Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 1995"
TL;DR: An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd.
Abstract: An approach for genome analysis based on sequencing and assembly of unselected pieces of DNA from the whole chromosome has been applied to obtain the complete nucleotide sequence (1,830,137 base pairs) of the genome from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae Rd. This approach eliminates the need for initial mapping efforts and is therefore applicable to the vast array of microbial species for which genome maps are unavailable. The H. influenzae Rd genome sequence (Genome Sequence DataBase accession number L42023) represents the only complete genome sequence from a free-living organism.
5,944 citations
TL;DR: This article explored a model in which individuals construct attitudes to new or emergent attitude objects by referencing personal values and beliefs about the consequences of the objects for their values, and found that a subset of the major clusters identified in value theory is associated with willingness to take proenvironmental action; that a biospheric value orientation cannot yet be discerned in a general population sample.
Abstract: Discoveries in environmental science become the raw material for constructing social attitude objects, individual attitudes, and broad public concerns. We explored a model in which individuals construct attitudes to new or emergent attitude objects by referencing personal values and beliefs about the consequences of the objects for their values. We found that a subset of the major clusters identified in value theory is associated with willingness to take proenvironmental action; that a biospheric value orientation cannot yet be discerned in a general population sample; that willingness to take proenvironmental action is a function of both values and beliefs, with values also predicting beliefs; and that gender differences can be attributed to both beliefs and values. Our model has promise for explicating the factors determining public concern with environmental conditions.
1,121 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that both human and chicken MMP-2, free of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are capable of cleaving soluble, triple helical type I collagen generating the ¾- and ¼-length collagen fragments characteristic of vertebrate interstitial collagenases.
905 citations
TL;DR: Cases of countergradient variation offer unique insight into the mechanisms that produce and maintain phenotypic similarity and/or differences along environmental gradients.
Abstract: Countergradient variation is a geographical pattern of genotypes (with respect to environments) in which genetic influences on a trait oppose environmental influences, thereby minimizing phenotypic change along the gradient. Phenotypic similarity across changing environments ought to be of intense interest because it belies considerable genotypic change. When it occurs in characters that are positively associated with fitness, countergradient variation conflicts with the hypothesis that local adaptation to one environment trades off against performance in another environment. Cases of countergradient variation therefore offer unique insight into the mechanisms that produce and maintain phenotypic similarity and/or differences along environmental gradients.
860 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between childhood maltreatment and later involvement in delinquency using official and self-report data from the Rochester Youth Development Study and found that more extensive maltreatment is associated with higher rates of delinquency.
Abstract: Recent research suggests a link between childhood maltreatment and later involvement in delinquency. This study examines this issue using official and self-report data from the Rochester Youth Development Study. The analysis addresses three central issues: the magnitude of the relationship between early child maltreatment and later delinquency, official and self-reported; the possibility of spuriousness in this relationship; and the impact of more extensive measurement of maltreatment on later delinquency. A significant relationship between child maltreatment and self-reported and official delinquency is found and this relationship, especially for more serious forms of delinquency, remains when controlling for other factors. The results also suggest that more extensive maltreatment is related to higher rates of delinquency. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.
774 citations
TL;DR: The identification of the first human PLD cDNA is reported, which defines a new and highly conserved gene family and likely encodes the gene product responsible for the most widely studied endogenous PLD activity.
642 citations
TL;DR: This paper found strong support for an on-line model of the candidate evaluation process that in contrast to memory-based models shows that citizens are responsive to campaign information, adjusting their overall evaluation of the candidates in response to their immediate assessment of campaign messages and events.
Abstract: We find strong support for an on-line model of the candidate evaluation process that in contrast to memory-based models shows that citizens are responsive to campaign information, adjusting their overall evaluation of the candidates in response to their immediate assessment of campaign messages and events. Over time people forget most of the campaign information they are exposed to but are nonetheless able to later recollect their summary affective evaluation of candidates which they then use to inform their preferences and vote choice. These findings have substantive, methodological, and normative implications for the study of electoral behavior. Substantively, we show how campaign information affects voting behavior. Methodologically, we demonstrate the need to measure directly what campaign information people actually attend to over the course of a campaign and show that after controling for the individual's on-line assessment of campaign messages, National Election Study-type recall measures prove to be spurious as explanatory variables. Finally, we draw normative implications for democratic theory of on-line processing, concluding that citizens appear to be far more responsive to campaign messages than conventional recall models suggest.
624 citations
TL;DR: The answer depends on a combination of resolution, penetrating power, analytical sensitivity, compatibility with wet specimens, and the ease of image interpretation.
Abstract: In this review we propose to address the question: for the life-science researcher, what does X-ray microscopy have to offer that is not otherwise easily available?We will see that the answer depends on a combination of resolution, penetrating power, analytical sensitivity, compatibility with wet specimens, and the ease of image interpretation.
623 citations
TL;DR: It is acknowledged that much more data from endogenous receptors in whole tissues are needed before further recommendations on somatostatin receptor nomenclature can be made, but a promising approach is discussed.
570 citations
TL;DR: This paper used forward multiple regression analyses to identify the best combination for predicting GPA in a sample of 201 psychology students, using self-control, SAT score, average grade earned in high school, and 32 personality variables.
Abstract: Total SAT score, average grade earned in high school, and 32 personality variables are examined via forward multiple regression analyses to identify the best combination for predicting GPA in a sample of 201 psychology students. Average grade earned in high school enters first, accounting for 19% of the variance in GPA. Self-control enters second, and SAT third; these account for 9% and 5% of the variance, respectively. No other predictors accounted for substantial portions of variance. This pattern of results converges with findings reported by other investigators using other measures of personality. It was recommended that the global trait of self-control or conscientiousness be systematically assessed and used in college admissions decisions.
525 citations
TL;DR: A recursive equation is derived to combine a variable number of family history reports, wherein the probabilities associated with a single report are computed from the logistic analysis, which permits the use offamily history information both as a proxy for an uninterviewed relative, as well as a second source of information to be used in the analysis of genetic family data.
Abstract: Using data from The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, we compare direct interview diagnoses of alcohol dependence to those obtained by history from family members. Using a requirement of three or more positive implications by history, the specificity, sensitivity, and positive predictive values are 98%, 39%, and 45%, respectively. A logistic analysis found the gender of the relative and alcoholism in the informant to be significant, but not the gender of the informant. The partial odds ratio of a diagnosis at interview associated with a positive family history diagnosis was 13.6. The relationship between the informant and relative was significant, with negative reports from an offspring or mate more influential than a negative report from a parent or second-degree relative. We derived a recursive equation to combine a variable number of family history reports, wherein the probabilities associated with a single report are computed from the logistic analysis. This permits the use of family history information both as a proxy for an uninterviewed relative, as well as a second source of information to be used in the analysis of genetic family data.
TL;DR: Assessment of attachment of the V1 to the V0 sector of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed detachment of the peripheral subunits from the vacuolar membrane in the absence of glucose, followed by reattachment in the presence of glucose.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that gamma subunit rotates relative to the beta subunits during catalysis, and similar reactivities of unlabeled and radiolabeled beta sub units with gamma C87 upon reoxidation.
Abstract: During oxidative and photo-phosphorylation, F0F1-ATP synthases couple the movement of protons down an electrochemical gradient to the synthesis of ATP. One proposed mechanistic feature that has remained speculative is that this coupling process requires the rotation of subunits within F0F1. Guided by a recent, high-resolution structure for bovine F1 [Abrahams, J. P., Leslie, A. G., Lutter, R. & Walker, J. E. (1994) Nature (London) 370, 621-628], we have developed a critical test for rotation of the central gamma subunit relative to the three catalytic beta subunits in soluble F1 from Escherichia coli. In the bovine F1 structure, a specific point of contact between the gamma subunit and one of the three catalytic beta subunits includes positioning of the homolog of E. coli gamma-subunit C87 (gamma C87) close to the beta-subunit 380DELSEED386 sequence. A beta D380C mutation allowed us to induce formation of a specific disulfide bond between beta and gamma C87 in soluble E. coli F1. Formation of the crosslink inactivated beta D380C-F1, and reduction restored full activity. Using a dissociation/reassembly approach with crosslinked beta D380C-F1, we incorporated radiolabeled beta subunits into the two noncrosslinked beta-subunit positions of F1. After reduction of the initial nonradioactive beta-gamma crosslink, only exposure to conditions for catalytic turnover results in similar reactivities of unlabeled and radiolabeled beta subunits with gamma C87 upon reoxidation. The results demonstrate that gamma subunit rotates relative to the beta subunits during catalysis.
TL;DR: It is reported that the vast majority of undifferentiated NBs exhibit abnormal cytoplasmic sequestration of wild-type p53, which might abrogate the transactivating function of p53 by inhibiting its access to the nucleus, rather than by gene mutation.
Abstract: Neuroblastoma (NB), a tumor arising from the sympathetic nervous system, is one of the most common malignancies in childhood. Several recent reports on the p53 genotype found virtually exclusive wild-type status in primary tumors, and it was postulated that p53 plays no role in the development of NB. Here, however, we report that the vast majority of undifferentiated NBs exhibit abnormal cytoplasmic sequestration of wild-type p53. This inability of p53 to translocate to the nucleus presumably prevents the protein from functioning as a suppressor. Thirty of 31 cases (96%) of undifferentiated NB showed elevated levels of wild-type p53 in the cytoplasm of all tumor cells concomittant with a lack of nuclear staining. p53 immunoprecipitation from tumor tissues showed a 4.5- to 8-fold increase over normal protein levels. All of 10 tumors analyzed harbored wild-type p53 by direct sequencing of full-length cDNA and Southern blot. In addition, no MDM-2 gene amplification was seen in all 11 tumors analyzed. In contrast, no p53 abnormality was detected in 14 differentiated ganglioneuroblastomas and 1 benign ganglioneuroma. We conclude that loss of p53 function seems to play a major role in the tumorigenesis of undifferentiated NB. This tumor might abrogate the transactivating function of p53 by inhibiting its access to the nucleus, rather than by gene mutation. Importantly, our results suggest that (i) this could be a general mechanism for p53 inactivation not limited to breast cancer (where we first described it) and that (ii) it is found in a tumor previously not thought to be affected by p53 alteration.
TL;DR: The rotor, the frequency of rotation of the rotor, and the wave speed prechit and R. Desrosiers, AIDS Pes.
Abstract: 18. R. C. Desrosiers, AIDS Pes. Horn. Retrovlr. 10, 331 fibrillation (6). Fuirthermi-ore, the width of 8. R. M. Ruprecht et al., J. AIDS 3, 591 (1990); P. M. (1994). thcse frcurc pcr a erltdt Ruprecht et al., Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 19. D. D. Ho and Y. Cao. N. Engl. 3. Med. 332. 1647reule spcrca beeatdo 5558 (1990); R. C. Horn, P. W. Finberg, S. Mullaney, (1995). the frequency of rotation of the rotor, thei H. M. Ruprecht, 3. Virol. 65, 220 (1991);R. M. RU20. F. Kirchhoff, H. W. Kostler, R. C. Desrosiers. 3. Virol. speed of its motion, and the wave speed prechit and R. Bronson, DNA Ce//Pie!O. 13, 59 (1994). 68. 2031 (1994). throuui h oplrpeninnicod 9 R. M. Huprecht et al.. unpublished data. 21.~Wethank L. Geronimo tor preparing this maniuscript. \"I~teDppe hnmeo cod 10. M. L. Marthas et a!., 3. Virol. 64, 3694 (1990). Supported in part by NIH grants 2RD1 A132330-05 MItL to the following relationship: 11 3. 5. Dibbs et a)., AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 10, 607 and 2BD1 A135533 02, DAMD grant 1 7 94-J-4431 (1994). to H.M.R., and bytheCentertorAIDS Research core 1/1+ O, ./)<~5t 12, M. L. Marthas et a)., 3. Virol. 69, 4198 (1995). grant (P3
State University of New York System1, Langley Research Center2, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory3, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory4, Bureau of Meteorology5, National Center for Atmospheric Research6, Pennsylvania State University7, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts8, University of California, San Diego9
TL;DR: Collocated satellite and surface measurements of solar radiation at five geographically diverse locations showed significant solar absorption by clouds, resulting in about 25 watts per square meter more global-mean absorption by the cloudy atmosphere than predicted by theoretical models.
Abstract: There has been a long history of unexplained anomalous absorption of solar radiation by clouds. Collocated satellite and surface measurements of solar radiation at five geographically diverse locations showed significant solar absorption by clouds, resulting in about 25 watts per square meter more global-mean absorption by the cloudy atmosphere than predicted by theoretical models. It has often been suggested that tropospheric aerosols could increase cloud absorption. But these aerosols are temporally and spatially heterogeneous, whereas the observed cloud absorption is remarkably invariant with respect to season and location. Although its physical cause is unknown, enhanced cloud absorption substantially alters our understanding of the atmosphere's energy budget.
TL;DR: Using a screen designed to identify yeast mutants specifically defective in recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, new alleles of the meiosis-specific genes, HOP1, RED1, and MEK1 are obtained and a novel gene designated MSH5 (MutS Homolog 5) is identified.
Abstract: Using a screen designed to identify yeast mutants specifically defective in recombination between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, we have obtained new alleles of the meiosis-specific genes, HOP1, RED1, and MEK1. In addition, the screen identified a novel gene designated MSH5 (MutS homolog 51. Although Msh5p exhibits strong homology to the MutS family of proteins, it is not involved in DNA mismatch repair. Diploids lacking the MSH5 gene display decreased levels of spore viability, increased levels of meiosis I chromosome nondisjunction, and decreased levels of reciprocal exchange between, but not within, homologs. Gene conversion is not reduced. Msh5 mutants are phenotypicaUy similar to mutants in the meiosis-specific gene MSH4 (Ross-Macdonald and Roeder 1994}. Double mutant analysis using rash4 rash5 diploids demonstrates that the two genes are in the same epistasis group and therefore are likely to function in a similar process--namely, the facilitation of interhomolog crossovers during meiosis.
TL;DR: In conclusion, type I, II, and III receptors can all be down-regulated, but with different characteristics, as the relative abundance of InsP3 receptors is extremely variable, and the extent to which activation of the down-regulatory process alters intracellular signaling will vary depending on which InsP 3 receptors are expressed.
TL;DR: The data indicate that FAAR is likely a mediator of fatty acid transcriptional effects in preadipocytes, and was strongly induced early during differentiation, and increased by fatty acid.
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental theorems of quantum chromodynamics are discussed and a discussion of the global fitting approach to the determination of parton distributions in nucleons is presented.
Abstract: The elements, theoretical basis, and experimental status of perturbative quantum chromodynamics are presented. Relevant field-theoretic methods are introduced at a nonspecialist level, along with a review of the basic ideas and methods of the parton model. This is followed by an account of the fundamental theorems of quantum chromodynamics, which generalize the parton model. Summaries of the theoretical and experimental status of the most important hard-scattering processes are then given, including electron-positron annihilation, deeply inelastic scattering, and hard hadron-hadron scattering, as induced both by electoweak interactions and by quantum chromodynamics directly. In addition, a discussion is presented of the global fitting approach to the determination of parton distributions in nucleons.
TL;DR: The results indicate that Part B is more difficult than Part A not only because it is a more difficult cognitive task, but also because of its increased demands in motor speed and visual search.
Abstract: The Trail Making Test (TMT) is primarily a test of motor speed and visual attention. In Trail Making, Part A, the subject's task is to quickly draw lines on a page connecting 25 consecutive numbers. In Part B, the subject must draw the lines alternating between numbers and letters. To determine what makes Part B harder than Part A, variations of the standard Trail Making Test were assessed. Forty college students (20 male, 20 female) were given four forms of the Trail Making Test. The results show that Trail Making, Part B with just numbers took longer to complete than the standard Part A with numbers. Part B is 56 cm longer and has more visually interfering stimuli than Part A. These results indicate that Part B is more difficult than Part A not only because it is a more difficult cognitive task, but also because of its increased demands in motor speed and visual search.
TL;DR: The data suggest the presence of a Fre1p-independent reductase activity in the yeast plasma membrane which is relatively specific for Cu(II) and which supports copper uptake in the absence of FRE1 expression.
TL;DR: The H AT1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli gave histone acetyltransferase activity in vitro, demonstrating that HAT1 is the structural gene for the enzyme.
TL;DR: In this paper, an expression for a globally averaged value of direct radiative forcing by absorbing aerosols is derived and applied to the case of smokes produced by biomass burning, which is shown to be a sensitive function of the size distribution of aerosol particles.
Abstract: An expression for a globally averaged value of direct radiative forcing by absorbing aerosols is derived and applied to the case of smokes produced by biomass burning. It is shown that the direct radiative forcing due to the biomass burning aerosols is a sensitive function of the size distribution of aerosol particles. For the range of measured size distributions of smoke aerosols the direct radiative forcing varies between −0.2 and −1.1 W/m².
TL;DR: Exploratory regression analysis and confirmatory within study analysis suggested that combinations of modalities--in particular those including education, psychotherapy/counseling and follow-up contact/probation--were more effective than other evaluated modes for reducing drinking/driving recidivism.
Abstract: A meta-analysis of the efficacy of remediation with drinking/driving offenders included 215 independent evaluations identified through a comprehensive literature search. Study characteristics, including dimensions of methodological quality were coded using scales and protocols developed by expert panels. Better methodological quality (as indicated by group equivalence) was associated with smaller effect size and less variation in effect size. Among studies with adequate methods (as determined empirically through examination of effect size variation with quality), the average effect of remediation on drinking/driving recidivism was an 8-9% reduction over no remediation. A similar effect size was found for alcohol involved crashes. However, licensing actions tended to be associated with reduction in occurrence of non-alcohol events (e.g. non-alcohol crashes). Exploratory regression analysis and confirmatory within study analysis suggested that combinations of modalities--in particular those including education, psychotherapy/counseling and follow-up contact/probation--were more effective than other evaluated modes for reducing drinking/driving recidivism. Treatment effects are probably underestimated in the literature due to overemphasis on education as a treatment for all offenders and drinking/driving recidivism as the most frequent measure of outcome. Limitations of the primary literature and future research needs are discussed. Language: en
TL;DR: The overall decline in risk-adjusted mortality could not be explained by shifts in patients away from low-volume surgeon to high-volume surgeons, and the performance of surgeons who were not consistently low- volume surgeons was markedly better.
Abstract: Objective. —To examine the longitudinal relationship between surgeon volume and in-hospital mortality for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in New York State and to explain changes in mortality that occurred over time. Design. —Observation of clinically risk-adjusted operative mortality over time. Setting. —All 30 New York State hospitals in which CABG surgery was performed for 1989 through 1992. Patients. —All 57187 patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery in New York State in 1989 through 1992 in the 30 hospitals. Main Outcome Measures. —Actual, expected, and risk-adjusted mortality. Results. —Risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality decreased for all categories of surgeons. Low-volume surgeons (≤50 operations per year) experienced a 60% reduction in risk-adjusted mortality in the 4-year period, whereas the highest-volume surgeons (>150 operations per year) experienced a 34% reduction. The percentage of patients undergoing CABG surgery by low-volume surgeons decreased from 7.6% in 1989 to 5.7% in 1992, a 25% decrease. Conclusions. —The overall decline in risk-adjusted mortality could not be explained by shifts in patients away from low-volume surgeons to high-volume surgeons. The proportionately larger decrease in risk-adjusted mortality for low-volume surgeons could not be explained by changes in patient case mix or by improvements in the performance of surgeons with persistently low volumes. Part of the decrease was a result of the exodus of low-volume surgeons with high risk-adjusted mortality (in all years studied), the markedly better performance of surgeons who were new to the system (especially in 1991 and 1992), and the performance of surgeons who were not consistently low-volume surgeons (especially in 1992). (JAMA. 1995;273:209-213)
TL;DR: Amantadine was significantly better than placebo in treating fatigue in MS patients, whereas pemoline was not, and the benefit of amantadines was not due to changes in sleep, depression, or neurologic disability.
Abstract: Objective To determine the relative efficacy of amantadine, pemoline, and placebo in treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue. Background Fatigue is a complication of MS. Both pemoline and amantadine have been used to treat MS fatigue, but their relative efficacy is not known. Methods Amantadine, pemoline, and placebo were compared in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study using a parallel-group design. Ninety-three ambulatory MS patients completed the study. Primary outcome measures were the fatigue seventy scale (FSS); the MS-specific fatigue scale (MS-FS); and subjective response determined by verbal self-report. Secondary outcome measures consisted of assessments of sleep, depression, and vitality. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with planned post-hoc contrasts and Fisher9s exact test were used to compare treatment response. Results Amantadine-treated patients showed a significantly greater reduction in fatigue, as measured by the MS-FS, than did patients treated with placebo ( p = 0.04). By verbal report at the end of the study, 79% of patients treated with amantadine versus 52% treated with placebo and 32% treated with pemoline preferred drug therapy compared with no treatment ( p = 0.03). No significant differences in any primary outcome measures were noted between pemoline and placebo. Neither amantadine nor pemoline affected sleep or depression relative to placebo. Conclusion Amantadine was significantly better than placebo in treating fatigue in MS patients, whereas pemoline was not. The benefit of amantadine was not due to changes in sleep, depression, or neurologic disability.
TL;DR: In this article, a specific tyrosine residue within paxillin was identified as the principle site of phosphorylation by FAK in vitro by immunoprecipitating FAK and performing in vitro kinase assays, using as substrate either glutathione S-transferase (GST)-paxillin fusion proteins containing truncations in paxillins sequence or fusion proteins with phenylalanine substitutions for tyrosines.
TL;DR: This work has analysed phosphorylation of the synthetic peptide AMARAASAAALARRR, and 23 variants, by mammalian, higher plant and yeast members of the SNF1 protein kinase subfamily, and by mammalian calmodulin‐dependentprotein kinase I (CaMKI).
TL;DR: In this paper, the reverse weathering process has been largely discounted because of insufficient direct evidence for its existence, but substantial quantities of K-Fe-Mg clay minerals precipitated on naturally occurring solid substrates over times of ∼12 to 36 months at ∼28°C.
Abstract: Formation of aluminosilicate minerals in marine sediments was proposed over 30 years ago as a potentially important control on the chemistry of the oceans. Until now, this reverse weathering process has been largely discounted because of insufficient direct evidence for its existence. Experiments with unaltered, anoxic, Amazon delta sediments showed that substantial quantities of K-Fe-Mg clay minerals precipitated on naturally occurring solid substrates over times of ∼12 to 36 months at ∼28°C. A range of pore-water, solute-flux, and solid-phase criteria indicates that comparable clay mineral precipitation processes occur throughout Amazon shelf sediments, contributing ≳3 percent of the weight of the deposits and consuming ∼10 percent of the global riverine K+ flux.