Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 1987"
TL;DR: For example, this paper pointed out that most of the research and too many of the marketing strategies treat buyer-seller exchange as a primary concern. But, they also pointed out, "too much research and practice have focused persistently on exchange between buyers and sellers".
Abstract: Marketing theory and practice have focused persistently on exchange between buyers and sellers. Unfortunately, most of the research and too many of the marketing strategies treat buyer-seller excha...
7,871 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two constructions of hyperkahler manifolds, one based on a Legendre transform and one on a sympletic quotient, are described, which can be described geometrically.
Abstract: We describe two constructions of hyperkahler manifolds, one based on a Legendre transform, and one on a sympletic quotient. These constructions arose in the context of supersymmetric nonlinear σ-models, but can be described entirely geometrically. In this general setting, we attempt to clarify the relation between supersymmetry and aspects of modern differential geometry, along the way reviewing many basic and well known ideas in the hope of making them accessible to a new audience.
1,227 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that natural marine bacterial biomass and production may be higher than was previously thought and that variations in bacterial size may not reflect variations in biomass per cell.
Abstract: Microscopic estimation of bacterial biomass requires determination of both biovolume and biovolume-to-biomass conversion. Both steps have uncertainty when applied to the very small bacteria typically found in natural seawater. In the present study, natural bacterioplankton assemblages were freshly collected, passed through 0.6-μm-pore-size Nuclepore filters to remove larger particulate materials, and diluted for growth in 0.22-μm-pore-size Millipore filter-sterilized unenriched seawater. This provided cells comparable in size and morphology to those in natural seawater, but the cultures were free of the interfering particulate detritus naturally present. Cells were collected on glass-fiber GF/F filters, and biovolumes were corrected for cells passing these filters; C and N were measured with a CHN analyzer. Our criteria for size measurement by epifluorescence photomicrography were confirmed with fluorescent microspheres of known diameters. Surprisingly, in six cultures with average per-cell biovolumes ranging from 0.036 to 0.073 μm3, the average per-cell carbon biomass was relatively constant at 20 ± 0.08 fg of C (mean ± standard error of the mean). The biovolume-to-biomass conversion factor averaged 0.38 ± 0.05 g of C cm−3, which is about three times higher than the value previously estimated from Escherichia coli, and decreased with increasing cell volume. The C:N ratio was 3.7 ± 0.2. We conclude that natural marine bacterial biomass and production may be higher than was previously thought and that variations in bacterial size may not reflect variations in biomass per cell. Images
1,177 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an initial path estimate is perturbed using a geometric interpretation of the ray equations, and the travel time along the path is minimized in a piecewise fashion, iteratively performed until the travel times converges within a specified limit.
Abstract: A new approximate algorithm for two-point ray tracing is proposed and tested in a variety of laterally heterogeneous velocity models. An initial path estimate is perturbed using a geometric interpretation of the ray equations, and the travel time along the path is minimized in a piecewise fashion. This perturbation is iteratively performed until the travel time converges within a specified limit. Test results show that this algorithm successfully finds the correct travel time within typical observational error much faster than existing three-dimensional ray tracing programs. The method finds an accurate ray path in a fully three-dimensional form even where lateral variations in velocity are severe. Because our algorithm utilizes direct minimization of the travel time instead of solving the ray equations, a simple linear interpolation scheme can be employed to compute velocity as a function of position, providing an added computational advantage.
814 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an interactional theory of delinquency is proposed, where the control, learning, and delinquency variables are seen as reciprocalIy interrelated, mutually affecting one another over the person's life.
Abstract: Contemporary theories of delinquency are seen as limited in three respects: they tend to rely on unidirectional causal structures that represent delinquency in a static rather than dynamic fashion, they do not examine developmental progressions, and they do not adequately link processual concepts to the person's position in the social structure. The present article develops an interactional theory of delinquency that addresses each of these issues. It views delinquency as resulting from the freedom afforded by the weakening of the person's bonds to conventional society and from an interactional setting in which delinquent behavior is learned and reinforced. Moreover, the control, learning, and delinquency variables are seen as reciprocalIy interrelated, mutually affecting one another over the person's life. Thus, delinquency is viewed as part of a larger causal network, affected by social factors but also affecting the development of those social factors over time.
798 citations
TL;DR: The relationship between light regime, photosynthesis, growth and depth distribution of a temperate seagrass, Zostera marina L. (eelgrass), was investigated in a subtidal eelgrass meadow near Woods Hole, MA as discussed by the authors.
500 citations
TL;DR: The fact that the evolution of resistance to environmental pollutants does seem to occur in some populations in polluted environments warrants taking that possibility into consideration when evaluating the results of bioassays and monitoring programs.
442 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the research that has been done on the connection between research productivity or scholarly accomplishment of faculty members and their teaching effectiveness (as assessed by their students).
Abstract: This analysis reviews the research that has been done on the connection between research productivity or scholarly accomplishment of faculty members and their teaching effectiveness (as assessed by their students). On average, there is a very small positive association between the two variables. To understand this relationship better, extant research was explored for factors that might mediate either positive or inverse associations between research productivity and teaching effectiveness and those that possibly could be common causes of them. Pedagogical practices and dispositions of faculty members, as well as certain course or class characteristics (size of class, electivity of course), were examined as potential mediating factors. Potential common causes investigated were academic rank and age of faculty members, their general ability, their personality characteristics, and the amount of time or effort they spend on research activities. The association between research productivity and teaching effectiveness was explored further by considering whether its size and direction varies by career stage of faculty members, their academic discipline, and the type of college or university in which they teach.
425 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide evidence of security analyst (SA) superiority relative to univariate time-series (TS) models in predicting firms' quarterly earnings numbers and show that SA forecast superiority in their sample is attributable to: (1) better utilization of information existing on the date that TS model forecasts can be initiated, a contemporaneous advantage; and (2) use of information acquired between the date of initiation of TS model and the date when SA forecasts are published, a timing advantage.
403 citations
TL;DR: A procedure for earthquake resistant design is developed to limit the potential damage of buildings to a tolerable level as discussed by the authors, based on the damage model developed earlier (Park and Ang, 1984) in which structural damage is expressed as a function of the maximum deformation and dissipated hysteretic energy.
Abstract: A procedure for earthquake‐resistant design is developed to limit the potential damage of buildings to a tolerable level The procedure is based on the damage model developed earlier (Park and Ang, 1984) in which structural damage is expressed as a function of the maximum deformation and dissipated hysteretic energy The tolerable degree of damage is defined on the basis of calibration with observed damages from past major earthquakes The design method is examined in the context of reliability
399 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that DNA and ribosomal RNA synthesis are drastically inhibited in an S. cerevisiae top1 top2 ts double mutant at the restrictive temperature, but that the rate of poly(A)+ RNA synthesis is reduced only about threefold and transfer RNA synthesis remains relatively normal.
Abstract: Yeast strains with mutations in the genes for DNA topoisomerases I and II have been identified previously in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae1–3 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe4. The topoisomerase II mutants (top2) are conditional-lethal temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. They are defective in the termination of DNA replication and the segregation of daughter chromosomes2–5, but otherwise appear to replicate and transcribe DNA normally. Topoisomerase I mutants (top1), including strains with null mutations are viable and exhibit no obvious growth defects, demonstrating that DNA topoisomerase I is not essential for viability in yeast1,4,6,7. In contrast to the single mutants, top1 top2 ts double mutants from both Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grow poorly at the permissive temperature and stop growth rapidly at the non-permissive temperature4,7. Here we report that DNA and ribosomal RNA synthesis are drastically inhibited in an S. cerevisiae top1 top2 ts double mutant at the restrictive temperature, but that the rate of poly(A)+ RNA synthesis is reduced only about threefold and transfer RNA synthesis remains relatively normal. The results suggest that DNA replication and at least ribosomal RNA synthesis require an active topoisomerase, presumably to act as a swivel to relieve torsional stress, and that either topoisomerase can perform the required function (except in termination of DNA replication where topoisomerase II is required).
TL;DR: Observations in mice suggest that, in mice, adrenal medullary grafts exert a neurotrophic action in the host brain to enhance recovery of dopaminergic neurons, which may be relevant to the symptomatic recovery in Parkinson's disease patients who have received adrenal MedullARY grafts.
Abstract: The drug, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), depletes striatal dopamine levels in primates and certain rodents, including mice, and produces parkinsonian-like symptoms in humans and nonhuman primates. To investigate the consequences of grafting adrenal medullary tissue into the brain of a rodent model of Parkinson's disease, a piece of adult mouse adrenal medulla was grafted unilaterally into mouse striatum 1 week after MPTP treatment. This MPTP treatment resulted in the virtual disappearance of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers and severely depleted striatal dopamine levels. At 2, 4, and 6 weeks after grafting, dense tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were observed in the grafted striatum, while only sparse fibers were seen in the contralateral striatum. In all cases, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers appeared to be from the host rather than from the grafts, which survived poorly. These observations suggest that, in mice, adrenal medullary grafts exert a neurotrophic action in the host brain to enhance recovery of dopaminergic neurons. This effect may be relevant to the symptomatic recovery in Parkinson's disease patients who have received adrenal medullary grafts.
TL;DR: Fractal concepts have attracted substantial popular attention in the past few years as discussed by the authors, and many of the applications continue to be concerned with spatial phenomena, such as measure to scale, self-similarity, and recursive subdivision of space.
Abstract: Fractal concepts have attracted substantial popular attention in the past few years. The key ideas originated in studies of map data, and many of the applications continue to be concerned with spatial phenomena. We review the relevance of fractals to geography under three headings; the response of measure to scale, self-similarity, and the recursive subdivision of space. A fractional dimension provides a means of characterizing the effects of cartographic generalization and of predicting the behavior of estimates derived from data that are subject to spatial sampling. The self-similarity property of fractal surfaces makes them useful as initial or null hypothesis landscapes in the study of geomorphic processes. A wide variety of spatial phenomena have been shown to be statistically self-similar over many scales, suggesting the importance of scale-independence as a geographic norm. In the third area, recursive subdivision is shown to lead to novel and efficient ways of representing spatial data in...
TL;DR: This article examined the role that measurement error potentially has in multiple regression tests of abnormal returns (occuring around the time of earnings announcements) on an unexpected earnings proxy and other non-earnings variables.
TL;DR: This paper found that individuals' explanations of political issues are significantly influenced by the manner in which television news presentations "frame" these issues, and that these results are politically consequential, for individuals" explanations of national issues independently affect their assessments of presidential performance.
Abstract: Causal beliefs are important ingredients of public opinion. Citizens are able to identify the causes of complex national issues and do so spontaneously. Evidence is presented that individuals' explanations of political issues are significantly influenced by the manner in which television news presentations “frame” these issues. These results are politically consequential, for individuals' explanations of national issues independently affect their assessments of presidential performance.
TL;DR: The "shear" method of Humphries et al. as discussed by the authors is based on a path model intended to explain differences in form by multiple factors: one for size and one or more for shape differences.
Abstract: The "shear" method of Humphries et al. (1981) is based on a path model intended to explain differences in form by multiple factors: one for size and one or more for shape differences. Its adaptation for "removing" the effects of a within-population size-factor from between-group morphometric analyses is presented in compact matrix form, simplified, and compared to the method of orthogonal projection proposed by Burnaby (1966). While the size- correction methods give similar results for most real data sets, Burnaby's procedure with k = 1 (i.e., using a single composite size variable) is recommended for this purpose owing to its geometrical and computational simplicity. An example based on artificial data demonstrates that sheared principal components are not necessarily uncorrelated with size. Path modeling of size and shape together is a different purpose than size-correction, and is better served by a different procedure. (Allometric growth; morphometrics; size; shape; principal components analysis.)
TL;DR: The course of 1,487 patients with myasthenia gravis followed between 1940 and 1985 provides further evidence that the distribution, severity, and outcome of the disease are determined during the first 1 to 3 (occasionally 5) years after onset, suggesting that injury to acetylcholine receptors occurs mainly during this time.
Abstract: The course of 1,487 patients with myasthenia gravis followed between 1940 and 1985 for a mean of 18 years provides further evidence that the distribution, severity, and outcome of the disease are determined during the first 1 to 3 (occasionally 5) years after onset, suggesting that injury to acetylcholine receptors occurs mainly during this time. In 14%, the disease remained clinically localized to the extraocular muscles, and in the remaining 86% became generalized, in 87% within a year, with the disease reaching maximum severity within the first year after onset of symptoms in 55%, during the first 3 years in 70%, and during the first 5 years in 85%. Male patients tended to have more rapid progression of disease, higher mortality, and lower rates of remission and improvement than females. From 1940 to 1957, when management relied on anticholinesterase compounds, endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy and negative pressure assisted ventilation for respiratory failure, and thymectomy in 26% of patients and thymomectomy in 8%, 31% of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis died of the disease (29% of these during the first year after onset, 27% during the second and third years, and 17% during the fourth and fifth years), 32% improved, 23% remained unchanged, 10% went into remission, and only 5% were worse during the last year seen than during the worst of the first 3 years (or 5 years in the minority of patients who reached maximum weakness after 3 years). From 1958 to 1965, during which time the management of respiratory failure was improved by positive pressure and volume controlled ventilation and improved intensive care, mortality fell to 14% (p less than 0.005), and a higher proportion remained unchanged (p less than 0.005). From 1966 to 1985, when over half the patients received adrenal cortical steroids, mortality fell to 7% (p less than 0.005) and the proportion who improved rose to 47% (p less than 0.05). Even though the patients who received steroids usually had more severe myasthenia, they had a higher rate of improvement than those who received no steroid, 54% compared to 39% (p less than 0.005). Thymectomy was performed in one-fourth of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis, more frequently in young females and those with more severe weakness, and less often in older males and those with less severe weakness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derive a discrete choice model of the demand for health care from a theoretical model which implies that if health is a normal good, then the price elasticity must decline as income rises.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the role of oceans in governing the transient climate responses and a time-dependent estimate of the potential trace gas warming from the preindustrial era to the early 21st century.
Abstract: The paper considers trace gas-climate effects including the greenhouse effect of polyatomic trace gases, the nature of the radiative-chemical interactions, and radiative-dynamical interactions in the stratosphere, and the role of these effects in governing stratospheric climate change. Special consideration is given to recent developments in the investigations of the role of oceans in governing the transient climate responses, and a time-dependent estimate of the potential trace gas warming from the preindustrial era to the early 21st century. The importance of interacting modeling and observational efforts is emphasized. One of the problems remaining on the observational front is the lack of certainty in current estimates of the rate of growth of CO, O3, and NOx; the primary challenge is the design of a strategy that will minimize the sampling errors.
TL;DR: It is shown that in a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination, populations at different latitudes compensate for differences in thermal environment and seasonality by adjusting the response of sex ratio to temperature, and by altering the level of environmental as opposed to genetic control.
Abstract: Two general mechanisms of sex determination have been identified among gonochoristic vertebrates: environmental sex determination where offspring become male or female in response to an environmental factor(s) during development (for example, some fishes and reptiles); and genetic sex determination where sex is determined by genotype at conception (as in birds and mammals). How do these sex-determining systems evolve? Direct evidence is virtually non-existent because the sex-determining systems of most species appear to have little genetic variation. Here we provide the first evidence of adaptive variation in environmental and genetic sex determination within a species. We show that in a fish with temperature-dependent sex determination, populations at different latitudes compensate for differences in thermal environment and seasonality by adjusting the response of sex ratio to temperature, and by altering the level of environmental as opposed to genetic control. The adjustments observed are precisely those predicted by adaptive sex ratio theory.
TL;DR: The power of music is in its participatory discrepancies, and these are basically of two kinds: processual and textural as discussed by the authors, and the fact that these musical essentials are barely "figured" in Owen Barfield's sense and certainly not "collectively represented" with any great clarity in language is evidence, I believe, of their original or active participatory power.
Abstract: The power of music is in its participatory discrepancies, and these are basically of two kinds: processual and textural. Music, to be personally involving and socially valuable, must be "out of time" and "out of tune." For "participatory discrepancies" one could substitute "inflection," "articulation," "creative tensions," "relaxed dynamisms," "semiconscious or unconscious slightly out of syncnesses." For "process" one could substitute "beat," "drive," "groove," "swing," "push," etc., and for "texture" one could substitute "timbre," "sound," "tone qualities," "as arranged by," and so forth. The fact that these musical essentials are barely "figured" in Owen Barfield's sense (1965:24ff., 188) and certainly not "collectively represented" with any great clarity in language (1965: 41, 111, 122, 154-155) is evidence, I believe, of their original or active participatory power (1965:2845). Put another way, wherever "lexical meanings" are various and ambiguous for a particular phenomenon, one can assume a lot of collective and individual unconsciousness and conversely a greater power for "speaker's meanings" (Barfield 1984) to define situations.
TL;DR: Results indicated that supportive close relationships during and after an episode of cancer are associated with positwe patient adjustment, and the evidence suggests that most cancer patients can expect that support to be warm and helpful after the cancer episode.
Abstract: Interviews were conducted with 78 breast cancer patients and their significant others to assess perceptions of social support following a diagnosis of cancer Results indicated that supportive close relationships during and after an episode of cancer are associated with positwe patient adjustment Moreover, the evidence suggests that most cancer patients can expect that support to be Approximately threequarters of the atlents in the reported that their relationships, Including those with family and friends to be warm and helpful after the cancer episode The remaining one-fourth had at least one troubled relationship, and many more experienced isolated instances of rejection or withdrawal Strained communication was a common problem in this group, particularly when the patient felt that her fears were discounted by those close to her, especially her spouse Successful marital adjustment after the cancer episode was more likely when the partners expressed satisfaction w~th the relationship before the episo
TL;DR: In this paper, measured biological oxidation rates of near-surface waters of the Cariaco Basin are compared with the diffusional fluxes computed from concentration gradients of methane in the surface layer.
Abstract: Measured biological oxidation rates of methane in near-surface waters of the Cariaco Basin are compared with the diffusional fluxes computed from concentration gradients of methane in the surface layer. Methane fluxes and oxidation rates were investigated in surface waters, at the oxic/anoxic interface, and in deep anoxic waters. It is shown that the surface-waters oxidation of methane is a mechanism which modulates the flux of methane from marine waters to the atmosphere.
TL;DR: The results indicate that endometrial PRL production is regulated by the combined effects of steroid hormones (progestin and estrogen) and a peptide hormone (relaxin).
Abstract: Human decidua synthesizes and secretes PRL. We identified the PRL synthesized in endometrial stromal cells and investigated the effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), estradiol (E2), porcine relaxin (RLX), and RU486, an antiprogestin, on PRL production by stromal cells from non-pregnant endometrium in primary culture. Stromal cells were isolated from proliferative and secretory endometria and individually cultured in nutrient medium or medium supplemented with different hormone(s). The immunoreactive PRL isolated from culture medium of hormone-stimulated stromal cells was identified and compared to pituitary PRL. Bio-Gel elution pattern and mol wt analysis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting showed that PRL produced by stromal cells had properties identical to those of pituitary PRL. In addition, PRL mRNA was identified in hormone-stimulated stromal cells using human pituitary PRL cDNA as a hybridization probe. Analysis of mRNA by Northern blotting showed that the size of PRL mRNA isolated from stromal cells was indistinguishable from that of PRL mRNA in human decidua and pituitary tissue. These results indicated that PRL measured in culture medium was synthesized de novo by stromal cells. The PRL content in culture medium was quantitated by RIA. The PRL production rate in stromal cells cultured without hormones ranged from 6-10 ng/day.mg cell protein. After 4-5 days of incubation with RLX or MPA alone, the PRL production rate increased about 2- to 3-fold over the control value. E2 alone had either no effect or slightly decreased the stromal cell PRL production rate. Stromal cells responded to 0.02 microM MPA, and the maximal response was at 0.1-1 microM MPA. A further increase in PRL production was found when stromal cells were treated with a combination of MPA and E2 and MPA, E2 and RLX. In the presence of MPA or MPA and E2, 0.1 ng/ml relaxin increased the PRL production rate. A potent progestin antagonist, RU486, inhibited PRL production in stromal cells treated with MPA, MPA and E2, or MPA and RLX. These results indicate that endometrial PRL production is regulated by the combined effects of steroid hormones (progestin and estrogen) and a peptide hormone (relaxin).
TL;DR: The bloom colored the water dark brown, decimated eelgrass beds through decreased light penetration and caused starvation (tissue weight loss) and recruitment failure of commercially important bay scallop populations as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Throughout the summers of 1985 and 1986 a small (2–3 μm diameter), previously underscribed chrysophyte bloomed monospecifically (>109 cells 1−1) in Long Island embayments. The bloom colored the water dark brown, decimated eelgrass beds through decreased light penetration and caused starvation (tissue weight loss) and recruitment failure of commercially important bay scallop populations. These perturbations portend longterm changes in subtidal communities Similar and concurrent blooms in bays of Rhode Island and New Jersey suggest a meteorological component of the environmental conditions promoting bloom formation. Culture experiments with isolates of the microalga suggest the presence of stimulatory growth factors in the bloom seawater. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY040 00002
TL;DR: The distribution of the chromatic number on random graphs Gn, p is quite sharply concentrated, and for fixedp it concentrates almost surely in √n ω(n) consecutive integers where ω (n) approaches infinity arbitrarily slowly.
Abstract: The distribution of the chromatic number on random graphsG
n, p
is quite sharply concentrated. For fixedp it concentrates almost surely in √n ω(n) consecutive integers where ω(n) approaches infinity arbitrarily slowly. If the average degreepn is less thann
1/6, it concentrates almost surely in five consecutive integers. Large deviation estimates for martingales are used in the proof.
TL;DR: The results suggest that upstream fish readily trade off feeding for hiding and avoiding predation hazard, a likely response when predators appear infrequently, while downstream fish appear to be selected for boldness and tenacity while foraging under chronically high hazard.
Abstract: Populations of guppies, Poecilia reticulata and Hart's rivulus, Rivulus harti, in Trinidad experience different levels of predation hazard from piscivorous fish. Those from the larger rivers (“downstream sites’) experience chronically high predation hazard, while those from headwater streams (“upstream sites”) have few predators. Guppies and Hart's rivulus, collected from downstream and upstream sites, were assayed for their feeding rate in the presence and absence of predators. We defined tenacity as the ratio of the feeding rates in the presence and absence of a predator stimulus. Thus, tenacity expresses the degree to which the forager maintains its feeding rate when a predator stimulus is present. Previous work by Seghers (1973) showed that non-feeding guppies from downstream sites responded more strongly to predators than did guppies from upstream sites. Based on this, we initially hypothesized that fish from downstream sites would show lower tenacities than fish from upstream sites. However, we found the opposite in every case. When confronted with a predator stimulus, guppies and Hart's rivulus from downstream sites fed at consistently greater rates and displayed greater tenacities than did those from upstream sites. These differences were found in experiments using both live and model predators. The results suggest that upstream fish readily trade off feeding for hiding and avoiding predation hazard, a likely response when predators appear infrequently, while downstream fish appear to be selected for boldness and tenacity while foraging under chronically high hazard.
TL;DR: This study demonstrates that the mitogenic activity of 15- and 12-HETE on endothelial cells may be mediated via DAG kinase inhibition with the concomitant accumulation of cellular DAG.
TL;DR: A design for a biochip memory device based on known materials and existing principles is presented, which relies on the self-assembly of the nucleic acid junction system, which acts as the scaffolding for a molecular wire consisting of polyacetylene-like units.
Abstract: A design for a biochip memory device based on known materials and existing principles is presented. The fabrication of this memory system relies on the self-assembly of the nucleic acid junction system, which acts as the scaffolding for a molecular wire consisting of polyacetylene-like units. A molecular switch to control current is described which is based on the formation of a charge-transfer complex. A molecular-scale bit is presented which is based on oxidation-reduction potentials of metal atoms or clusters. The readable 'bit' which can be made of these components has a volume of 3 x 10(7) A3, and should operate at electronic speeds over short distances.