scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 1984"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the twisted chiral multiplet is used to formulate supersymmetric nonlinear σ-models with N = 2,4 extended supersymmetry, which fall outside the classification given by Alvarez-Gaume and Freedman.

978 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examines the special case of the two-level linear programming problem and presents geometric characterizations and algorithms to demonstrate the tractability of such problems and motivate a wider interest in their study.
Abstract: Decentralized planning has long been recognized as an important decision making problem. Many approaches based on the concepts of large-scale system decomposition have generally lacked the ability to model the type of truly independent subsystems which often exist in practice. Multilevel programming models partition control over decision variables among ordered levels within a hierarchical planning structure. A planner at one level of the hierarchy may have his objective function and set of feasible decisions determined, in part, by other levels. However, his control instruments may allow him to influence the policies at other levels and thereby improve his own objective function. This paper examines the special case of the two-level linear programming problem. Geometric characterizations and algorithms are presented with some examples. The goal is to demonstrate the tractability of such problems and motivate a wider interest in their study.

539 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1984-Cell
TL;DR: Comparison of DNA from tumor tissue (or cell lines derived from tumors) with DNA from unaffected tissues reveals structural rearrangements as well as changes in DNA methylation of the foreign DNA.

476 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1984-Cell
TL;DR: It is determined that neither RAS1 nor RAS2 are by themselves essential genes, however, ras1 - ras2 - spores of doubly heterozygous diploids are incapable of resuming vegetative growth.

405 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1984-Cell
TL;DR: The ras genes, which were first identified by their presence in RNA tumor viruses and which belong to a highly conserved gene family in vertebrates, have two close homologs in yeast, detectable by Southern blotting, and the complete nucleotide sequence of their coding regions are determined.

387 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the N = 2 superspace action for self-interacting tensor multiplets in four dimensions was studied and the relation to the harmonic superspace was discussed.

302 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described a number of "invalidating" factors, any one of which, if present, could account for the weakness or absence of the free rider problem in the voluntary provision of a public good.
Abstract: We have described a number of ‘invalidating factors,’ any one of which, if present, could account for the weakness or absence of the free rider problem in the voluntary provision of a public good. When any of these factors is present, the free rider phenomenon is not necessarily an implication of economic theory. These invalidatingg factors have been used as a guide in the construction of an experiment which, by avoiding all such factors, should exhibit the free rider phenomenon. The results of performing the experiment indicate that the free rider hypothesis should not be rejected. The contrast between this result and previous experimental results indicates that some of the factors we have identified will be important in attempting to explain the presence or absence of the free rider phenomenon in any particular situation in which a public good is to be financed by voluntary means.

302 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nutritional ecology of macroherbivores in seagrass meadows and the roles of grazing by urchins, fishes and green turtles in tropical systems and waterfowl in temperate systems are discussed in this review.
Abstract: The nutritional ecology of macroherbivores in seagrass meadows and the roles of grazing by urchins, fishes and green turtles in tropical systems and waterfowl in temperate systems are discussed in this review. Only a few species of animals graze on living seagrasses, and apparently only a small portion of the energy and nutrients in seagrasses is usually channeled through these herbivores. The general paucity of direct seagrass grazers may be a function of several factors in the composition of seagrasses, including availability of nitrogen compounds, presence of relatively high amounts of structural cell walls, and presence of toxic or inhibitory substances. The macroherbivores, however, can have a profound effect on the seagrass plants, on other grazers and fauna associated with the meadow, and on chemical and decompositional processes occurring within the meadow. Grazing can alter the nutrient content and digestibility of the plant, as well as its productivity. Removal of leaf material can influence interrelations among permanent and transient faunal residents. Grazing also interrupts the detritus cycle. Possible consequences of this disruption, either through acceleration or through decreased source input, and the enhancement of intersystem coupling by increased export and offsite fecal production, are discussed. The extent and magnitude of these effects and their ecological significance in the overall functioning of seagrass meadows only can be speculated, and probably are not uniform or of similar importance in both tropical and temperate seagrass systems. However, areas grazed by large herbivores provide natural experiments in which to test hypotheses on many functional relations in seagrass meadows.

301 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Four physiologically identified neurons in the A laminae of the cat’s dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were filled with horseradish peroxidase and studied using the electron microscope, and major fine structural differences observed between X- and Y-cells were almost entirely related to the retinal afferents.
Abstract: Four physiologically identified neurons in the A laminae of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were filled with horseradish peroxidase and studied using the electron microscope. Two were X-cells and two were Y-cells. Each had electrophysiological properties appropriate for its X- Or Y-cell class, and each also had an axon that projected into the optic radiation, indicative of a geniculocortical relay cell. Representative samples from about 10% of each neuron's entire dendritic arbor (proximal and distal) were taken to obtain an estimate of the types and distributions of synapses contacting these arbors. One X-cell had a cytoplasmic laminar body, but there were no other significant cytological differences seen among the neurons. Common to each of the neurons were the following synaptic features: (i) retinal terminals (r.l.p.) were mostly or entirely restricted to proximal dendrites or dendritic appendages (less than 100 microns from the soma). These terminals constituted about 15-25% of the synapses on the proximal dendrites. (ii) Terminals with flattened or pleomorphic synaptic vesicles (f. terminals) were predominant on the proximal dendrites (30-55% of the total synapses for that region) and were mainly located near the retinal terminals. A smaller percentage (10-20%) were also distributed onto the distal dendrites. (iii) Small terminals with round synaptic vesicles (r.s.d.), many presumably having a cortical origin, predominated (60-80%) on distal dendrites (greater than 100 microns), but also formed a large proportion (40-70%) of the synapses on the intermediate (50-150 microns) dendrites. Total synaptic contacts for one X-cell and one Y-cell were estimated at about 4000 and 5000, respectively. The major fine structural differences observed between X- and Y-cells were almost entirely related to the retinal afferents. First, the retinal synapses for X-cells were mostly made on to dendritic appendages (spines, etc.), whereas Y-cells had most of their retinal synapses onto the shafts of primary and proximal secondary dendrites (that is, near branch points. Second, the retinal terminals that contacted X-cell dendrites nearly always formed triadic arrangements that included nearby f. terminals, but those on Y-cells rarely did so. Finally, the main type of f. terminals associated with X-cells were morphologically different from most of those associated with the Y-cells, and this also related directly to the triadic arrangements; that is, f. terminals in the triadic arrangements were morphologically distinguishable from f. terminals that did not participate in triadic arrangements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

277 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A neuroendocrine loop is proposed in which the SCN inhibits pineal and ocular oscillators during the course of subjective day via a multisynaptic neuronal pathway which includes the superior cervical ganglia (SCG).
Abstract: Avian circadian organization is a result of a complex interaction of photoreceptive and oscillatory components. The known components include the pineal gland, the lateral eyes, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and extraocular brain photoreceptors. The pathways by which these components integrate circadian rhythmicity suggest a neuroendocrine loop in which the SCN inhibits pineal and ocular oscillators during the course of subjective day via a multisynaptic neuronal pathway which includes the superior cervical ganglia (SCG). During the night, the pineal in turn inhibits SCN activity via its secretion of the hormone melatonin into the blood circulation. This neuroendocrine loop, it is proposed, synchronizes multiple oscillators within each component and maintains the stability and precision of the system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The relationship between multiple locus heterozygosity and growth rate is one that is general to a diversity of outbreeding plant and animal populations and other studies indicate that this relationship is due to a greater average metabolic efficiency of more heterozygous individuals.
Abstract: Individuals of Mytilus edulis of the same age (ca 2 months) were collected as spat from natural populations. Relative growth rates were determined among individuals differing in heterozygosity at five enzyme loci. Growth rate was positively correlated with individual heterozygosity and each of the five loci contributed about equally to the relatinship. More heterozygous individuals also achieved more uniform average growth rates. Although there was a deficiency of heterozygotes at each locus, relative to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, the magnitude of the deficiency, measured as FIS, was less among faster growing mussels. Our results conform closely with those of Zouros et al. (1980) on the American oyster. We conclude that the relationship between multiple locus heterozygosity and growth rate is one that is general to a diversity of outbreeding plant and animal populations. Other studies indicate that this relationship is due to a greater average metabolic efficiency of more heterozygous individuals. This relationship does not emerge from experimental designs in which there has been limited genetic sampling of the natural genetic variation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a relationship between porosity and Young's modulus is obtained theoretically for porous materials made by powder metallurgy and an approximate solution with a wide applicable porosity range is given.
Abstract: A relationship between porosity and Young's modulus is obtained theoretically for porous materials made by powder metallurgy. The relationship is applicable to the entire range of porosity and is capable of treating the transition of pore structure from interconnected to isolated. The exact solution is presented graphically. An approximate solution with a wide applicable porosity range is given.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The thickness of the thinnest aspect of the articular disc portion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex was experimentally measured and compared with ulnar variance and there is an inverse relationship between positive ulnar variances and TFCC thickness.
Abstract: The thickness of the thinnest aspect of the articular disc portion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) was experimentally measured and compared with ulnar variance. There is an inverse relationship between positive ulnar variance and TFCC thickness.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article reviews the present understanding of the problems about the distal radioulnar joint and their treatment based on a foundation of normal anatomy and biomechanics.

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Nov 1984-Nature
TL;DR: A cis involvement of enhancers in DNA replication is demonstrated by showing that this region can be replaced by other enhancers, in a position- and orientation-independent manner, and that an immunoglobulin gene enhancer confers tissue-specific replicatory ability.
Abstract: Sequences which activate polyoma virus DNA replication are located within a region that also includes the transcriptional enhancer. We demonstrate a cis involvement of enhancers in DNA replication by showing that this region can be replaced by other enhancers, in a position- and orientation-independent manner, and that an immunoglobulin gene enhancer confers tissue-specific replicatory ability.

Journal ArticleDOI
18 May 1984-Science
TL;DR: The single-crystal elastic moduli of the modified spinel structure (beta phase) of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg2SiO4) have been measured by Brillouin spectroscopy under ambient conditions and confirm that the 400-kilometer discontinuity can be due to the transition from olivine to modifiedspinel.
Abstract: The single-crystal elastic moduli of the modified spinel structure (beta phase) of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg(2)SiO(4)) have been measured by Brillouin spectroscopy under ambient conditions. Single crystals with dimensions up to 500 micrometers were grown at 22 gigapascals and 2000 degrees C over a period of 1 hour. Growth of crystals larger than 100 micrometers was achieved only when the pressure was within 5 percent of the pressure of the phase boundary separating the beta- and gamma-phase stability fields. A comparison of the elastic properties of the modified spinel phase with those of the olivine phase suggests that the 400-kilometer seismic discontinuity in the earth's mantle can be described by a mantle with 40 percent olivine. These results confirm that the 400-kilometer discontinuity can be due to the transition from olivine to modified spinel. The amount of olivine that must be present is less than that in a pyrolite model, although the results do not exclude pyrolite as a possible mantle model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the influence of attitude similarity (similar vs. dissimilar), cultural similarity (intracultural vs. intercultural communication), and self-monitoring (covariate) on intent to interrogate, intent to self-disclose, and intent to display nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, attraction, and attributional confidence.
Abstract: This study examined the scope of Berger and Calabrese's (1975) uncertainty reduction theory of initial interaction. Multivariate analysis of covariance was employed to examine the influence of attitude similarity (similar vs. dissimilar), cultural similarity (intracultural vs. intercultural communication), culture (Japan vs. the United States), and self‐monitoring (covariate) on intent to interrogate, intent to self‐disclose, intent to display nonverbal affiliative expressiveness, attraction, and attributional confidence. Results indicate that each of the independent variables influences the set of dependent variables. The findings support Hall's (1976) high‐low context culture distinction and prior research on self‐monitoring, as well as supporting and beginning to identify boundary conditions for uncertainty reduction theory.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1984-Geoderma
TL;DR: Aluminum chemistry was evaluated in throughfall and leachates from O-, E- and B-horizons of a Spodosol (Typic Haplorthod) at hardwood and conifer sites in the Adirondack Mountains, New York as mentioned in this paper.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three different ways of interpreting the tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean have been proposed, taking into account the Bailey Willis School of a permanent pre-Jurassic deep sea basin, the Edward Suess School of subsided continental terrain, and the Alfred Wegener School of continental separation.
Abstract: During the last century, three different ways of interpreting the tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean have been proposed, taking into account the Bailey Willis School of a permanent pre-Jurassic deep sea basin, the Edward Suess School of a subsided continental terrain, and the Alfred Wegener School of continental separation. The present investigation is concerned with an outline of an interpretation which follows that of Pindell and Dewey (1982). An attempt is made to point out ways in which the advanced hypotheses can be tested. The fit of Africa, North America, and South America is considered along with aspects of relative motion between North and South America since the early Jurasic. Attention is given to a framework for reconstructing Caribbean plate evolution, the evolution of the Caribbean, the plate boundary zones of the northern and southern Caribbean, and the active deformation of the Caribbean plate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A system and method of driect-sequence spread-spec trum TDMA (or TDD) digital communication, wherein acquisition and tracking occurs for a plurality of frames having a predetermined number of time slots and carries acquisition and sync digital information.
Abstract: A system and method of driect-sequence spread-spec trum TDMA (or TDD) digital communication, wherein acquisition and tracking occurs for a plurality of frames having a predetermined number of time slots. One of the predetermined number of time slots in each frame is assigned for acquisition purposes and carries acquisition and sync digital information. The remaining time slots in each frame have assigned header bytes for tracking purposes. The assigned acquisition time slot is spread with an acquisition direct-sequence spreading code. The remaining time slots are spread with a con munication direct-sequence spreading code. During acquisition, the signal strength in each successive time slot for each spread frame is measured for a given num ber of time frames. The peak is located within the given number of time frames through a major acquistion sweep and a refinement sweep. The major acquisition sweep and refinement acquisition sweep locate the frame and time slot boundaries of the transmitted signal. Once acquired, tracking occurs during the header bytes of each successive remaining time slot. Acquisition, tracking and demodulation of the digital data is per formed with the same circuitry.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the radiative properties of clouds containing submicron soot particles as impurities were examined using the mixing rule for a composite medium, and single and multiple scattering properties were obtained using the Mie theory and the delta-Eddington approximation.
Abstract: We examine the radiative properties of clouds containing submicron soot particles as impurities. The soot particles are assumed to be distributed randomly inside water drops. The refractive index of this inhomogeneous mixture is evaluated using the mixing rule for a composite medium. Single and multiple scattering properties are obtained using, respectively the Mie theory and the delta-Eddington approximation. The presence of soot enhances the visible light absorption in clouds. A soot volume fraction of 7 × 10−6 in a model stratus cloud increases the value of the single scattering co-albedo from 10−7 (the value corresponding to that of pure water) to 10−3.

Journal ArticleDOI
04 May 1984-Science
TL;DR: The centipedes and possible insects found at a new fossil site near Gilboa, New York, may represent the earliest records known for these groups of terrestrial arthropods.
Abstract: A new fossil site near Gilboa, New York, is one of only three where fossils of terrestrial arthropods of Devonian age have been found. The new Gilboan fauna is younger than the other two but richer in taxa. Fragmentary remains and nearly whole specimens assigned to Eurypterida, Arachnida (Trigonotarbida, Araneae, Amblypygi, and Acari), Chilopoda [Craterostigmatomorpha(?) and Scuterigeromorpha(?)], and tentatively to Insecta (Archaeognatha) have been found. The centipedes and possible insects may represent the earliest records known for these groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A simple kinetic model describes the transport of protons across lipid bilayer membranes by the weak acid CCCP (carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone) and the rate constants for the movement of A− and HA across the membrane agree well with the predictions of the model for all values of pH, voltage and [CCCP].
Abstract: We demonstrate that a simple kinetic model describes the transport of protons across lipid bilayer membranes by the weak acid CCCP (carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone). Four parameters characterize this model: the adsorption coefficients of the anionic and neutral forms of the weak acid onto the interface (βA andβHA) and the rate constants for the movement of A− and HA across the membrane (kA andkHA). These parameters were determined by equilibrium dialysis, electrophoretic mobility, membrane potential, membrane conductance, and spectrophotometric measurements. From these equilibrium and steady state measurements on diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine/chlorodecane membranes we found thatβA=βHA=1.4 10-3cm,kA=175 s−1 andkHA=12,000 sec−1. These parameters and our model describe our kinetic experiments if we assume that the protonation reactions, which occur at the interfaces, remain at equilibrium. The model predicts a single exponential decay of the current in a voltage-clamp experimetn. The model also predicts that the decay in the voltage across the membrane following an intense current pulse of short duration (≈50 nsec) can be described by the sum of two exponentials. The magnitudes and time constants of the relaxations that we observed in both voltage-clamp and charge-pulse experiments agree well with the predictions of the model for all values of pH, voltage and [CCCP].

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Jan 1984-Science
TL;DR: The Graduate Group in Science and Mathematics Education (known informally as SESAME) offers an interdisciplinary graduate program leading to a doctoral degree in science and mathematics education to produce graduates who have advanced expertise in a scientific discipline as well as in educational theory and research methodologies.
Abstract: The Graduate Group in Science and Mathematics Education (known informally as SESAME) offers an interdisciplinary graduate program leading to a doctoral degree in science and mathematics education. The program is designed to produce graduates who have advanced expertise in a scientific discipline as well as in educational theory and research methodologies. The graduate group was established so individuals with training or experience in a mathematical, scientific or technical discipline could pursue advanced students focused on educational issues in these disciplines.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rapidly multiplying cultures were established from excised shoot tips of two dessert banana clones and two plantain clones, showing increases exceeding tenfold in growth rates based on increase in f.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Erythropoietin values in the infants were remarkably lower at any given hemoglobin level when compared with those of older children with anemia resulting from bone marrow failure, and change in heart rate did not appear to be a reliable indicator of the presence of anemia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show a highly significant seasonal variation in platelet 3H-imipramine binding which occurs in both normal and depressed populations and when annual rhythms are taken into account, there is no difference in the binding parameters in the two populations.
Abstract: Recent findings of reduced 3H-imipramine binding in platelets of depressed patients compared to healthy controls have been proposed as a biological marker of depression. However, these studies failed to consider the possible occurence of seasonal variation in the binding characteristics. Our results show a highly significant seasonal variation in platelet 3H-imipramine binding which occurs in both normal and depressed populations. Furthermore, when annual rhythms are taken into account, there is no difference in the binding parameters in the two populations.