Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 2013"
TL;DR: Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally, and boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms.
Abstract: Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
7,890 citations
TL;DR: Cross-national data are clear in documenting meaningful lifetime prevalence with wide variation in age-of-onset and high risk of lifelong chronic-recurrent persistence of major depression.
Abstract: Epidemiological data are reviewed on the prevalence, course, socio-demographic correlates, and societal costs of major depression throughout the world. Major depression is estimated in these surveys to be a commonly occurring disorder. Although estimates of lifetime prevalence and course vary substantially across countries for reasons that could involve both substantive and methodological processes, the cross-national data are clear in documenting meaningful lifetime prevalence with wide variation in age-of-onset and high risk of lifelong chronic-recurrent persistence. A number of sociodemographic correlates of major depression are found consistently across countries, and cross-national data also document associations with numerous adverse outcomes, including difficulties in role transitions (e.g., low education, high teen childbearing, marital disruption, unstable employment), reduced role functioning (e.g., low marital quality, low work performance, low earnings), elevated risk of onset, persistence and...
1,896 citations
TL;DR: The presence of microplastics and coal ash in these surface samples, which were most abundant where lake currents converge, are likely from nearby urban effluent and coal burning power plants.
1,290 citations
Pompeu Fabra University1, University of Washington2, Stanford University3, University of Michigan4, Harvard University5, University of Arizona6, Max Planck Society7, Aarhus University8, Bilkent University9, University of Minnesota10, University of California, San Francisco11, Autonomous University of Barcelona12, Biomedical Primate Research Centre13, Duke University14, Washington State University15, Franklin & Marshall College16, University of Oxford17, University of Bari18, University of California, San Diego19, University of Copenhagen20, Washington University in St. Louis21, University of Pennsylvania22, National Institutes of Health23, State University of New York System24, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies25, Copenhagen Zoo26, Howard Hughes Medical Institute27
TL;DR: This comprehensive catalogue of great ape genome diversity provides a framework for understanding evolution and a resource for more effective management of wild and captive great ape populations.
Abstract: Most great ape genetic variation remains uncharacterized; however, its study is critical for understanding population history, recombination, selection and susceptibility to disease. Here we sequence to high coverage a total of 79 wild- and captive-born individuals representing all six great ape species and seven subspecies and report 88.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Our analysis provides support for genetically distinct populations within each species, signals of gene flow, and the split of common chimpanzees into two distinct groups: Nigeria-Cameroon/western and central/eastern populations. We find extensive inbreeding in almost all wild populations, with eastern gorillas being the most extreme. Inferred effective population sizes have varied radically over time in different lineages and this appears to have a profound effect on the genetic diversity at, or close to, genes in almost all species. We discover and assign 1,982 loss-of-function variants throughout the human and great ape lineages, determining that the rate of gene loss has not been different in the human branch compared to other internal branches in the great ape phylogeny. This comprehensive catalogue of great ape genome diversity provides a framework for understanding evolution and a resource for more effective management of wild and captive great ape populations.
807 citations
TL;DR: A new hypervirulent (hypermucoviscous) variant of Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged and the majority of cases described to date are in Asians, raising the issue of a genetic predisposition vs. geospecific strain acquisition.
Abstract: A new hypervirulent (hypermucoviscous) variant of Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged. First described in the Asian Pacific Rim, it now increasingly recognized in Western countries. Defining clinical features are the ability to cause serious, life-threatening community-acquired infection in younger healthy hosts, including liver abscess, pneumonia, meningitis and endophthalmitis and the ability to metastatically spread, an unusual feature for enteric Gram-negative bacilli in the non-immunocompromised. Despite infecting a healthier population, significant morbidity and mortality occurs. Although epidemiologic features are still being defined, colonization, particularly intestinal colonization, appears to be a critical step leading to infection. However the route of entry remains unclear. The majority of cases described to date are in Asians, raising the issue of a genetic predisposition vs. geospecific strain acquisition. The traits that enhance its virulence when compared with "classical" K. pneumoniae are the ability to more efficiently acquire iron and perhaps an increase in capsule production, which confers the hypermucoviscous phenotype. An objective diagnostic test suitable for routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory is needed. If/when these strains become increasingly resistant to antimicrobials, we will be faced with a frightening clinical scenario.
759 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an error-adjusted estimator of area can be easily produced once an accuracy assessment has been performed and an error matrix constructed, which can then be incorporated into an uncertainty analysis for applications using land change area as an input (e.g., a carbon flux model).
749 citations
Book•
22 Apr 2013TL;DR: This paper developed and tested a dual-process theory of political beliefs, attitudes, and behavior, claiming that all thinking, feeling, reasoning, and doing have an automatic component as well as a conscious deliberative component.
Abstract: Political behavior is the result of innumerable unnoticed forces and conscious deliberation is often a rationalization of automatically triggered feelings and thoughts. Citizens are very sensitive to environmental contextual factors such as the title 'President' preceding 'Obama' in a newspaper headline, upbeat music or patriotic symbols accompanying a campaign ad, or question wording and order in a survey, all of which have their greatest influence when citizens are unaware. This book develops and tests a dual-process theory of political beliefs, attitudes and behavior, claiming that all thinking, feeling, reasoning and doing have an automatic component as well as a conscious deliberative component. The authors are especially interested in the impact of automatic feelings on political judgments and evaluations. This research is based on laboratory experiments, which allow the testing of five basic hypotheses: hot cognition, automaticity, affect transfer, affect contagion and motivated reasoning.
718 citations
TL;DR: The Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM4) was released as part of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) as discussed by the authors, and the finite volume (FV) dynamical core is now the default because of its superior transport and conservation properties.
Abstract: The Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM4), was released as part of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4). The finite volume (FV) dynamical core is now the default because of its superior transport and conservation properties. Deep convection parameterization changes include a dilute plume calculation of convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the introduction of convective momentum transport (CMT). An additional cloud fraction calculation is now performed following macrophysical state updates to provide improved thermodynamic consistency. A freeze-drying modification is further made to the cloud fraction calculation in very dry environments (e.g., the Arctic), where cloud fraction and cloud water values were often inconsistent in CAM3. In CAM4 the FV dynamical core further degrades the excessive trade-wind simulation, but reduces zonal stress errors at higher latitudes. Plume dilution alleviates much of the midtropospheric tropical dry biases and reduces the persist...
685 citations
University Medical Center Utrecht1, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre2, Maastricht University Medical Centre3, University of Barcelona4, Goethe University Frankfurt5, University of Tübingen6, La Roche College7, Hospital Universitario de Canarias8, Creighton University Medical Center9, Erasmus University Rotterdam10, Harborview Medical Center11, State University of New York System12, Medical University of Vienna13, Hacettepe University14
TL;DR: The overall attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia is 13%, with higher rates for surgical patients and patients with a mid-range severity score at admission, which is mainly caused by prolonged exposure to the risk of dying due to increased length of ICU stay.
Abstract: Summary Background Estimating attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia has been hampered by confounding factors, small sample sizes, and the difficulty of doing relevant subgroup analyses. We estimated the attributable mortality using the individual original patient data of published randomised trials of ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Methods We identified relevant studies through systematic review. We analysed individual patient data in a one-stage meta-analytical approach (in which we defined attributable mortality as the ratio between the relative risk reductions [RRR] of mortality and ventilator-associated pneumonia) and in competing risk analyses. Predefined subgroups included surgical, trauma, and medical patients, and patients with different categories of severity of illness scores. Findings Individual patient data were available for 6284 patients from 24 trials. The overall attributable mortality was 13%, with higher mortality rates in surgical patients and patients with mid-range severity scores at admission (ie, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score [APACHE] 20–29 and simplified acute physiology score [SAPS 2] 35–58). Attributable mortality was close to zero in trauma, medical patients, and patients with low or high severity of illness scores. Competing risk analyses could be done for 5162 patients from 19 studies, and the overall daily hazard for intensive care unit (ICU) mortality after ventilator-associated pneumonia was 1·13 (95% CI 0·98–1·31). The overall daily risk of discharge after ventilator-associated pneumonia was 0·74 (0·68–0·80), leading to an overall cumulative risk for dying in the ICU of 2·20 (1·91–2·54). Highest cumulative risks for dying from ventilator-associated pneumonia were noted for surgical patients (2·97, 95% CI 2·24–3·94) and patients with mid-range severity scores at admission (ie, cumulative risks of 2·49 [1·81–3·44] for patients with APACHE scores of 20–29 and 2·72 [1·95–3·78] for those with SAPS 2 scores of 35–58). Interpretation The overall attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia is 13%, with higher rates for surgical patients and patients with a mid-range severity score at admission. Attributable mortality is mainly caused by prolonged exposure to the risk of dying due to increased length of ICU stay. Funding None.
604 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive qualitative review and evaluation of the entrepreneurship orientation (EO) at the firm-level, focusing on the most widely accepted firm level constructs in the literature.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is one of the most widely accepted firm-level constructs in the literature. The present study provides a comprehensive qualitative review and evaluation of the empi...
570 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors exploit the deregulation of interstate bank branching laws to test whether banking competition affects innovation and find robust evidence that banking competition reduces state-level innovation by public corporations headquartered within deregulating states.
Abstract: We exploit the deregulation of interstate bank branching laws to test whether banking competition affects innovation. We find robust evidence that banking competition reduces state-level innovation by public corporations headquartered within deregulating states. Innovation increases among private firms that are dependent on external finance and that have limited access to credit from local banks. We argue that banking competition enables small, innovative firms to secure financing instead of being acquired by public corporations. Therefore, banking competition reduces the supply of innovative targets, which reduces the portion of state-level innovation attributable to public corporations. Overall, these results shed light on the real effects of banking competition and the determinants of innovation.
TL;DR: A distributed algorithm to be run on the users' smart meters, which provides the optimal production and/or storage strategies, while preserving the privacy of the users and minimizing the required signaling with the central unit is presented.
Abstract: Demand-side management, together with the integration of distributed energy generation and storage, are considered increasingly essential elements for implementing the smart grid concept and balancing massive energy production from renewable sources. We focus on a smart grid in which the demand-side comprises traditional users as well as users owning some kind of distributed energy sources and/or energy storage devices. By means of a day-ahead optimization process regulated by an independent central unit, the latter users intend to reduce their monetary energy expense by producing or storing energy rather than just purchasing their energy needs from the grid. In this paper, we formulate the resulting grid optimization problem as a noncooperative game and analyze the existence of optimal strategies. Furthermore, we present a distributed algorithm to be run on the users' smart meters, which provides the optimal production and/or storage strategies, while preserving the privacy of the users and minimizing the required signaling with the central unit. Finally, the proposed day-ahead optimization is tested in a realistic situation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the exchange of momentum between the atmosphere and ocean using data collected from four oceanic field experiments and obtained direct covariance estimates of momentum fluxes and wind profiles during three of them.
Abstract: This study investigates the exchange of momentum between the atmosphere and ocean using data collected from four oceanic field experiments. Direct covariance estimates of momentum fluxes were collected in all four experiments and wind profiles were collected during three of them. The objective of the investigation is to improve parameterizations of the surface roughness and drag coefficient used to estimate the surface stress from bulk formulas. Specifically, the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) 3.0 bulk flux algorithm is refined to create COARE 3.5. Oversea measurements of dimensionless shear are used to investigate the stability function under stable and convective conditions. The behavior of surface roughness is then investigated over a wider range of wind speeds (up to 25 m s−1) and wave conditions than have been available from previous oversea field studies. The wind speed dependence of the Charnock coefficient α in the COARE algorithm is modified to , where m = 0.017 m−1 ...
TL;DR: A model with more realistic ecological assumptions about the thermal physiology of insects is built, which predicts optimal malaria transmission at 25 °C (6-°C lower than previous models), and predicts that transmission decreases dramatically at temperatures > 28 ° C, altering predictions about how climate change will affect malaria.
Abstract: The ecology of mosquito vectors and malaria parasites affect the incidence, seasonal transmission and geographical range of malaria. Most malaria models to date assume constant or linear responses of mosquito and parasite life-history traits to temperature, predicting optimal transmission at 31 °C. These models are at odds with field observations of transmission dating back nearly a century. We build a model with more realistic ecological assumptions about the thermal physiology of insects. Our model, which includes empirically derived nonlinear thermal responses, predicts optimal malaria transmission at 25 ° C( 6°C lower than previous models). Moreover, the model predicts that transmission decreases dramatically at temperatures > 28 °C, altering predictions about how climate change will affect malaria. A large data set on malaria transmission risk in Africa validates both the 25 °C optimum and the decline above 28 °C. Using these more accurate nonlinear thermal-response models will aid in understanding the effects of current and future temperature regimes on disease transmission.
TL;DR: The benefits of using various plasmonic nanostructures for broad-band, polarization-insensitive and angle-independent absorption enhancement, and their integration with one or two electrode(s) of an OPV device are discussed.
Abstract: Recent advances in molecular organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have shown 10% power conversion efficiency (PCE) for single-junction cells, which put them in direct competition with PVs based on amorphous silicon. Incorporation of plasmonic nanostructures for light trapping in these thin-film devices offers an attractive solution to realize higher-efficiency OPVs with PCE>>10%. This article reviews recent progress on plasmonic-enhanced OPV devices using metallic nanoparticles, and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) patterned periodic nanostructures. We discuss the benefits of using various plasmonic nanostructures for broad-band, polarization-insensitive and angle-independent absorption enhancement, and their integration with one or two electrode(s) of an OPV device.
TL;DR: MRI tools show that hippocampal hypermetabolism leads to atrophy in psychotic disorder and suggest glutamate as a pathogenic driver and parallel in vivo experiments showed that glutamate drives both neuroimaging abnormalities.
Book•
16 Feb 2013TL;DR: This paper reviewed Zhu's book, "Quantitative Models for Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking: Data Envelopment Analysis with Spreadsheets,” now in its third edition and published by Springer.
Abstract: This article reviews Joe Zhu’s book, “Quantitative Models for Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking: Data Envelopment Analysis with Spreadsheets,” now in its third edition and published by Springer.
TL;DR: These experiments establish that compounds violating chemical intuition can be thermodynamically stable even in simple systems at nonambient conditions.
Abstract: Sodium chloride (NaCl), or rocksalt, is well characterized at ambient pressure. As a result of the large electronegativity difference between Na and Cl atoms, it has highly ionic chemical bonding (with 1:1 stoichiometry dictated by charge balance) and B1-type crystal structure. By combining theoretical predictions and diamond anvil cell experiments, we found that new materials with different stoichiometries emerge at high pressures. Compounds such as Na3Cl, Na2Cl, Na3Cl2, NaCl3, and NaCl7 are theoretically stable and have unusual bonding and electronic properties. To test this prediction, we synthesized cubic and orthorhombic NaCl3 and two-dimensional metallic tetragonal Na3Cl. These experiments establish that compounds violating chemical intuition can be thermodynamically stable even in simple systems at nonambient conditions.
TL;DR: There is a need to reach a consensus on what constitutes periodontitis for future studies of putative associations with systemic diseases and there was substantial heterogeneity in the definitions used to identifyperiodontitis.
Abstract: Aim: To critically appraise recent research into associations between periodontal disease and systemic diseases and conditions specifically respiratory disease, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cognitive impairment, obesity, metabolic syndrome and cancer. Methods: A MEDLINE literature search of papers published between 2002 and April 2012 was conducted. Studies that included periodontitis as an exposure were identified. Cross-sectional epidemiological investigations on large samples, prospective studies and systematic reviews formed the basis of the narrative review. A threshold set for the identification of periodontitis was used to identify those studies that contributed to the conclusions of the review. Results: Many of the investigations were cross-sectional secondary analyses of existing data sets in particular the NHANES studies. There were a small number of systematic reviews and prospective studies. There was substantial variability in the definitions of exposure to periodontitis. A small number of studies met the threshold set for periodontitis and supported associations; however, in some of the chronic diseases there were no such studies. There was strong evidence from randomized controlled trials that interventions, which improve oral hygiene have positive effects on the prevention of nosocomial pneumonias. Conclusions: There was substantial heterogeneity in the definitions used to identify periodontitis and very few studies met a stringent threshold for periodontitis. Published evidence supports modest associations between periodontitis and some, although not all, of the diseases and conditions reviewed. There is a need to reach a consensus on what constitutes periodontitis for future studies of putative associations with systemic diseases.
TL;DR: This review provides an overview of the toxicity assessment of QDs, ranging from cell culture studies to animal models and discusses their findings.
Abstract: Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to fabricating high quality quantum dots (QDs) for applications in biology and medicine. Much of this research was pursued with an ultimate goal of using QDs in clinical applications. However, a great deal of concern has been voiced about the potential hazards of QDs due to their heavy-metal content. Many studies have demonstrated toxicity of various QDs in cell culture studies. However, in a smaller number of studies using small animal models (mice and rats), no abnormal behaviour or tissue damage was noticed over periods of months after the systemic administration of QDs. Nevertheless, the correlation of these results with the potential for negative effects of QD on humans remains unclear. Many urgent questions must be answered before the QDs community moves into the clinical research phase. This review provides an overview of the toxicity assessment of QDs, ranging from cell culture studies to animal models and discusses their findings. Guidelines for using various nonhuman primate models for QD toxicity studies are highlighted. This review article is intended to promote the awareness of current developments of QD applications in biology, the potential toxicity of QDs, and approaches to minimizing toxicity.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight remote sensing discoveries that were not detected by climate models or conventional observations, and suggest future challenges for the robust determination of climate trends in satellite remote sensing.
Abstract: Satellite remote sensing has advanced the understanding of the climate system in the short period of observations. This study highlights remote sensing discoveries that were not detected by climate models or conventional observations, and suggests future challenges for the robust determination of climate trends.
TL;DR: This work presents the existing delivery barriers and summarize current vector-specific strategies to overcome said barriers, and focuses on the gene delivery barriers associated with the two most common classes of nonviral vectors, cationic-based lipids and polymers.
Abstract: A key end goal of gene delivery research is to develop clinically relevant vectors that can be used to combat elusive diseases such as AIDS. Despite promising engineering strategies, efficiency and ultimately gene modulation efficacy of nonviral vectors have been hindered by numerous in vitro and in vivo barriers that have resulted in subviral performance. In this perspective, we concentrate on the gene delivery barriers associated with the two most common classes of nonviral vectors, cationic-based lipids and polymers. We present the existing delivery barriers and summarize current vector-specific strategies to overcome said barriers.
TL;DR: This study showed that doses of intravenous polymyxin B are best scaled by total body weight, and dosage selection of this drug should not be based on renal function.
Abstract: Background. Polymyxin B is a last-line therapy for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. There is a dearth of pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing in critically ill patients. Methods. Twenty-four critically ill patients were enrolled and blood/urine samples were collected over a dosing interval at steady state. Polymyxin B concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Population pharmacokinetic analysis and Monte Carlo simulations were conducted. Results. Twenty-four patients aged 21–87 years received intravenous polymyxin B (0.45–3.38 mg/kg/day). Two patients were on continuous hemodialysis, and creatinine clearance in the other patients was 10–143 mL/min. Even with very diverse demographics, the total body clearance of polymyxin B when scaled by total body weight (population mean, 0.0276 L/hour/kg) showed remarkably low interindividual variability (32.4% coefficient of variation). Polymyxin B was predominantly nonrenally cleared with median urinary recovery of 4.04%. Polymyxin B total body clearance did not show any relationship with creatinine clearance (r 2 = 0.008), APACHE II score, or age. Median unbound fraction in plasma was 0.42. Monte Carlo simulations revealed the importance of initiating therapeutic regimens with a loading dose. Conclusions. Our study showed that doses of intravenous polymyxin B are best scaled by total body weight. Importantly, dosage selection of this drug should not be based on renal function.
TL;DR: Utilizing long-lived, ladder-like energy levels of Ln 3+, the intensity of anti-Stoke's luminescence of UCNPs is orders of magnitude more potent compared with those of conventional synthetic dyes or quantum dots (QDs).
Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources and Environment1, University of Wisconsin-Madison2, University of California, Santa Barbara3, State University of New York System4, National Wildlife Federation5, University of Michigan6, Saint Mary's University7, The Nature Conservancy8, University of Windsor9, Great Lakes Commission10, Michigan State University11, University of Minnesota12, University of New Hampshire13, Great Lakes Institute of Management14, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration15, Grand Valley State University16
TL;DR: Joint spatial analysis of stressors and ecosystem services can provide a critical foundation for maximizing social and ecological benefits from restoration investments and find that many important areas for fisheries and recreation are subject to high stress, indicating that ecosystem degradation could be threatening key services.
Abstract: With increasing pressure placed on natural systems by growing human populations, both scientists and resource managers need a better understanding of the relationships between cumulative stress from human activities and valued ecosystem services. Societies often seek to mitigate threats to these services through large-scale, costly restoration projects, such as the over one billion dollar Great Lakes Restoration Initiative currently underway. To help inform these efforts, we merged high-resolution spatial analyses of environmental stressors with mapping of ecosystem services for all five Great Lakes. Cumulative ecosystem stress is highest in near-shore habitats, but also extends offshore in Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Michigan. Variation in cumulative stress is driven largely by spatial concordance among multiple stressors, indicating the importance of considering all stressors when planning restoration activities. In addition, highly stressed areas reflect numerous different combinations of stressors rather than a single suite of problems, suggesting that a detailed understanding of the stressors needing alleviation could improve restoration planning. We also find that many important areas for fisheries and recreation are subject to high stress, indicating that ecosystem degradation could be threatening key services. Current restoration efforts have targeted high-stress sites almost exclusively, but generally without knowledge of the full range of stressors affecting these locations or differences among sites in service provisioning. Our results demonstrate that joint spatial analysis of stressors and ecosystem services can provide a critical foundation for maximizing social and ecological benefits from restoration investments.
Ames Research Center1, University of Texas at Austin2, University of Arizona3, Indiana University4, United States Geological Survey5, Max Planck Society6, University of Copenhagen7, Cornell University8, University of Guelph9, Lunar and Planetary Institute10, State University of New York System11, California Institute of Technology12, Planetary Science Institute13, Chesapeake Energy14, University of California, Davis15, Centre national de la recherche scientifique16, Oregon State University17, Finnish Meteorological Institute18, Goddard Space Flight Center19, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute20, Carnegie Institution for Science21, University of Tennessee22, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory23, Princeton University24, Arizona State University25, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence26
TL;DR: The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeOLian features analyzed by the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity and implies locally sourced, globally similar basaltic materials or globally and regionally sourced basALTic components deposited locally at all three locations.
Abstract: The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeolian features analyzed by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) Spirit and Opportunity. The fraction of sand <150 micrometers in size contains ~55% crystalline material consistent with a basaltic heritage and ~45% x-ray amorphous material. The amorphous component of Rocknest is iron-rich and silicon-poor and is the host of the volatiles (water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine) detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument and of the fine-grained nanophase oxide component first described from basaltic soils analyzed by MERs. The similarity between soils and aeolian materials analyzed at Gusev Crater, Meridiani Planum, and Gale Crater implies locally sourced, globally similar basaltic materials or globally and regionally sourced basaltic components deposited locally at all three locations.
TL;DR: The authors argue that the stigma of menstruation both reflects and contributes to women's lower social status and conclude with suggestions for ways to resist the stigma, and suggest that the stigmatized status of women has important consequences for their health, sexuality, and well-being.
Abstract: In this theoretical paper, we argue that menstruation is a source of social stigma for women The word stigma refers to any stain or mark that renders the individual’s body or character defective This stigma is transmitted through powerful socialization agents in popular culture such as advertisements and educational materials We demonstrate, in our review of the psychological literature concerning attitudes and experiences of predominantly American girls and women, that the stigmatized status of menstruation has important consequences for their health, sexuality, and well-being We argue that the stigma of menstruation both reflects and contributes to women’s lower social status and conclude with suggestions for ways to resist the stigma
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the current status of heavy metal soil pollution in one of the cradles of industry in China, the Tiexi Industrial District in the city of Shenyang, Ninety-three soil samples were collected from the top 15 cm of the soil layer and were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Cd, As and Hg.
TL;DR: Understanding EC responses to high WSS alone and in combination with WSSG will provide insight into not only aneurysm formation, but also plaque destabilization and other vascular pathologies and potentially lead to improved strategies for disease management and novel targets for pharmacological intervention.
Abstract: Cardiovascular pathologies such as intracranial aneurysms (IAs) and atherosclerosis preferentially localize to bifurcations and curvatures where hemodynamics are complex. While extensive knowledge about low wall shear stress (WSS) has been generated in the past, due to its strong relevance to atherogenesis, high WSS (typically >3 Pa) has emerged as a key regulator of vascular biology and pathology as well, receiving renewed interests. As reviewed here, chronic high WSS not only stimulates adaptive outward remodeling, but also contributes to saccular IA formation (at bifurcation apices or outer curves) and atherosclerotic plaque destabilization (in stenosed vessels). Recent advances in understanding IA pathogenesis have shed new light on the role of high WSS in pathological vascular remodeling. In complex geometries, high WSS can couple with significant spatial WSS gradient (WSSG). A combination of high WSS and positive WSSG has been shown to trigger aneurysm initiation. Since endothelial cells (ECs) are sensors of WSS, we have begun to elucidate EC responses to high WSS alone and in combination with WSSG. Understanding such responses will provide insight into not only aneurysm formation, but also plaque destabilization and other vascular pathologies and potentially lead to improved strategies for disease management and novel targets for pharmacological intervention.
TL;DR: A special issue of Personnel Psychology that explicitly focuses attention on CSR in the HR/OB domains was published in this paper. But there have been few studies on this topic conducted in the fields of human resource management and organizational behavior (OB).
Abstract: Although issues of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have become an important topic of research, there have been few studies on this topic conducted in the fields of human resource (HR) management and organizational behavior (OB). To address this gap, we edited a special issue of Personnel Psychology that explicitly focuses attention on CSR in the HR/OB domains. In this introductory editorial, we synthesize and extend the four articles published in the special issue. We also address issues relating to the conceptualization and measurement of CSR, the application of microlevel theories to CSR, and the practical and methodological implications of research in this domain. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research linking CSR with some of the most frequently studied topics in HR/OB. We propose that a focus on HR/OB will improve our understanding of the antecedents and consequences of CSR and also benefit HR/OB in terms of bridging the science�practice and micro�macro gaps.