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Showing papers by "State University of New York System published in 2019"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that CeH9 can be synthesized at 80-100 GPa with laser heating, and is characterized by a clathrate structure with a dense 3-dimensional atomic hydrogen sublattice, which shed a significant light on the search for superhydrides in close similarity with atomic hydrogen within a feasible pressure range.
Abstract: Hydrogen-rich superhydrides are believed to be very promising high-Tc superconductors. Recent experiments discovered superhydrides at very high pressures, e.g. FeH5 at 130 GPa and LaH10 at 170 GPa. With the motivation of discovering new hydrogen-rich high-Tc superconductors at lowest possible pressure, here we report the prediction and experimental synthesis of cerium superhydride CeH9 at 80–100 GPa in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell coupled with synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Ab initio calculations were carried out to evaluate the detailed chemistry of the Ce-H system and to understand the structure, stability and superconductivity of CeH9. CeH9 crystallizes in a P63/mmc clathrate structure with a very dense 3-dimensional atomic hydrogen sublattice at 100 GPa. These findings shed a significant light on the search for superhydrides in close similarity with atomic hydrogen within a feasible pressure range. Discovery of superhydride CeH9 provides a practical platform to further investigate and understand conventional superconductivity in hydrogen rich superhydrides. Hydrogen-rich superhydrides are promising high-temperature superconductors which have been observed only at pressures above 170 GPa. Here the authors show that CeH9 can be synthesized at 80-100 GPa with laser heating, and is characterized by a clathrate structure with a dense 3-dimensional atomic hydrogen sublattice.

926 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
12 May 2019
TL;DR: This paper proposes a new method to expose AI-generated fake face images or videos based on the observations that Deep Fakes are created by splicing synthesized face region into the original image, and in doing so, introducing errors that can be revealed when 3D head poses are estimated from the face images.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a new method to expose AI-generated fake face images or videos (commonly known as the Deep Fakes). Our method is based on the observations that Deep Fakes are created by splicing synthesized face region into the original image, and in doing so, introducing errors that can be revealed when 3D head poses are estimated from the face images. We perform experiments to demonstrate this phenomenon and further develop a classification method based on this cue. Using features based on this cue, an SVM classifier is evaluated using a set of real face images and Deep Fakes.

681 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors highlight breakthroughs, challenges and future directions for both platinum group metal (PGM) and PGM-free ORR cathode catalysts, and highlight the important role of carbon supports in enhancing overall performance.
Abstract: Proton exchange membrane fuel cells can use hydrogen and air to power clean electric vehicles. However, technical barriers including high cost, limited lifetime and insufficient power density limit their broad applications. Advanced cathode catalysts for the kinetically-sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic media are essential for overcoming these barriers. Here, we highlight breakthroughs, challenges and future directions for both platinum group metal (PGM) and PGM-free ORR cathode catalysts. Among PGM catalysts, highly-ordered PtM intermetallic nanostructures exhibit enhanced activity and stability relative to PtM random alloys. Carbon supports, with optimal balance between graphitization degree and porosity, play an important role in enhancing overall performance. Among PGM-free catalysts, transition metal and nitrogen co-doped carbons (M-N-C) perform best. However, degradation at practical voltages (>0.6 V) still prevents their practical application. For all catalysts, translating intrinsic activity and stability into device performance requires electrodes with robust three-phase interfaces for effective charge and mass transfer. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells can efficiently provide clean power for electric vehicles, although more efficient and economic cathode catalysts are still required. This Review highlights recent breakthroughs, challenges and future research directions for Pt group metal (PGM) and PGM-free oxygen reduction catalysts.

629 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of atomically dispersed Co doped carbon catalyst with a core-shell structure has been developed via a surfactant-assisted metal-organic framework approach.
Abstract: Development of platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for affordable proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, a new type of atomically dispersed Co doped carbon catalyst with a core–shell structure has been developed via a surfactant-assisted metal–organic framework approach. The cohesive interactions between the selected surfactant and the Co-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) nanocrystals lead to a unique confinement effect. During the thermal activation, this confinement effect suppressed the agglomeration of Co atomic sites and mitigated the collapse of internal microporous structures of ZIF-8. Among the studied surfactants, Pluronic F127 block copolymer led to the greatest performance gains with a doubling of the active site density relative to that of the surfactant-free catalyst. According to density functional theory calculations, unlike other Co catalysts, this new atomically dispersed Co–N–C@F127 catalyst is believed to contain substantial CoN2+2 sites, which are active and thermodynamically favorable for the four-electron ORR pathway. The Co–N–C@F127 catalyst exhibits an unprecedented ORR activity with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.84 V (vs. RHE) as well as enhanced stability in the corrosive acidic media. It also demonstrated high initial performance with a power density of 0.87 W cm−2 along with encouraging durability in H2–O2 fuel cells. The atomically dispersed Co site catalyst approaches that of the Fe–N–C catalyst and represents the highest reported PGM-free and Fe-free catalyst performance.

619 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The OpenMolcas environment is described and features unique to simulations of spectroscopic and magnetic phenomena such as the exact semiclassical description of the interaction between light and matter, various X-ray processes, magnetic circular dichroism and properties are described.
Abstract: In this Article we describe the OpenMolcas environment and invite the computational chemistry community to collaborate. The open-source project already includes a large number of new developments realized during the transition from the commercial MOLCAS product to the open-source platform. The paper initially describes the technical details of the new software development platform. This is followed by brief presentations of many new methods, implementations, and features of the OpenMolcas program suite. These developments include novel wave function methods such as stochastic complete active space self-consistent field, density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) methods, and hybrid multiconfigurational wave function and density functional theory models. Some of these implementations include an array of additional options and functionalities. The paper proceeds and describes developments related to explorations of potential energy surfaces. Here we present methods for the optimization of conical intersections, the simulation of adiabatic and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics, and interfaces to tools for semiclassical and quantum mechanical nuclear dynamics. Furthermore, the Article describes features unique to simulations of spectroscopic and magnetic phenomena such as the exact semiclassical description of the interaction between light and matter, various X-ray processes, magnetic circular dichroism, and properties. Finally, the paper describes a number of built-in and add-on features to support the OpenMolcas platform with postcalculation analysis and visualization, a multiscale simulation option using frozen-density embedding theory, and new electronic and muonic basis sets.

559 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report consensus therapeutic guidelines for agent selection and dosing of colistin and polymyxin antibiotics for optimal use in adult patients, as endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society of Anti-Infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious diseases Pharmacists (SIDP).
Abstract: The polymyxin antibiotics colistin (polymyxin E) and polymyxin B became available in the 1950s and thus did not undergo contemporary drug development procedures. Their clinical use has recently resurged, assuming an important role as salvage therapy for otherwise untreatable gram-negative infections. Since their reintroduction into the clinic, significant confusion remains due to the existence of several different conventions used to describe doses of the polymyxins, differences in their formulations, outdated product information, and uncertainties about susceptibility testing that has led to lack of clarity on how to optimally utilize and dose colistin and polymyxin B. We report consensus therapeutic guidelines for agent selection and dosing of the polymyxin antibiotics for optimal use in adult patients, as endorsed by the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP), Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), International Society of Anti-Infective Pharmacology (ISAP), Society for Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists (SIDP). The European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) endorses this document as a consensus statement. The overall conclusions in the document are endorsed by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). We established a diverse international expert panel to make therapeutic recommendations regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs and pharmacokinetic targets, polymyxin agent selection, dosing, dosage adjustment and monitoring of colistin and polymyxin B, use of polymyxin-based combination therapy, intrathecal therapy, inhalation therapy, toxicity, and prevention of renal failure. The treatment guidelines provide the first ever consensus recommendations for colistin and polymyxin B therapy that are intended to guide optimal clinical use.

446 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the transmittances are the same for light propagation along a straight topological interface and one with four sharp turns, which quantitatively demonstrates the suppression of backscattering due to the non-trivial topology of the structure.
Abstract: Photonic topological insulators offer the possibility to eliminate backscattering losses and improve the efficiency of optical communication systems. Despite considerable efforts, a direct experimental demonstration of theoretically predicted robust, lossless energy transport in topological insulators operating at near-infrared frequencies is still missing. Here, we combine the properties of a planar silicon photonic crystal and the concept of topological protection to design, fabricate and characterize an optical topological insulator that exhibits the valley Hall effect. We show that the transmittances are the same for light propagation along a straight topological interface and one with four sharp turns. This result quantitatively demonstrates the suppression of backscattering due to the non-trivial topology of the structure. The photonic-crystal-based approach offers significant advantages compared with other realizations of photonic topological insulators, such as lower propagation losses, the presence of a band gap for light propagating in the crystal-slab plane, a larger operating bandwidth, a much smaller footprint, compatibility with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor fabrication technology, and the fact that it allows for operation at telecommunications wavelengths.

418 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recently, several biomarkers and quantitative siderophore production have been shown to accurately predict hvKp strains, which could lead to the development of a diagnostic test for use by clinical laboratories for optimal patient care and for use in epidemiologic surveillance and research studies.
Abstract: Hypervirulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) is an evolving pathotype that is more virulent than classical K. pneumoniae (cKp). hvKp usually infects individuals from the community, who are often healthy. Infections are more common in the Asian Pacific Rim but are occurring globally. hvKp infection frequently presents at multiple sites or subsequently metastatically spreads, often requiring source control. hvKp has an increased ability to cause central nervous system infection and endophthalmitis, which require rapid recognition and site-specific treatment. The genetic factors that confer hvKp's hypervirulent phenotype are present on a large virulence plasmid and perhaps integrative conjugal elements. Increased capsule production and aerobactin production are established hvKp-specific virulence factors. Similar to cKp, hvKp strains are becoming increasingly resistant to antimicrobials via acquisition of mobile elements carrying resistance determinants, and new hvKp strains emerge when extensively drug-resistant cKp strains acquire hvKp-specific virulence determinants, resulting in nosocomial infection. Presently, clinical laboratories are unable to differentiate cKp from hvKp, but recently, several biomarkers and quantitative siderophore production have been shown to accurately predict hvKp strains, which could lead to the development of a diagnostic test for use by clinical laboratories for optimal patient care and for use in epidemiologic surveillance and research studies.

416 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Of several possible degradation mechanisms, demetalation and carbon oxidation are found to be the most likely reasons for M-N-C catalysts/cathodes degradation.
Abstract: In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the development of platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. At the same time the limited durability of these catalysts remains a great challenge that needs to be addressed. This mini-review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the main causes of instability of PGM-free ORR catalysts in acidic environments, focusing on transition metal/nitrogen codoped systems (M-N-C catalysts, M: Fe, Co, Mn), particularly MNx moiety active sites. Of several possible degradation mechanisms, demetalation and carbon oxidation are found to be the most likely reasons for M-N-C catalysts/cathodes degradation.

390 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the doped Fe content in zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 precursors and achieved complete atomic dispersion of FeN4 sites, the sole Fe species in the catalyst based on Mosbauer spectroscopy data.
Abstract: Platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with atomically dispersed FeN4 sites have emerged as a potential replacement for low-PGM catalysts in acidic polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In this work, we carefully tuned the doped Fe content in zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 precursors and achieved complete atomic dispersion of FeN4 sites, the sole Fe species in the catalyst based on Mosbauer spectroscopy data. The Fe–N–C catalyst with the highest density of active sites achieved respectable ORR activity in rotating disk electrode (RDE) testing with a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.88 ± 0.01 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The activity degradation was found to be more significant when holding the potential at 0.85 V relative to standard potential cycling (0.6–1.0 V) in O2 saturated acid electrolyte. The post-mortem electron microscopy analysis provides insights into possible catalyst degradation mechanisms associated with Fe–N coordination cleavage and carbon corrosion. High ORR activity was confirmed in fuel cell testing, which also divulged the promising performance of the catalysts at practical PEFC voltages. We conclude that the key factor behind the high ORR activity of the Fe–N–C catalyst is the optimum Fe content in the ZIF-8 precursor. While too little Fe in the precursors results in an insufficient density of FeN4 sites, too much Fe leads to the formation of clusters and an ensuing significant loss in catalytic activity due to the loss of atomically dispersed Fe to inactive clusters or even nanoparticles. Advanced electron microscopy was used to obtain insights into the clustering of Fe atoms as a function of the doped Fe content. The Fe content in the precursor also affects other key catalyst properties such as the particle size, porosity, nitrogen-doping level, and carbon microstructure. Thanks to using model catalysts exclusively containing FeN4 sites, it was possible to directly correlate the ORR activity with the density of FeN4 species in the catalyst.

385 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The largest study to date of East Asian participants is reported, identifying 21 genome-wide-significant associations in 19 genetic loci associated with schizophrenia and highlighting the importance of including sufficient samples of major ancestral groups to ensure their generalizability across populations.
Abstract: Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder with approximately 1% lifetime risk globally. Large-scale schizophrenia genetic studies have reported primarily on European ancestry samples, potentially missing important biological insights. Here, we report the largest study to date of East Asian participants (22,778 schizophrenia cases and 35,362 controls), identifying 21 genome-wide-significant associations in 19 genetic loci. Common genetic variants that confer risk for schizophrenia have highly similar effects between East Asian and European ancestries (genetic correlation = 0.98 ± 0.03), indicating that the genetic basis of schizophrenia and its biology are broadly shared across populations. A fixed-effect meta-analysis including individuals from East Asian and European ancestries identified 208 significant associations in 176 genetic loci (53 novel). Trans-ancestry fine-mapping reduced the sets of candidate causal variants in 44 loci. Polygenic risk scores had reduced performance when transferred across ancestries, highlighting the importance of including sufficient samples of major ancestral groups to ensure their generalizability across populations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Over 2 million people in the United States had current HCV infection during 2013‐2016; compared to past estimates based on similar methodology, HCV antibody prevalence may have increased, while RNA prevalence may has decreased, likely reflecting the combination of the opioid crisis, curative treatment forHCV infection, and mortality among the HCV‐infected population.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present paper is focused on the remediation of noxious wastes from wastewater using graphene based materials as adsorbents, and it contains all the details on materials - i.e., from their synthesis to application in the field of wastewater treatment (removal of hazardous contaminants of different chemical nature - heavy and rare-earth metal ions, and organic compounds - from wastewater effluents).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This approach is able to deconvolute Fe-N bond formation from complex carbonization and nitrogen doping, which correlates Fe-n bond properties with activity and stability of FeN 4 sites as a function of thermal activation temperatures.
Abstract: FeN4 moieties embedded in partially graphitized carbon are the most efficient platinum group metal free active sites for the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. However, their formation mechanisms have remained elusive for decades because the Fe-N bond formation process always convolutes with uncontrolled carbonization and nitrogen doping during high-temperature treatment. Here, we elucidate the FeN4 site formation mechanisms through hosting Fe ions into a nitrogen-doped carbon followed by a controlled thermal activation. Among the studied hosts, the ZIF-8-derived nitrogen-doped carbon is an ideal model with well-defined nitrogen doping and porosity. This approach is able to deconvolute Fe-N bond formation from complex carbonization and nitrogen doping, which correlates Fe-N bond properties with the activity and stability of FeN4 sites as a function of the thermal activation temperature.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the physics of optical excitation dynamics, band gap engineering and charge carrier dynamics in metal-halide perovskites and their organic hybrids as well as their technological applications are discussed.

Posted Content
TL;DR: This work presents a new large-scale challenging DeepFake video dataset, Celeb-DF, which contains 5,639 high-quality DeepFake videos of celebrities generated using improved synthesis process and conducts a comprehensive evaluation of DeepFake detection methods and datasets to demonstrate the escalated level of challenges posed by Celebrity-DF.
Abstract: AI-synthesized face-swapping videos, commonly known as DeepFakes, is an emerging problem threatening the trustworthiness of online information. The need to develop and evaluate DeepFake detection algorithms calls for large-scale datasets. However, current DeepFake datasets suffer from low visual quality and do not resemble DeepFake videos circulated on the Internet. We present a new large-scale challenging DeepFake video dataset, Celeb-DF, which contains 5,639 high-quality DeepFake videos of celebrities generated using improved synthesis process. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation of DeepFake detection methods and datasets to demonstrate the escalated level of challenges posed by Celeb-DF.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a metal-free NPS-G catalyst with optimized N, P, and S contents exhibits enhanced catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media, relative to any single doping.
Abstract: Compared to currently studied metal-based catalysts, metal-free heteroatom-doped carbon catalysts have many advantages including no issues of degradation and contamination from metal dissolution. Relying on single type of doping usually cannot yield optimal electronic and geometric structures favorable for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, heteroatom N, P, and S simultaneously doped graphene-like carbon (NPS-G) was successfully synthesized from onium salts by a facile one-step pyrolysis method. The resulting metal-free NPS-G catalyst with optimized N, P, and S contents exhibits enhanced catalytic activity towards the ORR in alkaline media, relative to any single doping. In particular, this metal-free catalyst shows an encouraging half-wave potential (E1/2 = 0.857 V) comparable to that of metal-based catalysts. It also demonstrates excellent electrochemical stability and methanol tolerance. This catalyst was further studied as a cathode in a primary Zn-air battery, showing exceptional open-circuit voltage (1.372 V) and power density (0.151 W cm−2). The NPS-G cathode delivers a specific capacity of 686 mA h gZn-1 at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 while utilizing 82.2% of the theoretical capacity (835 mA h gZn-1). The origin of high activity associated with various heteroatom dopings is elucidated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and density functional theory studies. The enhanced chemisorption of oxygen species (*OOH, *O and *OH) onto the dopants of the NPS-G catalysts reduces charge transfer resistance and facilitate the ORR. The porous 2D structure also contributes to the increase of active site density and facile mass transport.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A three‐level image‐based approach for post‐disaster inspection of the reinforced concrete bridge using deep learning with novel training strategies and a principled manner of such selection is proposed, with very promising results (well over 90% accuracies) and robustness are observed on all three‐ level deep learning models.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Several changes have been made to the SNFG page in the last year to update the rules for depicting glycans using theSNFG, to include more examples of use, particularly for non-mammalian organisms, and to provide guidelines for the depiction of ambiguous glycan structures.
Abstract: The Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans (SNFG) is a community-curated standard for the depiction of monosaccharides and complex glycans using various colored-coded, geometric shapes, along with defined text additions. It is hosted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the NCBI-Glycans Page (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/glycans/snfg.html). Several changes have been made to the SNFG page in the past year to update the rules for depicting glycans using the SNFG, to include more examples of use, particularly for non-mammalian organisms, and to provide guidelines for the depiction of ambiguous glycan structures. This Glycoforum article summarizes these recent changes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This contribution reviews the latest advances in silicon and BP-based biomedical nanomaterials for disease diagnosis and therapy and their common feature characteristics as biodegradable biocompatible elemental semiconductors.

Journal ArticleDOI
Martine Hoogman1, Ryan L. Muetzel2, João P.O.F.T. Guimarães1, Elena Shumskaya1, Maarten Mennes1, Marcel P. Zwiers1, Neda Jahanshad3, Gustavo Sudre4, Thomas Wolfers1, Eric Earl5, Juan Carlos Soliva Vila6, Yolanda Vives-Gilabert7, Sabin Khadka8, Stephanie E. Novotny8, Catharina A. Hartman9, Dirk J. Heslenfeld10, Lizanne J. S. Schweren9, Sara Ambrosino, Bob Oranje, Patrick de Zeeuw, Tiffany M. Chaim-Avancini11, Pedro G.P. Rosa11, Marcus V. Zanetti11, Charles B Malpas12, Gregor Kohls13, Georg G. von Polier, Jochen Seitz13, Joseph Biederman14, Alysa E. Doyle15, Anders M. Dale16, Theo G.M. van Erp17, Jeffery N. Epstein18, Terry L. Jernigan16, Ramona Baur-Streubel, Georg C. Ziegler19, Kathrin C. Zierhut19, Anouk Schrantee20, Marie F. Høvik21, Astri J. Lundervold22, Clare Kelly23, Hazel McCarthy24, Norbert Skokauskas25, Ruth O'Gorman Tuura26, Anna Calvo27, Sara Lera-Miguel27, Rosa Nicolau27, Kaylita Chantiluke28, Anastasia Christakou29, Alasdair Vance12, Mara Cercignani30, Matt C. Gabel30, Philip Asherson28, Sarah Baumeister31, Daniel Brandeis26, Sarah Hohmann31, Ivanei E. Bramati, Fernanda Tovar-Moll32, Andreas J. Fallgatter33, Bernd Kardatzki33, Lena Schwarz33, Anatoly Anikin, A.A. Baranov, Tinatin Gogberashvili, Dmitry Kapilushniy, Anastasia Solovieva, Hanan El Marroun34, Tonya White2, Georgii Karkashadze, Leyla Namazova-Baranova35, Thomas Ethofer33, Paulo Mattos32, Tobias Banaschewski31, David Coghill12, Kerstin J. Plessen36, Jonna Kuntsi28, Mitul A. Mehta28, Yannis Paloyelis28, Neil A. Harrison37, Neil A. Harrison38, Mark A. Bellgrove39, Timothy J. Silk40, Ana Cubillo28, Katya Rubia28, Luisa Lázaro27, Silvia Brem41, Susanne Walitza41, Thomas Frodl42, Mariam Zentis43, Francisco X. Castellanos44, Yuliya N. Yoncheva1, Yuliya N. Yoncheva2, Jan Haavik1, Jan Haavik2, L. Reneman2, L. Reneman1, Annette Conzelmann19, Klaus-Peter Lesch2, Klaus-Peter Lesch1, Paul Pauli19, Andreas Reif45, Leanne Tamm1, Leanne Tamm34, Kerstin Konrad, Eileen Oberwelland Weiss, Geraldo F. Busatto2, Geraldo F. Busatto1, Mario Rodrigues Louzã2, Mario Rodrigues Louzã1, Sarah Durston1, Sarah Durston2, Pieter J. Hoekstra9, Jaap Oosterlaan46, Michael C. Stevens47, J. Antoni Ramos-Quiroga6, Oscar Vilarroya48, Damien A. Fair1, Damien A. Fair2, Joel T. Nigg1, Joel T. Nigg2, Paul M. Thompson1, Paul M. Thompson2, Jan K. Buitelaar1, Jan K. Buitelaar2, Stephen V. Faraone49, Philip Shaw1, Philip Shaw2, Henning Tiemeier14, Janita Bralten1, Barbara Franke1 
Radboud University Nijmegen1, Erasmus University Medical Center2, University of Southern California3, National Institutes of Health4, Oregon Health & Science University5, Autonomous University of Barcelona6, Polytechnic University of Valencia7, Hartford Hospital8, University of Groningen9, VU University Amsterdam10, University of São Paulo11, University of Melbourne12, RWTH Aachen University13, Harvard University14, VA Boston Healthcare System15, University of California, San Diego16, University of California, Irvine17, University of Cincinnati18, University of Würzburg19, University of Amsterdam20, Haukeland University Hospital21, University of Bergen22, New York University23, Trinity College, Dublin24, Norwegian University of Science and Technology25, University of Zurich26, University of Barcelona27, University of London28, University of Reading29, University of Brighton30, Heidelberg University31, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro32, University of Tübingen33, Erasmus University Rotterdam34, Russian National Research Medical University35, University Hospital of Lausanne36, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust37, University of Sussex38, Monash University39, Deakin University40, ETH Zurich41, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases42, University of Regensburg43, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research44, Goethe University Frankfurt45, VU University Medical Center46, Yale University47, Pompeu Fabra University48, State University of New York System49
TL;DR: Subtle differences in cortical surface area are widespread in children but not adolescents and adults with ADHD, confirming involvement of the frontal cortex and highlighting regions deserving further attention.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Neuroimaging studies show structural alterations of various brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although nonreplications are frequent. The authors sought to identify cortical characteristics related to ADHD using large-scale studies. METHODS: Cortical thickness and surface area (based on the Desikan-Killiany atlas) were compared between case subjects with ADHD (N=2,246) and control subjects (N=1,934) for children, adolescents, and adults separately in ENIGMA-ADHD, a consortium of 36 centers. To assess familial effects on cortical measures, case subjects, unaffected siblings, and control subjects in the NeuroIMAGE study (N=506) were compared. Associations of the attention scale from the Child Behavior Checklist with cortical measures were determined in a pediatric population sample (Generation-R, N=2,707). RESULTS: In the ENIGMA-ADHD sample, lower surface area values were found in children with ADHD, mainly in frontal, cingulate, and temporal regions; the largest significant effect was for total surface area (Cohen's d=-0.21). Fusiform gyrus and temporal pole cortical thickness was also lower in children with ADHD. Neither surface area nor thickness differences were found in the adolescent or adult groups. Familial effects were seen for surface area in several regions. In an overlapping set of regions, surface area, but not thickness, was associated with attention problems in the Generation-R sample. CONCLUSIONS: Subtle differences in cortical surface area are widespread in children but not adolescents and adults with ADHD, confirming involvement of the frontal cortex and highlighting regions deserving further attention. Notably, the alterations behave like endophenotypes in families and are linked to ADHD symptoms in the population, extending evidence that ADHD behaves as a continuous trait in the population. Future longitudinal studies should clarify individual lifespan trajectories that lead to nonsignificant findings in adolescent and adult groups despite the presence of an ADHD diagnosis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.
Abstract: The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The unprecedented oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated metal site (e.g., Fe, Co, or Mn) catalysts makes them promising low-cost candidates to re...
Abstract: The unprecedented oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated metal site (e.g., Fe, Co, or Mn) catalysts makes them promising low-cost candidates to re...

Journal ArticleDOI
19 Mar 2019
TL;DR: This paper is a follow-up study to a preliminary investigation of teaching presence in the State University of New York Learning Network (SLN), and looks at a key element of their work, “teaching presence,” and presents results of research on specific aspects of the model.
Abstract: This paper is a follow-up study to a preliminary investigation of teaching presence in the State University of New York Learning Network (SLN). In the present studywe review ongoing issues of pedagogy and faculty development, and their relationship to student satisfaction, and reported learning in SLN. We provide an overview of the SLN program,and summarize a conceptual framework for our current research on higher education, online learning environments. This framework integrates research on how people learn, with principles of good practice in higher education and recent research on learning in asynchronous learning networks (ALNs) in higher education. We also present resultsof a follow-up study on one aspect of the model, “Teaching Presence”. The SUNY Learning Network is a proud recipient of two Sloan-C Awards, the 2001 Award for Excellence in ALN Faculty Development and the 2002 Award for Excellence in ALN Programming. We believe that it is no coincidence that SLN was recognized in this order; that is to say, we feel our efforts to create a systematic faculty development program has allowed us to create an outstanding program of online courses and degrees. A clear vision regarding the prerequisites for a high quality online learning environment, especially prerequisites related to faculty development, is essential to building effective ALN programs. As this special edition of JALN is dedicated to such efforts we would like to focus on our model for learning environments design and share results of research on specific aspects of the model. In past studies we have argued that student-faculty and student-student interaction are among the variables most strongly correlated with student satisfaction and reported learning. In the present study, we focus on one aspect of our model for online learning environments and examine interaction more deeply. Building upon the work of Anderson and colleagues we examine the kinds of activities that comprise and sustain productive interaction. These researchers have categorized interactions that occur in asynchronous learning environments that encourage knowledge creation and identify online behaviors and processes that approximate (and may improve upon) those that occur in face-to-face settings. We look at a key element of their work, “teaching presence,” and present results of a follow-up study examining students’ perceptions of this constellation of online faculty behaviors. We also identify the components of teaching presence that correlate most highly with student satisfaction and reported learning.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All three EDs were associated significantly with lifetime mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use disorders, and personality disorders and major depressive disorder was the most prevalent, followed by alcohol use disorder.
Abstract: Objective To examine psychiatric and somatic correlates of DSM-5 eating disorders (EDs)-anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED)-in a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. Method A national sample of 36,309 adult participants in the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III (NESARC-III) completed structured diagnostic interviews (AUDADIS-5) to determine psychiatric disorders, including EDs, and reported 12-month diagnosis of chronic somatic conditions. Prevalence of lifetime psychiatric disorders and somatic conditions were calculated across the AN, BN, and BED groups and a fourth group without specific ED; multiple logistic regression models compared the likelihood of psychiatric/somatic conditions with each specific ED relative to the no-specific ED group. Results All three EDs were associated significantly with lifetime mood disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use disorders, and personality disorders. In all three EDs, major depressive disorder was the most prevalent, followed by alcohol use disorder. AN was associated significantly with fibromyalgia, cancer, anemia, and osteoporosis, and BED with diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, and triglycerides. BN was not associated significantly with any somatic conditions. Conclusions This study examined lifetime psychiatric and somatic correlates of DSM-5 AN, BN, and BED in a large representative sample of U.S. adults. Our findings on significant associations with other psychiatric disorders and with current chronic somatic conditions indicate the serious burdens of EDs. Our findings suggest important differences across specific EDs and indicate some similarities and differences to previous smaller studies based on earlier diagnostic criteria.

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Jul 2019
TL;DR: This work proposes a novel design to estimate the dynamic Laplacian matrix of the graph with above two components based on the theoretical derivation, and creatively incorporates tensor decomposition into the deep learning framework.
Abstract: Graph convolutional neural networks (GCNN) have become an increasingly active field of research. It models the spatial dependencies of nodes in a graph with a pre-defined Laplacian matrix based on node distances. However, in many application scenarios, spatial dependencies change over time, and the use of fixed Laplacian matrix cannot capture the change. To track the spatial dependencies among traffic data, we propose a dynamic spatio-temporal GCNN for accurate traffic forecasting. The core of our deep learning framework is the finding of the change of Laplacian matrix with a dynamic Laplacian matrix estimator. To enable timely learning with a low complexity, we creatively incorporate tensor decomposition into the deep learning framework, where real-time traffic data are decomposed into a global component that is stable and depends on long-term temporal-spatial traffic relationship and a local component that captures the traffic fluctuations. We propose a novel design to estimate the dynamic Laplacian matrix of the graph with above two components based on our theoretical derivation, and introduce our design basis. The forecasting performance is evaluated with two realtime traffic datasets. Experiment results demonstrate that our network can achieve up to 25% accuracy improvement.

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jun 2019-Nature
TL;DR: The experimental and molecular dynamics results indicate that a theory beyond classical nucleation theory is needed to describe early-stage nucleation at the atomic scale, and it is anticipated that the reported approach will open the door to the study of many fundamental problems in materials science, nanoscience, condensed matter physics and chemistry.
Abstract: Nucleation plays a critical role in many physical and biological phenomena that range from crystallization, melting and evaporation to the formation of clouds and the initiation of neurodegenerative diseases1-3. However, nucleation is a challenging process to study experimentally, especially in its early stages, when several atoms or molecules start to form a new phase from a parent phase. A number of experimental and computational methods have been used to investigate nucleation processes4-17, but experimental determination of the three-dimensional atomic structure and the dynamics of early-stage nuclei has been unachievable. Here we use atomic electron tomography to study early-stage nucleation in four dimensions (that is, including time) at atomic resolution. Using FePt nanoparticles as a model system, we find that early-stage nuclei are irregularly shaped, each has a core of one to a few atoms with the maximum order parameter, and the order parameter gradient points from the core to the boundary of the nucleus. We capture the structure and dynamics of the same nuclei undergoing growth, fluctuation, dissolution, merging and/or division, which are regulated by the order parameter distribution and its gradient. These experimental observations are corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation in liquid-solid phase transitions of Pt. Our experimental and molecular dynamics results indicate that a theory beyond classical nucleation theory1,2,18 is needed to describe early-stage nucleation at the atomic scale. We anticipate that the reported approach will open the door to the study of many fundamental problems in materials science, nanoscience, condensed matter physics and chemistry, such as phase transition, atomic diffusion, grain boundary dynamics, interface motion, defect dynamics and surface reconstruction with four-dimensional atomic resolution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim is to elucidate the structure-property correlations and provide guidance for rational design of advanced Co catalysts with a special emphasis on atomically dispersed single-metal-site catalysts.
Abstract: High-performance and inexpensive platinum-group-metal (PGM)-free catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in challenging acidic media are crucial for proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Catalysts based on Fe and N codoped carbon (Fe-N-C) have demonstrated promising activity and stability. However, a serious concern is the Fenton reactions between Fe2+ and H2 O2 generating active free radicals, which likely cause degradation of the catalysts, organic ionomers within electrodes, and polymer membranes used in PEMFCs. Alternatively, Co-N-C catalysts with mitigated Fenton reactions have been explored as a promising replacement for Fe and PGM catalysts. Therefore, herein, the focus is on Co-N-C catalysts for the ORR relevant to PEMFC applications. Catalyst synthesis, structure/morphology, activity and stability improvement, and reaction mechanisms are discussed in detail. Combining experimental and theoretical understanding, the aim is to elucidate the structure-property correlations and provide guidance for rational design of advanced Co catalysts with a special emphasis on atomically dispersed single-metal-site catalysts. In the meantime, to reduce H2 O2 generation during the ORR on the Co catalysts, potential strategies are outlined to minimize the detrimental effect on fuel cell durability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Consensus Report reviews current data regarding SGLT inhibitor use and provides recommendations to enhance the safety of S GLT inhibitors in people with type 1 diabetes.
Abstract: Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors are new oral antidiabetes medications shown to effectively reduce glycated hemoglobin (A1C) and glycemic variability, blood pressure, and body weight without intrinsic properties to cause hypoglycemia in people with type 1 diabetes. However, recent studies, particularly in individuals with type 1 diabetes, have demonstrated increases in the absolute risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Some cases presented with near-normal blood glucose levels or mild hyperglycemia, complicating the recognition/diagnosis of DKA and potentially delaying treatment. Several SGLT inhibitors are currently under review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European regulatory agencies as adjuncts to insulin therapy in people with type 1 diabetes. Strategies must be developed and disseminated to the medical community to mitigate the associated DKA risk. This Consensus Report reviews current data regarding SGLT inhibitor use and provides recommendations to enhance the safety of SGLT inhibitors in people with type 1 diabetes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: May Measurement Month expanded significantly compared with 2017, including more participants in more countries and aiming to include more participants and countries, and identified over 335 000 adults with untreated or inadequately treated hypertension.
Abstract: AIMS: Raised blood pressure (BP) is the biggest contributor to mortality and disease burden worldwide and fewer than half of those with hypertension are aware of it. May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global campaign set up in 2017, to raise awareness of high BP and as a pragmatic solution to a lack of formal screening worldwide. The 2018 campaign was expanded, aiming to include more participants and countries. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eighty-nine countries participated in MMM 2018. Volunteers (≥18 years) were recruited through opportunistic sampling at a variety of screening sites. Each participant had three BP measurements and completed a questionnaire on demographic, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensive medication. In total, 74.9% of screenees provided three BP readings. Multiple imputation using chained equations was used to impute missing readings. 1 504 963 individuals (mean age 45.3 years; 52.4% female) were screened. After multiple imputation, 502 079 (33.4%) individuals had hypertension, of whom 59.5% were aware of their diagnosis and 55.3% were taking antihypertensive medication. Of those on medication, 60.0% were controlled and of all hypertensives, 33.2% were controlled. We detected 224 285 individuals with untreated hypertension and 111 214 individuals with inadequately treated (systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg) hypertension. CONCLUSION: May Measurement Month expanded significantly compared with 2017, including more participants in more countries. The campaign identified over 335 000 adults with untreated or inadequately treated hypertension. In the absence of systematic screening programmes, MMM was effective at raising awareness at least among these individuals at risk.