Stockholm School of Economics

About: Stockholm School of Economics is a education organization based out in Stockholm, Sweden. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cost effectiveness. The organization has 1186 authors who have published 4891 publications receiving 285543 citations. The organization is also known as: Stockholm Business School & Handelshögskolan i Stockholm.

Optimization of BMD measurements to identify high risk groups for treatment--a test analysis.

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to optimize the role of BMD measurements in a case finding strategy. We studied 2113 women > or = 75 years of age randomly selected from Sheffield, UK, and adjacent regions. Baseline assessment included hip BMD and clinical risk factors. Outcomes included death and fracture in women followed for 6723 person-years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Poisson models were used to identify significant risk factors for all fractures and for death with and without BMD and the hazard functions were used to compute fracture probabilities. Women were categorized by fracture probability with and without a BMD assessment. A 10-year fracture probability threshold of 35% was taken as an intervention threshold. Discordance in categorization of risk (i.e., above or below the threshold probability) between assessment with and without BMD was examined by logistic regression as probabilities of re-classification. Age, prior fracture, use of corticosteroids, and low body mass index were identified as significant clinical risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 16.8% of women were classified as high risk based on these clinical risk factors. The average BMD in these patients was approximately 1 SD lower than in low-risk women; 21.5% of women were designated to be at high risk with the addition of BMD. Fifteen percent of all women were reclassified after adding BMD to clinical risk factors, most of whom lay near the intervention threshold. When a high probability of reclassification was accepted (without a BMD test) for high risk to low risk (p1< or = 0.8) and a low probability accepted for low to high risk (P2 < or = 0.2), BMD tests would be required in only 21% of the population. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the use of clinical risk factors can identify elderly women at high fracture risk and that such patients have a low average BMD. BMD testing is required, however, in a minority of women--a fraction that depends on the probabilities accepted for classification and the thresholds of risk chosen. These findings need to be validated in other cohorts at different ages and from different regions of the world.

How Do Contact Systems Affect Regional Development

Abstract: The paper reports on theoretical and empirical studies of contact systems. It refines and extends the framework, and consequently the implications, of such systems. This framework forms a base for extensive empirical studies, the results of which are used to suggest how contact systems are resolved and how they affect the quantitative and qualitative aspects of regional development. The analysis aims to determine how control of the course of development can be exerted by planning bodies at various levels.

The Invincible Character of Management Consulting Rhetoric: How One Blends Incommensurates While Keeping them Apart

Abstract: As experts and fashion setters of the business community, management consultants have a strong position in modern society. We argue that the basis of this position is the size of the rhetorical space of legitimate arguments open to consultants. In legitimating their activities, consultants produce a great array of arguments based on two contradictory myths or master-ideas recurrent in the business discourse—the normative/pragmatic myth and the rationalistic myth. These two myths are in turn viewed as a variation of the deeply institutionalized western dichotomy of nature vs. culture. Although these myths officially are incommensurable, management consultants freely mix arguments based on both myths when translating organizational change. Herein lies the potential invincibility of the consultants' rhetoric—the possibility of transforming that which earlier was treated as `objective' and given into something negotiable and changeable, and vice versa, thereby increasing the possibility of satisfying ever-cha...