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Showing papers by "Stockholm University published in 1985"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experimental data indicate that CP is nowhere maximally nonconserved and the question of maximal CP nonconservation is discussed.
Abstract: The structure of the quark mass matrices in the standard electroweak model is investigated. The commutator of the quark mass matrices is found to provide a convention-independent measure of $\mathrm{CP}$ nonconservation. The question of maximal $\mathrm{CP}$ nonconservation is discussed. The present experimental data indicate that nowhere is $\mathrm{CP}$ nonconservation maximal.

1,338 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1985-Nature
TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that isolated profilin, as well as the profilactin complex, interacts with anionic phospholipids, suggesting the possibility of a relationship between the induction of actin filament formation and the increased activity in the phosphatidylinositol cycle seen as a result of ligand–receptor interactions in various systems.
Abstract: There is evidence that the polymerization of actin takes place at the plasma membrane, and that profilactin (profilin/actin complex), the unpolymerized form of actin found in extracts of many non-muscle cells, serves as the immediate precursor. Both isolated profilin and profilactin interact with detergent when analysed by charge shift electrophoresis, indicating that they have amphipathic properties and may be able to interact directly with the plasma membrane. We demonstrate here that isolated profilin, as well as the profilactin complex, interacts with anionic phospholipids. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) was found to be the most active phospholipid, causing a rapid and efficient dissociation of profilactin with a concomitant polymerization of the actin in appropriate conditions. These and other observations suggest the possibility of a relationship between the induction of actin filament formation and the increased activity in the phosphatidylinositol cycle seen as a result of ligand-receptor interactions in various systems.

795 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
02 May 1985-Nature
TL;DR: It is reported here that substance P and substance K stimulate DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and human skin fibro-blasts, and that this stimulation is inhibited by the substance P-antagonist spantide.
Abstract: Connective tissue cells proliferate actively when cultured in the presence of serum. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a basic protein of relative molecular mass ∼30,000, has been identified as the major serum mitogen for these cells1; its main physiological/pathophysiological role may be to initiate wound healing in connection with tissue injury. However, growth of cultured cells is also influenced by several other factors, including epidermal growth factor2, fibroblast growth factor3, insulin and somatomedins4. Furthermore, Rozengurt and Sinnett-Smith recently showed that bombesin, a neuroendocrine peptide isolated from frog skin, stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in cultures of a specific subtype of 3T3 cells5. Substance P and substance K (also known as neurokinin A or neuromedin L) are mammalian peptides belonging to the tachykinin family6. Substance P has been studied extensively; it is distributed widely throughout the central and peripheral nervous system7, including primary sensory neurones8–10, and can be released in the periphery from axon collaterals of stimulated pain fibres11,12 and contribute to the inflammatory response13. Substance K is a member of the tachykinin family isolated from mammalian spinal cord14,15; Nawa et al.16 determined the primary structure of two types of substance P precursors, one of which contained a sequence homologous to substance K, as well as the sequence of substance P. We report here that substance P and substance K stimulate DNA synthesis in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells and human skin fibro-blasts, and that this stimulation is inhibited by the substance P-antagonist spantide17.

680 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This chapter discusses that relating constructive mathematics to computer programming seems to be beneficial, and that it may well be possible to turn what is now regarded as a high level programming language into machine code by the invention of new hardware.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that relating constructive mathematics to computer programming seems to be beneficial. Among the benefits to be derived by constructive mathematics from its association with computer programming, one is that you see immediately why you cannot rely upon the law of excluded middle: its uninhibited use would lead to programs that one did not know how to execute. By choosing to program in a formal language for constructive mathematics, like the theory of types, one gets access to the conceptual apparatus of pure mathematics, neglecting those parts that depend critically on the law of excluded middle, whereas even the best high level programming languages so far designed are wholly inadequate as mathematical languages. The virtue of a machine code is that a program written in it can be directly read and executed by the machine. The distinction between low and high level programming languages is of course relative to the available hardware. It may well be possible to turn what is now regarded as a high level programming language into machine code by the invention of new hardware.

618 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1985-Tellus B
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess present knowledge about atmospheric mercury: its occurrence in air and precipitation, chemical transformations taking place in the atmosphere, and mercury fluxes to and from the Earth's surface.
Abstract: An attempt is made to assess present knowledge about atmospheric mercury: its occurrence in air and precipitation, chemical transformations taking place in the atmosphere, and mercury fluxes to and from the Earth’s surface. Tentative budgets are estimated for mercury in the global atmosphere and in the atmosphere over Europe and Sweden. Major features revealed by this include the following: For the global atmosphere, current anthropogenic emissions are comparable to emissions by natural processes (preindustrial). The present background fluxes are probably significantly augmented by anthropogenic emissions during the industrial era. A dominant fraction (≥80%) of the total mercury in the atmosphere consists of a volatile gaseous mercury form, presumably elemental mercury, Hg O . This mercury has an atmospheric residence time of at least a few months, maybe even one or two years, and is uniformly distributed throughout the troposphere (1-2 ng m -3 . The volatile mercury vapour (Hg O ) is oxidized in the atmosphere to unknown forms that are soluble and can be scavenged by precipitation or dry deposited at the surface. The oxidation process is not known but photochemical oxidants (including ozone) are likely to be important. The atmospheric residence time of the water soluble (non-volatile) mercury is in the range of a few days to a few weeks, corresponding to a characteristic transport distance of up to a few thousand kilometers. Even if a dominant fraction of the mercury emitted from an individual source, such as a chlor-alkali plant, is dispersed regionally or globally. a small fraction (< 10%) is deposited locally. Increases by a factor of 10 to 100. above background deposition rates, have been measured within the nearest km of such plants. At a distance of 10-50 km, the deposition normally approaches the background value. Around a large Swedish smelter, mercury levels in lake sediments are significantly augmented even beyond 50 km from the plant. The contribution to current mercury deposition in Sweden from anthropogenic mercury emissions in other European countries is most likely larger than the contributions from current Swedish emissions. Measurements of mercury in lake sediments and peat bogs show that in southern Scandinavia. the rate of mercury deposition has increased by a factor of about 5 during the last hundred years. The increase in northern Scandinavia is significantly less, at most a factor of two. These increases are caused, most likely, by anthropogenic emissions into the atmosphere mainly within the European region. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1985.tb00062.x

436 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data support the idea that a combination of heart rate and blood lactate is a better predictor of perceived exertion and feelings of aches and pain in the legs, than is each of the single physiological variables taken alone.
Abstract: This study was designed to show the general increase in perceived exertion, perception of aches or pain in the legs, heart rate (HR), and blood lactate, and the covariance between these variables during bicycle ergometer work, and to describe individual differences both within and between power levels by testing a large group (28 male students).

410 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that a major biological function of the glutathione transferases is to protect the cell against products of oxidative metabolism, such as epoxides, organic hydroperoxide, and 4‐hydroxyalkenals.

401 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Hans Lönn1
TL;DR: Methyl triflate-promoted condensation of ethyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy- 2-phthalimido-1-thio-3-O gives a trisaccharide and a heptasaccharides derivative, respectively, which are parts of the complex type of glycoproteins.

342 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a distinction is made between communication due to choice of action and communication by performance of a given choice of actions, and it is concluded that evolutionary stability of communication through choice of behaviour is due to variation among animals in the utility of showing different behaviour patterns.

332 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define a set of dimensions along which policy instruments may be judged, including static efficiency, centralized information and computation requirements, enforceability, dynamic incentive effects, flexibility in the face of exogenous change, and implications for goals other than efficiency.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter accomplishes four specific goals of clarifying the contribution of economic analysis over the instruments of environmental policy. First, it describes the general situation in which environmental policy goals must be achieved. An appreciation of the complexity of this situation will provide a base from which to consider both past error and actual special cases. Second, it defines a set of dimensions along which policy instruments may usefully be judged. These include: static efficiency, centralized information and computation requirements, enforceability, dynamic incentive effects, flexibility in the face of exogenous change, and implications for goals other than efficiency. In the process, it intends to make explicit the irreducible political content of choices among policy instruments and thus the reasons that technical arguments on the other dimensions are not decisive in the political arena. Thirdly, it reviews both some major non-economic attempts to evade the complexity of the general case and the record of adoptions of explicitly economic prescriptions. Finally, it examines some of the economic complexities associated with a variety of instruments and problems.

326 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nested gene diversity analyses of multiple locus electrophoretic data from the literature for 19 species, mainly from Scandinavia and North America, show that average heterozygosity is higher in marine species than in freshwater species, consistent with that the differentiation observed in most species is of postglacial origin and that the timespan available since deglaciation has been too short to result in the accumulation of substantial differences between clusters.
Abstract: Biochemical genetic markers have been increasingly used for inferences on the population genetic structure of various fish, but little attention has been paid to relative differences in the distribution of variability within species in different groups of fish. Nested gene diversity analyses of multiple locus electrophoretic data from the literature for 19 species (6 marine species, 4 anadromous salmonids, and 9 freshwater species (5 salmonids)), mainly from Scandinavia and North America, show that (i) average heterozygosity is higher in marine species than in freshwater species, (ii) the average fraction of the total gene diversity allocated between localities increases in the order marine (1.6%), anadromous (3.7%), and freshwater species (29.4%), and (iii) the fraction of the total gene diversity associated with differences between geographic clusters of localities is generally smaller than that between localities within clusters. This finding is consistent with that the differentiation observed in most species is of postglacial origin, and that the timespan available since deglaciation has been too short to result in the accumulation of substantial differences between clusters.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A sensitive method for the analysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) which utilizes the enzymes ATP sulfurylase and firefly luciferase is described, which has been used for continuous monitoring of formation of PPi in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In mid-adolescence early matured girls were found to play truant, smoke hashish, get drunk, pilfer, ignore parents' prohibitions, considerably more often than did late maturing girls, and the association between biological maturation and adult education was significant also after controlling for standard predictors of education.
Abstract: The role of biological maturity in behaviors in adolescence which most often are considered as negative by adults was investigated for a normal group of girls. In mid-adolescence early matured girls were found to play truant, smoke hashish, get drunk, pilfer, ignore parents' prohibitions, considerably more often than did late maturing girls. These differences between biological age groups were mediated by the association with older peer groups and they leveled out in late adolescence. Data on alcohol consumption and crime at adult age showed little association with biological maturation. A hypothesis was tested suggesting that early biological maturation may have negative long-term consequences within the education domain. In accord with this assumption, a considerably smaller percentage of girls among the early maturers had a theoretical education above the obligatory nine-year compulsory schooling than among the late maturing girls. The association between biological maturation and adult education was significant also after controlling for standard predictors of education, such as the girls' intelligence and the social status of the home. The requirement of conducting longitudinal studies when investigating issues connected with maturation was strongly emphasized.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, multiplicity distributions of charged particles for inelastic, non single-diffractive events in proton-antiproton collisions at a center of mass energy of 540 GeV are presented for various pseudorapidity (Δη) intervals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Theory sur la relaxation de spin nucleaire suivie d'une discussion des modeles dynamiques; comparaison avec des donnees experimentales selectionnees as discussed by the authors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that this reactivity of a monoclonal antibody to a novel 50 Kdalton antigen associated with human urinary bladder carcinoma was entirely restricted to cells of the B lineage within the haematopoietic system.
Abstract: We have previously described the derivation of a monoclonal antibody, S2C6, to a novel 50 Kdalton antigen associated with human urinary bladder carcinoma. No reactions were obtained with carcinomas of unrelated origin or with normal urothelial cells. However, the antibody also reacted with a similar antigen on some cell lines of B lymphocyte origin. Using large panels of target cells we have now shown that this reactivity was entirely restricted to cells of the B lineage within the haematopoietic system. As opposed to its apparent restriction to malignant cells of the urothelium, the S2C6 antigen was expressed by normal B lymphocytes as well as by many malignant B cells (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, hairy cell leukaemia and immunocytoma). Pre-B cells derived from acute lymphocytic leukaemia and plasma cells from multiple myeloma lacked the antigen. Expression was significantly enhanced on cultured B cells from Burkitt lymphomas and on Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines including those of the pre-B phenotype derived from fetal bone marrow. As judged from the molecular size and the distribution pattern displayed by the S2C6 antigen it appears to be distinct from other B cell antigens previously described. A possible relation of the S2C6 antigen to a receptor for B cell growth factors is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that, since the survivorship was 6.4 times higher for the aposematic prey, it could have a detection rate that is correspondingly higher than the cryptic in order for the two forms to have equal fitness.
Abstract: An experiment was performed to assess the relative survival of two forms of 5th instar larvae of Lygaeus equestris (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae) — the normal red form, called aposematic, and a mutant grey form, called cryptic — when given to hand-raised great tits (Parus major). Sixteen birds were presented with aposematic larvae and 16 were presented with cryptic larvae in 10 consecutive trials. One attack per trial was allowed. Both larval forms were presented against a background matching the grey larvae, but since both prey types were presented in a specific place known to the predator, detection rate for both was assumed to be unity. Birds learned to avoid both prey types. However, the survival of the aposematic larvae was higher than that of the cryptic ones due to three aspects of predator behaviour: i) a greater initial reluctance to attack, ii) a more rapid avoidance learning, and iii) a lower frequency of killing in an attack, when the prey was aposematic. Moreover, a greater number of birds learned to avoid prey without killing any individual, when the prey was aposematic. This result is considered to be due to prey coloration alone, since, in a separate test, no difference in prey distastefulness could be detected. This experiment shows that individual prey can benefit from being aposematic and indicates that individual selection can be a sufficient explanation for the evolution of aposematic coloration. It was concluded that, since the survivorship was 6.4 times higher for the aposematic prey, it could have a detection rate that is correspondingly higher than the cryptic in order for the two forms to have equal fitness.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Currency Prices, Terms of Trade, and Interest Rates: A General Equilibrium Asset-Pricing Cash-in-Advance Approach as mentioned in this paper is a general equilibrium asset-pricing approach.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that providing more information about the effectiveness of seatbelts may not be as efficient a way of increasing seatbelt usage as emphasizing other factors, such as comfort and social norms, which cannot be outweighed by optimism.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, induced couplings of the type HVγ in the standard model, where H is a Higgs meson and V is a virtual or real neutral gauge boson (Z0 or photon), were calculated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results raise the possibility that nifedipine may be used to prevent atherogenesis and to inhibit progression of fibromuscular lesions by interfering with the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, cloud droplets are separated from atmospheric trace gases, rain drops and submicrometer aerosol particles on the basis of their aerodynamic properties and evaporated by dry air.
Abstract: Cloud droplets are separated from atmospheric trace gases, rain drops and submicrometer aerosol particles on the basis of their aerodynamic properties and evaporated by dry air. The evolved trace gases and residual particles can be analyzed by in-situ methods and collected for subsequent chemical analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analyse d'extraits de particules non fractionnees, de fractions sur gel de silice, of fractions recombinees, par chromatographie en phase gazeuse/spectrometrie de masse as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Analyse d'extraits de particules non fractionnees, de fractions sur gel de silice, de fractions recombinees, par chromatographie en phase gazeuse/spectrometrie de masse. Test de genotoxicite, de cytrotoxicite et d'affinite recepteur/Dibenzodioxinne(tetrachloro)

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The Immotile-Cilia Syndrome is a Microtubule-Associated Defecation Disorder that affects the ability of the immune system to secrete Clostridium difficile, a substance which secrete polypeptide which is responsible for diarrhoea.
Abstract: (1985). The Immotile-Cilia Syndrome: A Microtubule-Associated Defec. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 63-87.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model of adjustment to a highly unfamiliar environment is reconceptualized using three psychological constructs: applicability of behavior, clarity of the mental frame of reference, and level of mere adequacy.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seven major isoenzymes of glutathione transferase with isoelectric points ranging from pH 6.9 to 10 were isolated from rat liver cytosol and a seventh form appears to be a heterodimeric protein composed of subunit 3 and an as yet unidentified subunit.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of a reduction in working time on wages and employment with a monopoly union were analyzed, and it was shown that if employment and working time are perfect substitutes, the effects are related to how working time has been determined initially: the wage increases if initial working time is smaller than or equal to the union optimum, whereas the result is unclear when it is larger.