Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 2012"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize and extend a suite of conceptual frameworks, research findings, and practice-based knowledge into an integrative framework for collaborative governance, which specifies a set of nested dimensions that encompass a larger system context, a collaborative governance regime, and internal collaborative dynamics and actions that can generate impacts and adaptations across the systems.
Abstract: Collaborative governance draws from diverse realms of practice and research in public administration. This article synthesizes and extends a suite of conceptual frameworks, research findings, and practice-based knowledge into an integrative framework for collaborative governance. The framework specifies a set of nested dimensions that encompass a larger system context, a collaborative governance regime, and its internal collaborative dynamics and actions that can generate impacts and adaptations across the systems. The framework provides a broad conceptual map for situating and exploring components of cross-boundary governance systems that range from policy or programbased intergovernmental cooperation to place-based regional collaboration with nongovernmental stakeholders to public-private partnerships. The framework integrates knowledge about individual incentives and barriers to collection action, collaborative social learning and conflict resolution processes, and institutional arrangements for cross-boundary collaboration. It is presented as a general framework that might be applied to analyses at different scales, in different policy arenas, and varying levels of complexity. The article also offers 10 propositions about the dynamic interactions among components within the framework and concludes with a discussion about the implications of the framework for theory, research, evaluation, and practice.
1,942 citations
Imperial College London1, Centre national de la recherche scientifique2, State University of New York System3, University of California, Davis4, University College Cork5, Institut de recherche pour le développement6, Cornell University7, James Hutton Institute8, University of Cambridge9, University of Bristol10
TL;DR: A survey of bacterial pathologists asked them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance, and a short section is presented on each bacterium in the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intention of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant bacteriology community.
Abstract: Many plant bacteriologists, if not all, feel that their particular microbe should appear in any list of the most important bacterial plant pathogens. However, to our knowledge, no such list exists. The aim of this review was to survey all bacterial pathologists with an association with the journal Molecular Plant Pathology and ask them to nominate the bacterial pathogens they would place in a 'Top 10' based on scientific/economic importance. The survey generated 458 votes from the international community, and allowed the construction of a Top 10 bacterial plant pathogen list. The list includes, in rank order: (1) Pseudomonas syringae pathovars; (2) Ralstonia solanacearum; (3) Agrobacterium tumefaciens; (4) Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae; (5) Xanthomonas campestris pathovars; (6) Xanthomonas axonopodis pathovars; (7) Erwinia amylovora; (8) Xylella fastidiosa; (9) Dickeya (dadantii and solani); (10) Pectobacterium carotovorum (and Pectobacterium atrosepticum). Bacteria garnering honourable mentions for just missing out on the Top 10 include Clavibacter michiganensis (michiganensis and sepedonicus), Pseudomonas savastanoi and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. This review article presents a short section on each bacterium in the Top 10 list and its importance, with the intention of initiating discussion and debate amongst the plant bacteriology community, as well as laying down a benchmark. It will be interesting to see, in future years, how perceptions change and which bacterial pathogens enter and leave the Top 10.
1,479 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimated the prevalence, severity, and extent of periodontitis in the adult U.S. population, with data from the 2009 and 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle.
Abstract: This study estimated the prevalence, severity, and extent of periodontitis in the adult U.S. population, with data from the 2009 and 2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle. Estimates were derived from a sample of 3,742 adults aged 30 years and older, of the civilian non-institutionalized population, having 1 or more natural teeth. Attachment loss (AL) and probing depth (PD) were measured at 6 sites per tooth on all teeth (except the third molars). Over 47% of the sample, representing 64.7 million adults, had periodontitis, distributed as 8.7%, 30.0%, and 8.5% with mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis, respectively. For adults aged 65 years and older, 64% had either moderate or severe periodontitis. Eighty-six and 40.9% had 1 or more teeth with AL ≥ 3 mm and PD ≥ 4 mm, respectively. With respect to extent of disease, 56% and 18% of the adult population had 5% or more periodontal sites with ≥ 3 mm AL and ≥ 4 mm PD, respectively. Periodontitis was highest in men, Mexican Americans, adults with less than a high school education, adults below 100% Federal Poverty Levels (FPL), and current smokers. This survey has provided direct evidence for a high burden of periodontitis in the adult U.S. population.
1,471 citations
TL;DR: The eighth iteration of the American College of Chest Physicians Antithrombotic Guidelines presented, in a paper version, a narrative evidence summary and rationale for the recommendations, a small number of evidence profiles summarizing bodies of evidence, and some articles with quite extensive summary tables of primary studies.
1,423 citations
TL;DR: Understanding of the mechanisms by which stress and glucocorticoids affect glutamate transmission provides insights into normal brain functioning, as well as the pathophysiology and potential new treatments of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
Abstract: Mounting evidence suggests that acute and chronic stress, especially the stress-induced release of glucocorticoids, induces changes in glutamate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, thereby influencing some aspects of cognitive processing. In addition, dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission is increasingly considered to be a core feature of stress-related mental illnesses. Recent studies have shed light on the mechanisms by which stress and glucocorticoids affect glutamate transmission, including effects on glutamate release, glutamate receptors and glutamate clearance and metabolism. This new understanding provides insights into normal brain functioning, as well as the pathophysiology and potential new treatments of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
1,121 citations
TL;DR: The results emphasize the key role of vegetation feedbacks in attenuating SUHII of big cities during the day, in particular during the growing season, further highlighting that increasing urban vegetation cover could be one effective way to mitigate the urban heat island effect.
Abstract: Urban heat island is among the most evident aspects of human impacts on the earth system. Here we assess the diurnal and seasonal variation of surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) defined as the surface temperature difference between urban area and suburban area measured from the MODIS. Differences in SUHII are analyzed across 419 global big cities, and we assess several potential biophysical and socio-economic driving factors. Across the big cities, we show that the average annual daytime SUHII (1.5 ± 1.2 °C) is higher than the annual nighttime SUHII (1.1 ± 0.5 °C) (P < 0.001). But no correlation is found between daytime and nighttime SUHII across big cities (P = 0.84), suggesting different driving mechanisms between day and night. The distribution of nighttime SUHII correlates positively with the difference in albedo and nighttime light between urban area and suburban area, while the distribution of daytime SUHII correlates negatively across cities with the difference of vegetation cover and activity between urban and suburban areas. Our results emphasize the key role of vegetation feedbacks in attenuating SUHII of big cities during the day, in particular during the growing season, further highlighting that increasing urban vegetation cover could be one effective way to mitigate the urban heat island effect.
840 citations
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory1, Max Planck Society2, Arizona State University3, Cornell University4, State University of New York System5, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory6, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility7, University of Gothenburg8, University of Hamburg9, University of Lübeck10, Uppsala University11
TL;DR: Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is applied using an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) to obtain high-resolution structural information from microcrystals of the well-characterized model protein lysozyme, demonstrating the immediate relevance of SFX for analyzing the structure of the large group of difficult-to-crystallize molecules.
Abstract: Structure determination of proteins and other macromolecules has historically required the growth of high-quality crystals sufficiently large to diffract x-rays efficiently while withstanding radiation damage. We applied serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) using an x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) to obtain high-resolution structural information from microcrystals (less than 1 micrometer by 1 micrometer by 3 micrometers) of the well-characterized model protein lysozyme. The agreement with synchrotron data demonstrates the immediate relevance of SFX for analyzing the structure of the large group of difficult-to-crystallize molecules.
764 citations
TL;DR: Direct adverse effects of CO2 on human performance may be economically important and may limit energy-saving reductions in outdoor air ventilation per person in buildings.
Abstract: Background: Associations of higher indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations with impaired work performance, increased health symptoms, and poorer perceived air quality have been attributed to correlation of indoor CO2 with concentrations of other indoor air pollutants that are also influenced by rates of outdoor-air ventilation.
Objectives: We assessed direct effects of increased CO2, within the range of indoor concentrations, on decision making.
Methods: Twenty-two participants were exposed to CO2 at 600, 1,000, and 2,500 ppm in an office-like chamber, in six groups. Each group was exposed to these conditions in three 2.5-hr sessions, all on 1 day, with exposure order balanced across groups. At 600 ppm, CO2 came from outdoor air and participants’ respiration. Higher concentrations were achieved by injecting ultrapure CO2. Ventilation rate and temperature were constant. Under each condition, participants completed a computer-based test of decision-making performance as well as questionnaires on health symptoms and perceived air quality. Participants and the person administering the decision-making test were blinded to CO2 level. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance models.
Results: Relative to 600 ppm, at 1,000 ppm CO2, moderate and statistically significant decrements occurred in six of nine scales of decision-making performance. At 2,500 ppm, large and statistically significant reductions occurred in seven scales of decision-making performance (raw score ratios, 0.06–0.56), but performance on the focused activity scale increased.
Conclusions: Direct adverse effects of CO2 on human performance may be economically important and may limit energy-saving reductions in outdoor air ventilation per person in buildings. Confirmation of these findings is needed.
699 citations
TL;DR: The first wave of GATS showed high rates ofsmoking in men, early initiation of smoking in women, and low quit ratios, reinforcing the view that efforts to prevent initiation and promote cessation of tobacco use are needed to reduce associated morbidity and mortality.
642 citations
TL;DR: Novel and biocompatible core/shell (α-NaYbF(4):Tm(3+))/CaF(2) nanoparticles that exhibit highly efficient NIR(in)-NIR(out) upconversion (UC) for high contrast and deep bioimaging are described.
Abstract: We describe the development of novel and biocompatible core/shell (α-NaYbF(4):Tm(3+))/CaF(2) nanoparticles that exhibit highly efficient NIR(in)-NIR(out) upconversion (UC) for high contrast and deep bioimaging. When excited at ~980 nm, these nanoparticles emit photoluminescence (PL) peaked at ~800 nm. The quantum yield of this UC PL under low power density excitation (~0.3 W/cm(2)) is 0.6 ± 0.1%. This high UC PL efficiency is realized by suppressing surface quenching effects via heteroepitaxial growth of a biocompatible CaF(2) shell, which results in a 35-fold increase in the intensity of UC PL from the core. Small-animal whole-body UC PL imaging with exceptional contrast (signal-to-background ratio of 310) is shown using BALB/c mice intravenously injected with aqueously dispersed nanoparticles (700 pmol/kg). High-contrast UC PL imaging of deep tissues is also demonstrated, using a nanoparticle-loaded synthetic fibrous mesh wrapped around rat femoral bone and a cuvette with nanoparticle aqueous dispersion covered with a 3.2 cm thick animal tissue (pork).
625 citations
TL;DR: It is estimated that Na2 IrO3 is deep in a magnetically ordered regime, while Li2IrO3 appears to be close to a spin-liquid regime.
Abstract: Combining thermodynamic measurements with theoretical calculations we demonstrate that the iridates ${A}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ ($A=\mathrm{Na}$, Li) are magnetically ordered Mott insulators where the magnetism of the effective spin-orbital $S=1/2$ moments can be captured by a Heisenberg-Kitaev (HK) model with interactions beyond nearest-neighbor exchange. Experimentally, we observe an increase of the Curie-Weiss temperature from $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}125\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ for ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ to $\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}33\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$ for ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$, while the ordering temperature remains roughly the same ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\approx}15\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{K}$. Using functional renormalization group calculations we show that this evolution of $\ensuremath{\theta}$ and ${T}_{N}$ as well as the low temperature zigzag magnetic order can be captured within this extended HK model. We estimate that ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ is deep in a magnetically ordered regime, while ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}{\mathrm{IrO}}_{3}$ appears to be close to a spin-liquid regime.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of carbon materials for significant emerging applications that relate to structural self-sensing (a structural material sensing its own condition), electromagnetic interference shielding (blocking radio wave) and thermal interfacing (improving thermal contacts by using thermal interface materials).
TL;DR: A positive association between perceived racism and psychological distress is found and a moderation effect for psychological outcomes is found, with anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric symptoms having a significantly stronger association than quality of life indicators.
Abstract: The literature indicates that perceived racism tends to be associated with adverse psychological and physiological outcomes; however, findings in this area are not yet conclusive. In this meta-analysis, we systematically reviewed 66 studies (total sample size of 18,140 across studies), published between January 1996 and April 2011, on the associations between racism and mental health among Black Americans. Using a random-effects model, we found a positive association between perceived racism and psychological distress (r .20). We found a moderation effect for psychological outcomes, with anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric symptoms having a significantly stronger association than quality of life indicators. We did not detect moderation effects for type of racism scale, measurement precision, sample type, or type of publication. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: A growing number of leadership writers argue leader humility is important to organizational effectiveness as mentioned in this paper, but little is known about the construct, why some leaders behave more humbly than others, and why they are more successful than others.
Abstract: Although a growing number of leadership writers argue leader humility is important to organizational effectiveness, little is known about the construct, why some leaders behave more humbly than oth...
TL;DR: It is argued that the involvement of children's and adolescents' peer networks in prevention and intervention efforts may be critical for promoting and maintaining positive behavioral health trajectories.
TL;DR: It is shown in a pilot study that rhesus macaques injected with phospholipid micelle-encapsulated CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots do not exhibit evidence of toxicity, and chemical analysis revealed that most of the initial dose of cadmium remained in the liver, spleen and kidneys after 90 days.
Abstract: Quantum dots have been used in biomedical research for imaging1,2, diagnostics3,4 and sensing purposes5,6. However, concerns over the cytotoxicity of their heavy metal constituents7,8 and conflicting results from in vitro7,9 and small animal10,11,12,13,14 toxicity studies have limited their translation towards clinical applications. Here, we show in a pilot study that rhesus macaques injected with phospholipid micelle-encapsulated CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots do not exhibit evidence of toxicity. Blood and biochemical markers remained within normal ranges following treatment, and histology of major organs after 90 days showed no abnormalities. Our results show that acute toxicity of these quantum dots in vivo can be minimal. However, chemical analysis revealed that most of the initial dose of cadmium remained in the liver, spleen and kidneys after 90 days. This means that the breakdown and clearance of quantum dots is quite slow, suggesting that longer-term studies will be required to determine the ultimate fate of these heavy metals and the impact of their persistence in primates. Six rhesus macaques injected with a cadmium-based quantum-dot formulation survived without any evidence of toxicity, but cadmium remained in certain organs after 90 days.
TL;DR: Exome sequencing in three probands with MMPSI and de novo gain-of-function mutations affecting the C-terminal domain of the KCNT1 potassium channel were identified, which led to constitutive activation of the channel.
Abstract: Malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy (MMPSI) is a rare epileptic encephalopathy of infancy that combines pharmacoresistant seizures with developmental delay. We performed exome sequencing in three probands with MMPSI and identified de novo gain-of-function mutations affecting the C-terminal domain of the KCNT1 potassium channel. We sequenced KCNT1 in 9 additional individuals with MMPSI and identified mutations in 4 of them, in total identifying mutations in 6 out of 12 unrelated affected individuals. Functional studies showed that the mutations led to constitutive activation of the channel, mimicking the effects of phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain by protein kinase C. In addition to regulating ion flux, KCNT1 has a non-conducting function, as its C terminus interacts with cytoplasmic proteins involved in developmental signaling pathways. These results provide a focus for future diagnostic approaches and research for this devastating condition.
TL;DR: It is concluded that craving has considerable utility for diagnosis and as a clinical outcome, and that findings from future research will likely expand the clinical potential of the craving construct in the domains of prognosis and craving as a treatment target.
Abstract: Although drug craving has received considerable research attention over the past several decades, to date there has been no systematic review of the general clinical significance of craving. This paper presents an overview of measurement issues of particular relevance to a consideration of use of craving in clinical settings. The paper then considers the relevance of craving across a broad array of clinical domains, including diagnosis, prognostic utility, craving as an outcome measure, and the potential value of craving as a direct target of intervention. The paper is both descriptive and prescriptive, informed by the current state of the science on craving with recommendations for the definition of craving, assessment practices, future research, and clinical applications. We conclude that craving has considerable utility for diagnosis and as a clinical outcome, and that findings from future research will likely expand the clinical potential of the craving construct in the domains of prognosis and craving as a treatment target.
TL;DR: The fact that both excitation and the PL of these nanocrystals are in the biological window of optical transparency, combined with their high quantum efficiency, spectral sharpness, and photostability, makes these Nanocrystals extremely promising as optical biomaging probes.
Abstract: We have synthesized core/shell NaGdF4:Nd3+/NaGdF4 nanocrystals with an average size of 15 nm and exceptionally high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield. When excited at 740 nm, the nanocrystals manifest spectrally distinguished, near-infrared to near-infrared (NIR-to-NIR) downconversion PL peaked at ∼900, ∼1050, and ∼1300 nm. The absolute quantum yield of NIR-to-NIR PL reached 40% for core–shell nanoparticles dispersed in hexane. Time-resolved PL measurements revealed that this high quantum yield was achieved through suppression of nonradiative recombination originating from surface states and cross relaxations between dopants. NaGdF4:Nd3+/NaGdF4 nanocrystals, synthesized in organic media, were further converted to be water-dispersible by eliminating the capping ligand of oleic acid. NIR-to-NIR PL bioimaging was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo through visualization of the NIR-to-NIR PL at ∼900 nm under incoherent lamp light excitation. The fact that both excitation and the PL of these nanocrystals...
TL;DR: It is argued that even slightly longer measures of personality traits can substantially increase the validity of research findings without significant inconvenience to the researcher or research participants.
Abstract: Researchers often use very abbreviated (e.g., 1-item, 2-item) measures of personality traits due to their convenience and ease of use as well as the belief that such measures can adequately capture an individual’s personality. Using data from 2 samples (N = 437 employees, N = 355 college students), we show that this practice, particularly the use of single-item measures, can lead researchers to substantially underestimate the role that personality traits play in influencing important behaviors and thereby over estimate the role played by new constructs. That is, the use of very short measures of personality may substantially increase both the Type 1 and Type 2 error rates. We argue that even slightly longer measures can substantially increase the validity of research findings without significant inconvenience to the researcher or research participants.
TL;DR: In this article, a meta-analytic review of the adjustment to college literature is presented, based on studies using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SATQ).
Abstract: This paper presents a meta-analytic review (k = 237, N = 44,668) of the adjustment to college literature. The review, based on studies using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire, is organized around three primary themes: (1) the structure of students’ adjustment to college, (2) the relationship of adjustment to college constructs with possible antecedents and correlates, and (3) the relationship of adjustment to college constructs with college grades and college retention. Meta-analytic results indicate that adjustment to college is multidimensional, predictive of college grades, and an unusually good predictor of college retention. Adjustment to college is also shown to be moderately related to individual traits, social support, and students’ relationships with their parents. Weaker relationships are evident with demographic variables, prior achievement, coping approaches, and variables that reflect students’ psychological independence from their parents. Theoretical and practical implications for the study of students’ adjustment to college, academic performance, and retention are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors look at the impact enforcement policies have had on Mexican families more broadly and children specifically and suggest that, similar to the injury pyramid used by public health professionals, a deportation pyramid best depicts the burden of deportation on children.
Abstract: In 2011, a record number of foreign-born individuals were detained and removed from the United States. This article looks at the impact enforcement policies have had on Mexican families more broadly and children specifically. Drawing on interviews with 91 parents and 110 children in 80 households, the author suggests that, similar to the injury pyramid used by public health professionals, a deportation pyramid best depicts the burden of deportation on children. At the top of the pyramid are instances that have had the most severe consequences on children's daily lives: families in which a deportation has led to permanent family dissolution. But enforcement policies have had the greatest impact on children at the bottom of the pyramid. Regardless of legal status or their family members' involvement with immigration authorities, children in Mexican immigrant households describe fear about their family stability and confusion over the impact legality has on their lives.
Book•
05 Jun 2012TL;DR: Conceptual Mathematics, Second Edition, introduces the concept of 'category' for the learning, development, and use of mathematics, to both beginning students and general readers, and to practicing mathematical scientists.
Abstract: In the last 60 years, the use of the notion of category has led to a remarkable unification and simplification of mathematics. Conceptual Mathematics, Second Edition, introduces the concept of 'category' for the learning, development, and use of mathematics, to both beginning students and general readers, and to practicing mathematical scientists. The treatment does not presuppose knowledge of specific fields, but rather develops, from basic definitions, such elementary categories as discrete dynamical systems and directed graphs; the fundamental ideas are then illuminated by examples in these categories.
TL;DR: Proteomic analysis reveals that oxidative stress causes a significant translational bias toward proteins coded by TTG-enriched genes, which points to stress-induced reprogramming of tRNA modifications and consequential reprograming of ribosomes in translational control of cell survival.
Abstract: Selective translation of survival proteins is an important facet of the cellular stress response. We recently demonstrated that this translational control involves a stress-specific reprogramming of modified ribonucleosides in tRNA. Here we report the discovery of a step-wise translational control mechanism responsible for survival following oxidative stress. In yeast exposed to hydrogen peroxide, there is a Trm4 methyltransferase-dependent increase in the proportion of tRNA(Leu(CAA)) containing m(5)C at the wobble position, which causes selective translation of mRNA from genes enriched in the TTG codon. Of these genes, oxidative stress increases protein expression from the TTG-enriched ribosomal protein gene RPL22A, but not its unenriched paralogue. Loss of either TRM4 or RPL22A confers hypersensitivity to oxidative stress. Proteomic analysis reveals that oxidative stress causes a significant translational bias towards proteins coded by TTG-enriched genes. These results point to stress-induced reprogramming of tRNA modifications and consequential reprogramming of ribosomes in translational control of cell survival.
TL;DR: Gender differences in SCE about domains such as the body, sex, and food or eating tended to be larger than gender differences inSCE about other domains, contributing to the literature demonstrating that blanket stereotypes about women's greater emotionality are inaccurate.
Abstract: The self-conscious emotions (SCE) of guilt, shame, pride, and embarrassment are moral emotions, which motivate adherence to social norms and personal standards and emerge in early childhood following the development of self-awareness. Gender stereotypes of emotion maintain that women experience more guilt, shame, and embarrassment but that men experience more pride. To estimate the magnitude of gender differences in SCE experience and to determine the circumstances under which these gender differences vary, we meta-analyzed 697 effect sizes representing 236,304 individual ratings of SCE states and traits from 382 journal articles, dissertations, and unpublished data sets. Guilt (d = -0.27) and shame (d = -0.29) displayed small gender differences, whereas embarrassment (d = -0.08), authentic pride (d = -0.01), and hubristic pride (d = 0.09) showed gender similarities. Similar to previous findings of ethnic variations in gender differences in other psychological variables, gender differences in shame and guilt were significant only for White samples or samples with unspecified ethnicity. We found larger gender gaps in shame with trait (vs. state) scales, and in guilt and shame with situation- and scenario-based (vs. adjective- and statement-based) items, consistent with predictions that such scales and items tend to tap into global, nonspecific assessments of the self and thus reflect self-stereotyping and gender role assimilative effects. Gender differences in SCE about domains such as the body, sex, and food or eating tended to be larger than gender differences in SCE about other domains. These findings contribute to the literature demonstrating that blanket stereotypes about women's greater emotionality are inaccurate.
TL;DR: An understanding of mechanical regulation of bone signaling is crucial to understanding bone physiology, the etiology of diseases such as osteoporosis, and to the development of interventions to improve bone strength.
TL;DR: The influence of the incorporation of POSS into polymer matrices via chemical cross-linking or physical blending on the structure of nanocomposites, as affected by surface functional groups, and the POSS concentration is discussed.
Abstract: Hybrid materials with superior structural and functional properties can be obtained by incorporating nanofillers into polymer matrices. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles have attracted much attention recently due to their nanometer size, the ease of which these particles can be incorporated into polymeric materials and the unique capability to reinforce polymers. We review here the state of POSS-containing polymer nanocomposites. We discuss the influence of the incorporation of POSS into polymer matrices via chemical cross-linking or physical blending on the structure of nanocomposites, as affected by surface functional groups, and the POSS concentration.
TL;DR: Evaluating the impact of citizen-sourcing will reveal whether citizen- sourcing is rhetorical or if it actually exerts significant effects on society, according to the Open Government Directive's three pillar goals of transparency, participation, and collaboration.
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease1, University of Melbourne2, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh3, Indus Hospital4, National Institutes of Health5, Médecins Sans Frontières6, University of Liverpool7, University of Cape Town8, World Health Organization9, Medical Research Council10, Imperial College London11, All India Institute of Medical Sciences12, New York University13, National Health Laboratory Service14, University of Sydney15, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention16, University of Miami17, Johns Hopkins University18, State University of New York System19, Baylor College of Medicine20, Treatment Action Group21
TL;DR: The definitions presented in this article are intended for use in clinical research to evaluate diagnostic assays and not for individual patient diagnosis or treatment decisions.
Abstract: There is a critical need for improved diagnosis of tuberculosis in children, particularly in young children with intrathoracic disease as this represents the most common type of tuberculosis in children and the greatest diagnostic challenge. There is also a need for standardized clinical case definitions for the evaluation of diagnostics in prospective clinical research studies that include children in whom tuberculosis is suspected but not confirmed by culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A panel representing a wide range of expertise and child tuberculosis research experience aimed to develop standardized clinical research case definitions for intrathoracic tuberculosis in children to enable harmonized evaluation of new tuberculosis diagnostic technologies in pediatric populations. Draft definitions and statements were proposed and circulated widely for feedback. An expert panel then considered each of the proposed definitions and statements relating to clinical definitions. Formal group consensus rules were established and consensus was reached for each statement. The definitions presented in this article are intended for use in clinical research to evaluate diagnostic assays and not for individual patient diagnosis or treatment decisions. A complementary article addresses methodological issues to consider for research of diagnostics in children with suspected tuberculosis.
TL;DR: The platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) is a significant independent predictor of long-term mortality after NSTEMI and among patients with PLR > 176, patients with dual antiplatelet therapy had lower mortality versus those with mono- Platelet therapy.
Abstract: Prior studies demonstrated the association between the major adverse cardiovascular outcomes and both higher platelet and lower lymphocyte counts. Our study explores the value of the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as a marker of long-term mortality in patients presented with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). This is an observational study with a total 619 NSTEMI patients admitted to a tertiary center between 2004 and 2006. Patients were stratified into equal tertiles according to their admission PLR. The primary outcome, 4 year all-cause mortality, was compared among the PLR tertiles. The first, second and third PLR tertiles were PLR 176, respectively) included 206, 206 and 207 patients, respectively. There was a significant higher 4 year all-cause mortality in the higher PLR tertiles (the mortalities were 17, 23 and 42 % for the first, second and third PLR tertiles respectively, p 176, patients with dual antiplatelet therapy had lower mortality versus those with mono-platelet therapy. Further studies are needed to clarify these findings.