Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 1986"
TL;DR: This paper pointed out serious shortcomings in DEA's treatment of price efficiency, illustrates the dangers of misspecification errors in DEA, and suggests extentions of the basic DEA formulation that address these shortcomings.
Abstract: This chapter points out serious shortcomings in DEA's treatment of price efficiency, illustrates the dangers of misspecification errors in DEA, and suggests extentions of the basic DEA formulation that address these shortcomings.
1,173 citations
TL;DR: A general introduction to scripting theory is offered, attempting to provide links between macrolevel considerations of sociocultural development and general theories of individual development.
Abstract: A general introduction to scripting theory is offered, attempting to provide links between macrolevel considerations of sociocultural development and general theories of individual development. The scripting of behavior is examined on three distinct levels: cultural scenarios (instruction in collective meanings), interpersonal scripts (the application of specific cultural scenarios by a specific individual in a specific social context), and intrapsychic scripts (the management of desires as experienced by the individual). These concepts of the scripting of behavior are then applied to sexual behavior. Interpersonal scripts are seen as the ordering of representations of self and other that facilitate the occurrence of a sexual act; intrapsychic scripts represent the ordering of images and desires that elicit and sustain sexual arousal. Issues of stability and change in sexual scripts are then examined in terms of the changing circumstances and requirements associated with movement through the life cycle.
1,075 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the relation between social resources and instrumental action and find that weaker ties (friends and acquaintances rather than relatives) provide better access to white-collar or more prestigious occupations and, as a consequence, provide access to a wider range of occupations.
978 citations
TL;DR: An attempt is made to describe the motion of grouping individuals kinematically as distinct from simple diffusion or random walk, to model the grouping on the basis of dynamics of animal motion, and to interpret the grouping from the standpoint of advection-diffusion processes.
850 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermodynamic nature of interfaces and of adhesion is reexamined in the light of the Lifshitz theory of the forces acting across condensed phases, and a new term is proposed, γLW, which consists of the sum of the terms heretofore ascribed to London, Debye, and Keesom forces, LW referring to lifshitz-van der Waals.
838 citations
TL;DR: It is proposed that state-dependent gating of geniculate relay cells, which may represent part of the neuronal substrate involved in certain forms of selective visual attention, can be effected through at least three different mechanisms: conventional GABAergic inhibition, largely controlled via brainstem and cortical afferents through interneurons and perigeniculate cells; the IAHP, which is controlled via noradrenergic and cholinergic afferentS from the brainstem reticular formation; and the
Abstract: In the mammalian visual system, the lateral geniculate nucleus is commonly thought to act merely as a relay for the transmission of visual information from the retina to the visual cortex, a relay without significant elaboration in receptive field properties or signal strength. However, many morphological and electrophysiological observations are at odds with this view. Only 10–20% of the synapses found on geniculate relay neurons are retinal in origin. Roughly half of all synapses derive from cells in layer VI of visual cortex; roughly one third are inhibitory and GABAergic, derived either from interneurons or from cells of the nearby perigeniculate nucleus. Most of the remaining synapses probably derive from cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic sites within the brainstem reticular formation. Moreover, recent biophysical studies have revealed several ionic currents present in virtually all thalamic neurons. One is a Ca2+-dependent K+ current underlying the afterhyperpolarization (or the IAHP), which may last up to 100–200 ms following an action potential. Activation of the IAHP leads to spike frequency adaptation in response to a sustained, suprathreshold input. Intracellular recordings from other neuronal preparations have shown that the IAHP can be blocked by noradrenalin or acetylcholine, leading to an increased cellular excitability. Another ionic current results from a voltage- and time-dependent Ca2+ conductance that produces a low threshold spike. Activation of this conductance transforms a geniculate neuron from a state of faithful relay of information to one of bursting behavior that bears little relationship to the activity of its retinal afferents. We propose that state-dependent gating of geniculate relay cells, which may represent part of the neuronal substrate involved in certain forms of selective visual attention, can be effected through at least three different mechanisms: (1) conventional GABAergic inhibition, which is largely controlled via brainstem and cortical afferents through interneurons and perigeniculate cells; (2) the IAHP, which is controlled via noradrenergic and cholinergic afferents from the brainstem reticular formation; and (3) the low threshold spike, which may be controlled by GABAergic inputs, cholinergic inputs, and/or the corticogeniculate input, although other possibilities also exist. Furthermore, it seems likely that gating functions involving the corticogeniculate pathway are suited to attentional processes within the visual domain (e.g., saccadic suppression), whereas brain-stem inputs seem more likely to have more global effects that switch attention between sensory systems. In any case, it is now abundantly clear that geniculate circuitry and the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of geniculate neurons are no longer compatible with the notion that the lateral geniculate nucleus serves as a simple relay.
468 citations
TL;DR: The details of occlusal microwear indicate that the diets of Australopithecus and Paranthropus were qualitatively different, and the inferred dietary differences and the differences in trophic adaptations do not appear to be related solely to purported differences in estimated body sizes.
432 citations
University of Arizona1, United States Geological Survey2, New Mexico State University3, California Institute of Technology4, NASA Headquarters5, Ames Research Center6, RAND Corporation7, Imperial College London8, University of Wisconsin-Madison9, University of Hawaii10, State University of New York System11, Cornell University12
TL;DR: Voyager 2 images of the southern hemisphere of Uranus indicate that submicrometersize haze particles and particles of a methane condensation cloud produce faint patterns in the atmosphere, and Voyager images confirm the extremely low albedo of the ring particles.
Abstract: Voyager 2 images of the southern hemisphere of Uranus indicate that submicrometersize haze particles and particles of a methane condensation cloud produce faint patterns in the atmosphere. The alignment of the cloud bands is similar to that of bands on Jupiter and Saturn, but the zonal winds are nearly opposite. At mid-latitudes (-70 degrees to -27 degrees ), where winds were measured, the atmosphere rotates faster than the magnetic field; however, the rotation rate of the atmosphere decreases toward the equator, so that the two probably corotate at about -20 degrees . Voyager images confirm the extremely low albedo of the ring particles. High phase angle images reveal on the order of 10(2) new ringlike features of very low optical depth and relatively high dust abundance interspersed within the main rings, as well as a broad, diffuse, low optical depth ring just inside the main rings system. Nine of the newly discovered small satellites (40 to 165 kilometers in diameter) orbit between the rings and Miranda; the tenth is within the ring system. Two of these small objects may gravitationally confine the e ring. Oberon and Umbriel have heavily cratered surfaces resembling the ancient cratered highlands of Earth's moon, although Umbriel is almost completely covered with uniform dark material, which perhaps indicates some ongoing process. Titania and Ariel show crater populations different from those on Oberon and Umbriel; these were probably generated by collisions with debris confined to their orbits. Titania and Ariel also show many extensional fault systems; Ariel shows strong evidence for the presence of extrusive material. About halfof Miranda's surface is relatively bland, old, cratered terrain. The remainder comprises three large regions of younger terrain, each rectangular to ovoid in plan, that display complex sets of parallel and intersecting scarps and ridges as well as numerous outcrops of bright and dark materials, perhaps suggesting some exotic composition.
408 citations
TL;DR: The examination of glasses from all of the Apollo landing sites has led to the identification of 25 groups of pristine glass as mentioned in this paper and the nickel found in these glasses is shown to be indigenous, not meteoritic contamination, and to be correlated with Mg.
Abstract: The examination of glasses from all of the Apollo landing sites has led to the identification of 25 groups of pristine glass. The nickel found in these glasses is shown to be indigenous, not meteoritic contamination, and to be correlated with Mg. Chemical data indicate that these glasses are more suitable for primary magma than most crystalline mare basalts. In addition, these pristine glasses support the view that assimilative processes involving two cumulative systems in the differentiated mantle operated during mare petrogenesis. Two linear arrays found among the chemistries of the glasses attest to the existence of these interactions. Data suggest that these cumulate components in the mantle continue for 1000 km (laterally) and therefore are likely to be products of a magma ocean that existed early in lunar history.
373 citations
TL;DR: This article found that partisan schematics are better than partisan aschematics to classify campaign statements as either Republican or Democratic and to recall the policy stands taken by a fictitious congressman.
Abstract: Based on their interest in politics and knowledge of political leaders, individuals are classified into three levels of partisan sophistication: (1) those scoring high in interest and knowledge (partisan schematics), (2) a middle group, and (3) those scoring low (partisan aschematics). In this experimental study, and consistent with findings from cognitive and social psychology, partisan schematics prove better able than partisan aschematics to classify campaign statements as either Republican or Democratic and to recall the policy stands taken by a fictitious congressman. Aschematics, at the other extreme, perform at no better than chance levels in either the recognition or recall of the congressman's policy statements. There are, however, liabilities to sophistication as well: Schematics demonstrate a “consistency bias” in recalling significantly more policy statements that are consistent with the congressman's party identification than are inconsistent with it. This “restructuring” of memory is especially pronounced among sophisticates, and reflects a serious bias in the processing of political information.
357 citations
TL;DR: A superspace calculation of the four-loop βT-function for two-dimensional N = 1, 2 supersymmetric non-linear αG-models is presented in this paper.
TL;DR: Foraging currencies based on average rates of energy gain often fail to predict observed behaviour when an animal must choose between a smaller, more immediate reward and a larger, more delayed reward as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of the relationship between levels of economic inequality and homicide rates for a sample of 26 neighborhoods in Manhattan, New York, and conclude that neighborhoods are more appropriate units of analysis for studying inequality and homicides than are larger political and statistical units.
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between levels of economic inequality and homicide rates for a sample of 26 neighborhoods in Manhattan, New York. It argues that neighborhoods are more appropriate units of analysis for studying inequality and homicide than are larger political and statistical units because neighborhoods are more likely to constitute meaningful frames of reference for social comparisons. The principle hypothesis is that a high degree of economic inequality in a neighborhood will give rise to high levels of relative deprivation and high rates of homicide. The results of a series of multiple regression analyses fail to support this hypothesis. The measure of economic inequality is weakly associated with the observed homicide rates. Similarly, the racial composition of Manhattan neighborhoods exhibits no significant association with levels of homicide, given statistical controls for other sociodemographic variables. Two neighborhood characteristics do emerge as significant predictors of homicide rates: the relative size of the poverty population and the percent divorced or separated. Homicide rates tend to be highest in those neighborhoods characterized by extreme poverty and pervasive marital dissolution.
TL;DR: Rabbit antisera directed against gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) conjugated to bovine serum albumin was used to localize neurons containing GABA-like immunoreactivity in the retinas of nine species of animals, indicating good correspondence between these 'GABAergic' markers.
TL;DR: Differences in the firing of hippocampus and dentate gyrus of rats during walking and urethane anesthesia represent some of the differences in cellular mechanisms distinguishing two kinds of hippocampal theta rhythm.
Abstract: Recordings were taken from single neurons in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of rats during walking and urethane anesthesia. Firing histograms for these cells were constructed as a function of the phase of the concurrent extracellularly recorded hippocampal slow wave theta rhythm. Care was taken to be sure of the site of recording of the theta rhythm and its phase with respect to a reliable reference, so that comparisons of the phases of firing could be made across animals. The firing of most of these neurons is deeply modulated as a function of the phase of the theta rhythm. This is true whether the theta rhythm occurs during walking or during urethane anesthesia, but for some types of cells the mean phases of firing are different in the two types of theta rhythm. During walking, pyramidal cells and interneurons in all hippocampal subregions and dentate granule cells have a maximum probability of firing near the positive peak of the theta rhythm recorded in the outer molecular layer of the dentate (dentate theta). During urethane anesthesia, the maximum firing probability for interneurons in CA1 and for dentate granule cells occurs near the negative peak of the dentate theta, while the phases of maximum firing for pyramidal cells and interneurons in CA3 and CA4 become widely distributed. The phases of maximum firing of pyramidal cells in CA1 are, if anything, more narrowly distributed around the positive peak of the dentate theta during urethane anesthesia than during walking. These differences in the firing of hippocampal cells during walking and urethane anesthesia represent some of the differences in cellular mechanisms distinguishing two kinds of hippocampal theta rhythm.
TL;DR: Data suggest that as little as a 17 residue sequence of beta-protein may be required to form fibrils and that the complete sequence of the 4 kDa beta- protein may be important in determining insolubility and the formation of intermediate size polymers.
TL;DR: The results indicate the methanogens and sulfate reducers compete for DMS when it is present at low concentrations; however, at high concentrations, DMS is a "noncompetitive" substrate for methanogenesis.
Abstract: Addition of dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethyldisulfide (DMDS), or methane thiol (MSH) to a diversity of anoxic aquatic sediments (eg, fresh water, estuarine, alkaline/hypersaline) stimulated methane production The yield of methane recovered from DMS was often 52 to 63%, although high concentrations of DMS (as well as MSH and DMDS) inhibited methanogenesis in some types of sediments Production of methane from these reduced methylated sulfur compounds was blocked by 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid Sulfate did not influence the metabolism of millimolar levels of DMS, DMDS, or MSH added to sediments However, when DMS was added at ∼2-μM levels as [14C]DMS, metabolism by sediments resulted in a 14CH4/14CO2 ratio of only 006 Addition of molybdate increased the ratio to 18, while 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid decreased it to 0, but did not block 14CO2 production These results indicate the methanogens and sulfate reducers compete for DMS when it is present at low concentrations; however, at high concentrations, DMS is a “noncompetitive” substrate for methanogens Metabolism of DMS by sediments resulted in the appearance of MSH as a transient intermediate A pure culture of an obligately methylotrophic estuarine methanogen was isolated which was capable of growth on DMS Metabolism of DMS by the culture also resulted in the transient appearance of MSH, but the organism could grow on neither MSH nor DMDS The culture metabolized [14C]-DMS to yield a 14CH4/14CO2 ratio of ∼28 Reduced methylated sulfur compounds represent a new class of substrates for methanogens and may be potential precursors of methane in a variety of aquatic habitats
TL;DR: In this article, the four-loop β-function for the two-dimensional N=1 supersymmetric nonlinear σ-model defined on a general reimannian manifold was derived.
TL;DR: In this paper, an explicit superspace calculation of the quantum corrections, up to four-loop order in perturbation theory, for the N = 2 non-linear σ-model in two-dimensions is presented.
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This essay discusses the concepts of constraint and saltation critically in the context of development; many might be governed by developmental constraints which do not permit continuity of form in polymorphic populations.
Abstract: Developmental biology has long been a focus for evolutionary theory (von Baer, 1828; Haeckel, 1866; Garstang, 1922; deBeer, 1958; Goldschmidt, 1938; Waddington, 1940; Riedl, 1978; Gould, 1977; Bonner, 1982; Raff and Kaufman, 1983). Time and again, the concepts of constraint and saltation have been (reformulated in developmental terms, but, surely, Goldschmidt’s (1938) “Physiological Genetics” is the classic in this field. A major group of constraints are non-random channelizations of evolutionary direction due to limitations imposed by epigenetic interaction in the developing organism. In the context of development, Saltations are rapid evolutionary fixations of phenotypic discontinuities; many might be governed by developmental constraints which do not permit continuity of form in polymorphic populations. It is the purpose of this essay to discuss these two concepts critically.
TL;DR: It is shown that these maxima are not Bragg diffraction peaks, but have an intrinsic width, and may be understood as resulting from the interference between two or more characteristic lengths, as originally discussed by Hendricks and Teller.
Abstract: We consider densely packed assemblies of icosahedra, such that icosahedral bond-orientational order is enforced throughout the sample. The peaks in the calculated diffraction patterns may be put in a one-to-one correspondence with the electron and x-ray diffraction patterns from icosahedral Al-Mn alloys, allowing the determination of the packing-unit size. We show that these maxima are not Bragg diffraction peaks, but have an intrinsic width, and may be understood as resulting from the interference between two or more characteristic lengths, as originally discussed by Hendricks and Teller.
TL;DR: It is shown here that junctions which contain three double helical arms can be enzymatically oligomerized, using conventional sticky-ended ligation procedures, to create larger complexes.
Abstract: Nucleic acid junctions are stable analogs of branched DNA structures which occur transiently in living systems. We show here that junctions which contain three double helical arms can be enzymatically oligomerized, using conventional sticky-ended ligation procedures, to create larger complexes. The products consist of a series of linked junctions separated by 20 base pairs. Junction dimers are formed that have free termini only, whereas trimers and larger species are found to be both unclosed and cyclized. The formation of a series of macrocyclic products which, surprisingly, begins with trimers and tetramers indicates that this junction is flexible about a bending axis, and perhaps twist-wise as well. We have obtained the same results from three different 3-arm junctions, two in which the junction is flanked by a 3 Watson-Crick base pairs, and one in which a G-G base pair flanks the junction.
TL;DR: Particles of magnetite, Fe3O4, accumulate preferentially in the liver and spleen after intravenous injection, and drastically decrease echo intensities in spinecho proton magnetic resonance imaging sequences, as demonstrated by experiments on dogs injected with 0.05‐μm particles.
Abstract: Particles of magnetite, Fe3O4, accumulate preferentially in the liver and spleen after intravenous injection. Their magnetic fields drastically decrease echo intensities in spinecho proton magnetic resonance imaging sequences, as demonstrated by experiments on dogs injected with 10 mg/kg of 0.05-μm particles. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
TL;DR: It is shown that the conductance of metals is sensitive to the motion of a single scattering center, and an anomalous low-temperature noise is predicted in metallic glasses, due to two-level systems.
Abstract: We show that the conductance of metals is sensitive to the motion of a single scattering center. At zero temperature and in two dimensions, the motion of one strong scattering center induces changes of the conductance of order $\frac{{e}^{2}}{h}$, independent of sample size. We discuss the implications of this result for room-temperature $\frac{1}{f}$ noise in disordered metals and we predict an anomalous low-temperature $\frac{1}{f}$ noise in metallic glasses, due to two-level systems.
TL;DR: This paper argued that the lack of rapprochement is also due to SLA theory's excessive reliance for its models on acquisition in native-speaker environments and ignorance of the dynamics of language use in multilingual settings.
Abstract: It is argued that there is a paradigm gap that has prevented research on second-language acquisition (SLA) theory and indigenized varieties of English (IVEs) from making substantive contributions to each other While it is true that studies of IVEs and their acquisition have been impressionistic (non-empirical) and often atheoretical, the lack of rapprochement is also due to SLA theory's excessive reliance for its models on acquisition in native-speaker environments and ignorance of the dynamics of language use in multilingual settings. This has resulted in the neglect and misunderstanding of IVEs. It is shown that IVEs represent a number of significant sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic variables, the investigation of which will put SLA theory on firmer theoretical ground and give it greater explanatory power
TL;DR: The retina is established as a model system for studying both the diverse nature of EAA receptors on different identified neurons and the unique conductance mechanisms that underlie the separation of ON and OFF channels within the OPL, and there is now strong evidence for an EAA receptor which, when activated, hyperpolarizes the cell by closing ionic channels.
TL;DR: A model is proposed whereby high affinity serotonin receptors in fetal brainstem tissue and in fetal forebrain tissue regulate direction and extent of growth, and the presence of these receptors is confirmed using a direct binding assay.
TL;DR: In this paper, the specific role of vegetation in lessening urban impacts on runoff is assessed using data for a 6-h, 1-year storm event on surface cover types for the city of Dayton, OH.
TL;DR: Data envelopment analysis is a linear programming–based method that has clear advantages over competing approaches, but its own limitations should not be overlooked.
Abstract: Data envelopment analysis is a linear programming–based method that has clear advantages over competing approaches. However, its own limitations should not be overlooked.