(3) predictions for ratios between partial decay widths, and (iii) accounting for the dependence on spin of the elastic widths of the resonances lying on the same Regge trajectory.
Abstract: (1) We review the experimental status of identifiable centrifugal-barrier effects in: (i) shapes of resonances, (ii) accounting for deviations in SU(2) and SU(3) predictions for ratios between partial decay widths, and (iii) accounting for the dependence on spin of the elastic widths of resonances lying on the same Regge trajectory. (2) We present a contour plot from which the "kinematic partial width" (centrifugal-barrier penetration factor times two-body phase space) of any resonance into any decay channel may be obtained immediately, given the orbital angular momentum, semiclassical impact parameter, and an assumed strong-interaction radius. Using this technique we display, as an example, the kinematically preferred decays of the high-spin mesons on the leading meson trajectory (assumed linear). (3) We obtain an approximate lower bound on the strong-interaction radius on the basis of general considerations. (4) We show that, for high-spin resonances, it can be expected that the mass enhancements in different decay channels associated with these resonances may be shifted by a half-width or so with respect to each other, because of different centrifugal-barrier effects in the different channels. (5) We also show that production cross sections of high-spin particles on leading linear trajectories by either formation or peripheral processes will be substantially suppressed by centrifugal-barrier effects. (6) Finally, we observe that the production cross sections and decay widths of mesons on the leading trajectory of the Veneziano model can be understood almost entirely on the basis of kinematical considerations if the radius of the region in which the decay particles interact strongly grows linearly with the mass of the decaying resonance.
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic investigation of certain electronic properties of rare-earth metals is performed within the framework of the renormalized-atom method in which Hartree-Fock free-atom solutions, with electronic configurations appropriate to the metal, are initially computed; the wave functions are then renormalised to the Wigner-Seitz sphere and used to construct $l$-dependent Hartree Fock-Wigner Seitz crystal potentials, and the positions of occupied and unoccupied $4f$ levels are estimated in both a one-electron approach
Abstract: A systematic investigation of certain electronic properties of the rare-earth metals is reported Calculations are performed within the framework of the renormalized-atom method in which Hartree-Fock free-atom solutions, with electronic configurations appropriate to the metal, are initially computed; the wave functions are then renormalized to the Wigner-Seitz sphere and used to construct $l$-dependent Hartree-Fock-Wigner-Seitz crystal potentials The following results are obtained: (i) Recent spectral information together with the free-atom solutions permits us to estimate the change in neutral-atom correlation energy associated with changing the $4f$ electron count; contrary to expectation, we find that correlation effects are more significant in a configuration with one fewer $4f$ and one more $5d$ electron (ii) Band extrema and Fermi levels are placed (iii) The positions of occupied and unoccupied $4f$ levels are estimated in both a one-electron approach and a multielectron method taking screening and relaxation effects into account in a definite way The one-electron approximation for the $4f$ levels fails badly in reproducing the results of recent photoemission experiments, while the multielectron calculations are in surprisingly good accord with experiment The effective Coulomb-interaction energy between two $4f$ electrons at the same site, the familiar $U$, is reduced from the single-particle value of approximately 27 eV to about 7 eV with the inclusion of multielectron effects (iv) Hartree-Fock values for the $4s$- and $5s$-shell exchange splittings are compared with soft-x-ray photoemission studies of the rare-earth fluorides and oxides; the calculated $4s$ splittings are roughly twice as large as experiment while, unexpectedly, the $5s$ results are in almost precise agreement
TL;DR: The effect of the antibiotic, cycloheximide, on initiation of protein synthesis is interpreted in light of the GSSG effect, and a scheme for the behavior of Factor Q inprotein synthesis is proposed.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that liquid-structure effects associated with the packing of molecules contribute a negative term to the potential of the force between solute particles in the solvent.
Abstract: Derivations are given for the thermodynamic relations that are needed to compare experimental thermodynamic excess functions of various kinds with the corresponding functions obtained from models for the solutions by calculations made in the framework of the McMillan-Mayer theory. This contribution extends earlier results. The new results are used to elucidate the behavior of the McMillan-Mayer thermodynamic excess functions of solutions which are very nearly ideal on the mole-fraction scale, for example, isotope mixtures. The study of these ideal systems leads to the conclusion that liquid-structure effects associated with the packing of molecules contribute a negative term to the potential of the force between solute particles in the solvent.
TL;DR: In this article, a stoichiometric NiAl2O4, CuAl 2O4 and ZnAl 2 O4 spinels were prepared and equilibrated at temperatures from 600° to 1400°C.
Abstract: Stoichiometric NiAl2O4, CuAl2O4, and ZnAl2O4 spinels were prepared and equilibrated at temperatures from 600° to 1400°C. The parameters u and x, denoting the oxygen position and fraction of divalent cations on tetrahedral sites, respectively, were determined from a detailed X-ray diffraction analysis. In NiAl2O4, x increased from 0.07 at 595° to 0.26 at 1391°C; in CuAl2O4, x decreased from 0.68 at 613° to 0.64 at 1195°C; and in ZnAl2O4, x decreased from 0.96 at 905° to 0.94 at 1197°C. The form of the temperature dependence of x could not be described using theoretically based equations advanced in the literature. A more general equation which allows for a non-distributional contribution to the configurational entropy was derived and observed to properly describe the temperature dependence; the results indicate that short-range order is of definite significance in these intermediate aluminate spinels.
TL;DR: It is concluded that GSH is the major target for diamide within the cell, and conversion of GSH to GSSG is the most important immediate consequence of diamide treatment of a cell suspension.
TL;DR: The lake studies show that definite relationships exist between mollusk distribution and substrate pattern and Species diversity is correlated with substrate diversity (r = 0.79) in 348 collection are that include several biotypes.
Abstract: Mollusks have been collected in 650 locations in central New York State since 1966 in order to determine habitat preferences of the various species. Chemical and physical data were recorded at each locality. Three large lakes (Skaneateless, Otsego, and Oneida) were studies in detail to observe patterns of molluscan distribution. The species associated with different bottom types are tabulated. Mollusks are substrate distribution in typical environments are discussed. The lake studies show that definite relationships exist between mollusk distribution and substrate pattern. Species diversity is correlated with substrate diversity (r = 0.79) in 348 collection are that include several biotypes. See full-text article at JSTOR
TL;DR: This paper characterizes the amplifier by a one-pole rolloff model and discusses the ensuing limitations on four widely used low-pass realizations.
Abstract: There are many active RC networks that implement the low-pass filter characteristic. It has been the common practice to compare these networks with regard to passive element sensitivities while assuming the amplifier to be ideal. Such an assumption gives results that disagree with experimental observations, particularly when the pole magnitudes are large. This paper characterizes the amplifier by a one-pole rolloff model and discusses the ensuing limitations on four widely used low-pass realizations. The amplifier's open-loop gain-bandwidth product is used as a parameter to generate complex-pole loci that graphically display the effect of the nonideal amplifier. The expression of the slope of these curves at the nominal pole positions is derived and first-order estimates for the resulting changes in the \omega_{0} and Q of the poles are given. These expressions can be used to determine the upper bound on the frequency \omega_{0} that these networks can effectively realize. Experimental results agree with the predicted changes. The methods have also been applied to high-pass, bandpass, band-reject, and other realizations.
TL;DR: In solvents of low polarity, salts containing a carbanion or a radical anion, e.g. coronenesodium, can exist as contact ion pairs or as solvent separated ion pairs as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In solvents of low polarity, salts containing a carbanion, e.g. fluorenylsodium, or a radical anion, e.g. coronenesodium, can exist as contact ion pairs or as solvent separated ion pairs. Particular interest attaches to the complexes of ion pairs with the strongly solvating, polydentate polyglycol dimethyl ethers (glymes) and with crown compounds. These systems can be studied by optical spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and other methods.
TL;DR: Either DDT or polychlorinated biphenyls were added to mixed cultures containing a marine diatom and a marine green alga that were sensitive and resistant, respectively, to these organochlorine compounds, thereby affecting whole eco-systems.
Abstract: Either DDT or polychlorinated biphenyls were added to mixed cultures containing a marine diatom and a marine green alga that were sensitive and resistant, respectively, to these organochlorine compounds. The diatom grew faster and was therefore dominant in control cultures, but its dominance diminished in treated cultures, even at concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons that had no apparent effect in pure cultures. Such stable pollutants could disrupt the species composition of phytoplankton communities, thereby affecting whole eco-systems.
TL;DR: Nuclei and cytoplasm were transferred between a normal strain and a variant strain of Amoeba discoides heavily infected with bacteria and after 5 years of infection, the infective bacteria that were initially harmful to the host cells became harmless, and the nucleus of the host cell became dependent on theinfective organisms for its normal functions.
Abstract: Nuclei and cytoplasm were transferred between a normal strain anda variant strain of Amoeba discoides heavily infected with bacteria. After 5 years of infection, the infective bacteria that were initially harmful to the host cells became harmless, and the nucleus of the host cell became dependent on the infective organisms for its normal functions.