Showing papers by "Stockholm University published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, balanced budget redistribution between socioeconomic groups is modeled as the outcome of electoral competition between two political parties, and a sufficient condition for existence is given, requiring that there be enough heterogeneity with respect to party preferences in the electorate.
Abstract: This paper models balanced-budget redistribution between socio-economic groups as the outcome of electoral competition between two political parties. Equilibrium is unique in the present model, and a sufficient condition for existence is given, requiring that there be enough ‘stochastic heterogeneity’ with respect to party preferences in the electorate. The validity of Hotelling's ‘principle of minimum differentiation’, and of ‘Director's Law’, are examined under alternative hypotheses concerning administrative costs of redistributions, and voter's possibilities both of abstaining from voting and of becoming campaign activists for one of the parties. The policy strategy of expected-plurality maximization is contrasted with the strategy of maximizing the probability of gaining a plurality. Incomes are fixed and known, so lump-sum taxation is feasible. However, constraints on tax/transfer differentiation between individuals are permitted in the analysis.
1,486 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two constructions of hyperkahler manifolds, one based on a Legendre transform and one on a sympletic quotient, are described, which can be described geometrically.
Abstract: We describe two constructions of hyperkahler manifolds, one based on a Legendre transform, and one on a sympletic quotient. These constructions arose in the context of supersymmetric nonlinear σ-models, but can be described entirely geometrically. In this general setting, we attempt to clarify the relation between supersymmetry and aspects of modern differential geometry, along the way reviewing many basic and well known ideas in the hope of making them accessible to a new audience.
1,227 citations
TL;DR: The authors showed that at least two of the cecropins originate from a gene duplication and that the biosynthesis has been initiated on RNA and tissue levels on both RNA and DNA levels.
Abstract: An inducible antibacterial activity is a main part of the immune system of the Cecropia moth and several other insects The active material is a family of small proteins called cecropins Sequence work shows that at least two of the cecropins originate from a gene duplication Work on the biosynthesis has been initiated on RNA and tissue levels
689 citations
668 citations
TL;DR: For exercise of a steady state type with increasing loads the incremental curve for perceived exertion can be predicted from a simple combination of HR and BL, which gives support for the following generalization.
Abstract: To compare some psychophysiological responses to arm exercise with those to leg exercise, an experiment was carried out on electronically braked bicycle ergometers, one being adapted for arm exercise. Eight healthy males took part in the experiment with stepwise increases in exercise intensity every 4 min: 40—70—100—150—200 W in cycling and 20—35—50—70—100 W in arm cranking. Towards the end of each 4 min period, ratings of perceived exertion were obtained on the RPE scale and on a new category ratio (CR) scale: heart rate (HR) and blood lactate accumulation (BL) were also measured.
619 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the ARGUS detector at the DORIS II storage ring has been used in three different ways for B0-B 0 mixing in ϒ (4S) decays.
459 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply evolutionary game theory to investigate how variation in resource value influences the evolution of fighting behavior, and make predictions for fight duration, cost, and probability of victory.
458 citations
352 citations
320 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors emphasized that neuropeptides often are located in the same neurons as classical transmitters such as acetylcholine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, catecholamines, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) etc.
Abstract: In the present article the fact is emphasized that neuropeptides often are located in the same neurons as classical transmitters such as acetylcholine, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, catecholamines, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) etc. This raises the possibility that neurons produce, store and release more than the one messenger molecule. The exact functional role of such coesisting peptides is often difficult to evaluate, especially in the central nervous system. In the periphery some studies indicate apparently meaningful interactions of different types with the classical transmitter, but other types of actions including trophic effects have been observed. More recently it has been shown that some neurons contain more than one classical transmitter, e.g. 5-HT plus GABA, further underlining the view that transfer of information across synapses may be more compex than perhaps hitherto assumed.
310 citations
TL;DR: The physiological side‐effects induced by gastric suction are minor, but it seemed to be unpleasant for the child and no clear advantages are gained by the procedure.
Abstract: Gastric emptying of newborn infants is a procedure performed to prevent aspiration of gastric contents. The present investigation was conducted to study the effects of gastric suction on circulatory and behavioural parameters in 21 healthy newborn children (11 cases, 10 controls). A small elevation in mean arterial blood pressure was observed during gastric suction. The incidence of retching was also increased. In all children spontaneous sucking and rooting movements, as well as state of sleep and wakefulness were recorded. In the control group spontaneous sucking and rooting movements started occur 15 min after birth and reached a maximum at 45 and 60 min, respectively. The first hand to mouth movement was observed after a mean of 34 min and the infants found the nipple and started to suckle at about 55 min. This sequence of prefeeding behaviour was disrupted in children who had undergone gastric suction. The physiological side-effects induced by gastric suction are minor, but it seemed to be unpleasant for the child and no clear advantages are gained by the procedure.
TL;DR: In this article, the general equilibrium effects of tariffs, export subsidies, output subsidies, and RD subsidies in a monopolistically competitive sector that produces differentiated products are studied. But the results depend on identifiable details of the production structure, the sectoral interlinkages through factor markets and preferences.
TL;DR: A review of the use of thioglycosides as glycosyl donors in oligosaccharide synthesis is given in this article, where both indirect and direct use, by electrophilic activation of the thi glycoside, are discussed.
Abstract: A review is given of the use of thioglycosides as glycosyl donors in oligosaccharide synthesis Both indirect use, by conversion of the thioglycoside into a glycosyl halide and direct use, by electrophilic activation of the thioglycoside, are discussed
TL;DR: Results indicate that ubiquinone is synthesized not only in mitochondria, but also on the endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver, and the spectral and chromatographic properties of microsomal ubiquin one were identical to those of its mitochondrial counterpart.
TL;DR: In vitro experiments revealed that GAL inhibited the release of [3H]dopamine in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 7-10 nM), possibly via a presynaptic receptor.
TL;DR: This simple theory predicts a decreasing possibility to achieve uncomplicated tumor control with increasing tumor size and maintained irradiation technique, because the control curve moves to higher doses and the complication curve to lower doses as the tumor size increases.
Abstract: The traditional single hit multitarget theory has been applied on the probability of eradication of an organ or a tumor and the probability for causing complications in normal tissue. This simple theory predicts a decreasing possibility to achieve uncomplicated tumor control with increasing tumor size and maintained irradiation technique, because the control curve moves to higher doses and the complication curve to lower doses as the tumor size increases. This simple result is shown to be consistent with clinically observed dose response relations for small and large tumors. The optimal dose distribution for eradication of a heterogeneous tumor is derived on the assumption that a uniform minimal recurrence probability is most advantageous for the patient. The optimal dose distribution is proportional to the spatial variation of the local D0 value and the logarithm of the tumor cell density. Various techniques to measure the density of tumor cells and the different possibilities to deliver non-uniform dose distributions to the target volume are also discussed.
TL;DR: A general dose calculation method for treatment planning with high energy photon beams, based on folding of the total energy released by primary photons per unit mass, the terma, with a fractional mean energy imparted point spread function is described.
Abstract: A general dose calculation method for treatment planning with high energy photon beams, based on folding of the total energy released by primary photons per unit mass, the terma, with a fractional ...
TL;DR: A simple and rapid method has been developed for continuous monitoring of DNA synthesis in vitro, and the effect of an inhibitor, adriamycin, on the polymerase activity was studied.
TL;DR: The results show that the ensemble of glutathione transferases in a given species may serve an important physiological role in the conjugation of the whole range of 4-hydroxyalkenals.
Abstract: The substrate specificities of 15 cytosolic glutathione transferases from rat, mouse and man have been explored by use of a homologous series of 4-hydroxyalkenals, extending from 4-hydroxypentenal to 4-hydroxypentadecenal. Rat glutathione transferase 8-8 is exceptionally active with the whole range of 4-hydroxyalkenals, from C5 to C15. Rat transferase 1-1, although more than 10-fold less efficient than transferase 8-8, is the second most active transferase with the longest chain length substrates. Other enzyme forms showing high activities with these substrates are rat transferase 4-4 and human transferase mu. The specificity constants, kcat./Km, for the various enzymes have been determined with the 4-hydroxyalkenals. From these constants the incremental Gibbs free energy of binding to the enzyme has been calculated for the homologous substrates. The enzymes responded differently to changes in the length of the hydrocarbon side chain and could be divided into three groups. All glutathione transferases displayed increased binding energy in response to increased hydrophobicity of the substrate. For some of the enzymes, steric limitations of the active site appear to counteract the increase in binding strength afforded by increased chain length of the substrate. Comparison of the activities with 4-hydroxyalkenals and other activated alkenes provides information about the active-site properties of certain glutathione transferases. The results show that the ensemble of glutathione transferases in a given species may serve an important physiological role in the conjugation of the whole range of 4-hydroxyalkenals. In view of its high catalytic efficiency with all the homologues, rat glutathione transferase 8-8 appears to have evolved specifically to serve in the detoxication of these reactive compounds of oxidative metabolism.
TL;DR: In this article, a unified description of the rotational-electronic structure of the s and d Rydberg states in terms of quantum defect theory is presented, extending from the low n* s, d supercomplexes up beyond the ionization threshold.
Abstract: The s and d Rydberg states of NO with v = 0 have been observed for 6 leqslant; n* leqslant; 40 by double resonance multiphoton ionization which was three-photon resonant with the 3pπC 2∏ (v = 0) Rydberg intermediate state. Strong parity selection is shown to occur in the intermediate level despite the fact that the Λ-doublets are not resolved. The OODR spectra are thereby considerably simplified. A unified description of the rotational-electronic structure of the s and d Rydberg states in terms of quantum defect theory is presented, extending from the low n* s, d supercomplexes up beyond the ionization threshold. Electronic radial dipole transition moments are calculated and included in the MQDT analysis, giving evidence for a Cooper minimum in the region of the supercomplex n* = 5. For 25 leqslant; n* leqslant; 40 fringes are observed in the OODR spectrum and are interpreted in terms of rotational l-uncoupling, electronic s ∼d mixing and energy dependent electronic dipole transition moments. The fringe f...
TL;DR: This article found that when asked to choose the best apartment in each pair of alternatives, choices made by a group under time pressure were significantly different from those made by another group under no time pressure.
Abstract: Students made choices between student apartments judged to be equally attractive. When asked to choose the best apartment in each pair of alternatives, choices made by a group under time pressure were significantly different from those made by another group under no time pressure. The effect was so strong that preference reversals were obtained which could be explained by subjects over-evaluating negative aspects on the most important attribute under time pressure.
TL;DR: Primary structure predictions disclose epitopes that are potential candidates for two‐step processing of the precursors during import and intraorganelle routing as well as for calcium sequestering, chloride binding and subunit/subunit interaction.
TL;DR: The data suggest a reduction in number of dopaminergic nerve terminals, as the activity of the dopamine synthesizing enzyme DOPA-decarboxylase was lowered and a reduced content of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid was observed in the putamen and globus pallidus.
Abstract: Four monkeys were exposed to a total of 8 g each of manganese as oxide by repetitive subcutaneous injections during 5 months, after which they were left for 1 week to 6 months before they were sacrificed. All animals developed hyperactive behaviour after about 2 months. About 5 months after the start of the exposure the animals became hypoactive with an unsteady gait, and subsequently an action tremor appeared in some of the animals. The animals lost power in both upper and lower limbs and the movements of the hands and feet were very clumsy. The serum content of manganese rose 10–40 times during the exposure time and the content in brain was generally increased more than 10 times, with the highest content found in globus pallidus and putamen. The observed neurochemical effects were also largest in globus pallidus and putamen. In these regions there was a considerable depletion of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, while the homovanillic acid content remained almost unchanged. A severe neuronal cell loss was observed in globus pallidus but not in other regions. This is in accordance with results from the most recent neuropathological study of a human suffering from chronic manganese poisoning [Yamada et al. (1986) Acta Neuropathol 70: 273–278] where globus pallidus was devoid of neuronal cells while the content of pigmented cells in substantia nigra was normal. Our data suggest a reduction in number of dopaminergic nerve terminals, as the activity of the dopamine synthesizing enzyme DOPA-decarboxylase was also lowered. In addition to the effects on the dopaminergic system, a reduced content of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid was observed in the putamen and globus pallidus. Moreover neurotensin, a neuropeptide with functional connection to the dopaminergic system, was found to be reduced in the putamen. It was remarkable that all the neurochemical effects seen in the putamen were more or less absent from the caudate nucleus. These observations are discussed in relation to what has been found in Parkinsonian and MPTP-lesioned brains.
TL;DR: There is a need for glycosylating agents which can be prepared under mild conditions and in good yields for the synthesis of large oligosaccharides and biologically active oligOSaccharide derivatives.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider a labor market containing firm-specific unions facing labor demand shocks which are transient (in the sense that the distribution of shocks has a constant mean and finite variance).
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider whether the existence of such informational barriers to entry provides a valid reason for temporarily protecting infant producers of experience goods and services, and find that infant-industry protection often exacerbates the welfare loss associated with these market imperfections.
Abstract: In industries with imperfect consumer information, the lack of a reputation puts latecomers at a competitive disadvantage vis-a-vis established firms. We consider whether the existence of such informational barriers to entry provides a valid reason for temporarily protecting infant producers of experience goods and services. Our model incorporates both moral hazard in an individual firm's choice of quality and adverse selection among potential entrants into the industry. We find that infant-industry protection often exacerbates the welfare loss associated with these market imperfections.
TL;DR: A study of 33 archaeozoological samples shows that limb bones are highly over-represented in human food debris, which raises the possibility that a large proportion of these birds are unconnected with human economy, or at least cooking.
TL;DR: Electrophoretic analysis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes indicates that the Swedish mice have lower average heterozygosity than Danish and Central European populations of musculus mice, suggesting that the source of the commensal mouse population in Sweden was a small propagule that originated from a population situated only a few kilometres to the east of the point at which the hybrid zone on the European mainland meets the Baltic Sea.
Abstract: Restriction enzymes were used to search for genetic variability at 162 cleavage sites in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) purified from 22 mice caught at seven Swedish localities. Although all of these mice bear the nuclear genes of Mus musculus, they bear the mtDNA of M. domesticus exclusively. Yet, some of the Swedish localities are 750 km away from the hybrid zone between these two species. Furthermore, only one type of mtDNA was found at the seven Swedish localities; this type was found before at an eighth locality in Sweden as well as in Jutland north of the hybrid zone. The apparent lack of mtDNA divergence in the mouse population of Sweden contrasts with the extensive divergence usually found within other geographic areas in Europe, Africa and North America. Electrophoretic analysis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes indicates that the Swedish mice have lower average heterozygosity than Danish and Central European populations of musculus mice. These findings lead us to suggest that the source of the commensal mouse population in Sweden was a small propagule that originated from a population situated only a few kilometres to the east of the point at which the hybrid zone on the European mainland meets the Baltic Sea, namely on East Holstein. Such a founder event may have been associated with the spread of farming from north Germany into Sweden about 4000 years ago.
TL;DR: A self-administered questionnaire specially aimed to assess QL in severe heart failure, designed to be simple and short, was found to be relevant and comprehensive with satisfactory reliability and validity.
Abstract: Improvement in quality of life (QL) is a primary objective of medical care, and the natural consequence of efforts made in hospital or during convalescence. Pharmacological intervention usually gives relief of symptoms, but may introduce expected and unexpected adverse reactions. This paper presents a self-administered questionnaire specially aimed to assess QL in severe heart failure. Compared with available instruments, the present questionnaire was designed to be simple and short, containing only 26 items. It was found to be relevant and comprehensive with satisfactory reliability and validity. The questionnaire includes somatic, emotional/cognitive aspects, life satisfaction and physical limitations. The questionnaire makes it possible to evaluate each subscale separately as well as altogether.