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Showing papers by "Stony Brook University published in 1973"


Journal ArticleDOI
16 Mar 1973-Nature
TL;DR: An image of an object may be defined as a graphical representation of the spatial distribution of one or more of its properties as a result of interaction with a matter or radiation field characterized by a wavelength comparable to or smaller than the smallest features to be distinguished.
Abstract: AN image of an object may be defined as a graphical representation of the spatial distribution of one or more of its properties. Image formation usually requires that the object interact with a matter or radiation field characterized by a wavelength comparable to or smaller than the smallest features to be distinguished, so that the region of interaction may be restricted and a resolved image generated.

3,480 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an investigation was made of the relations among porosity, permeability, and texture of artificially mixed and packed sand, to determine the approximate porosity and permeability values to be expected for unconsolidated sand of eight grain-size subclasses and six sorting groups.
Abstract: An investigation has been made of the relations among porosity, permeability, and texture of artificially mixed and packed sand, to determine the approximate porosity and permeability values to be expected for unconsolidated sand of eight grain-size subclasses and six sorting groups. The sand samples were prepared so that the weight fractions were distributed normally about the median grain size. Porosity values were determined for two packings, designated as "dry-loose" and "wet-packed." Porosity data for "wet-packed" sand samples remain about the same for changes in grain size of a given sorting, but decrease from an average of 42.4 percent for extremely well-sorted sand to 27.9 percent for very poorly sorted sand. These experimental data agree within 5 porosity percent with framework porosity values obtained for natural packing of 25 Holocene barrier-island sand samples of a limited size-sorting range, and appear to be representative of minimum porosities expected for natural packing of most unconsolidated, clay-free sand. The 48 artificially mixed and wet-packed experimental sands selected for porosity measurement also were used to determine permeability. Inasmuch as there are some irregularities in the experimental data caused by the inability to pack each sample uniformly, an average adjusted permeability value has been calculated. The average adjusted permeability values become progressively lower with decreasing grain size and poorer sorting, and agree well with permeability values computed by the Krumbein and Monk formula for most grain-size and sorting classes. Reference photographs or visual textural comparators enable a rapid estimation of grain shape, roundness, size, and sorting. Grain-size-sorting comparators, representing photomicrographs of thin sections of the porosity and permeability test samples, are especially useful in estimating original textural parameters form thin sections of severely compacted and silica-cemented sandstones.

734 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1973
TL;DR: The chapter presents a number of studies that illustrate some of the interplay between linguistic inputs and extralinguistic knowledge and suggests a general orientation toward the problem of linguistic comprehension that places it squarely within the domain of cognitive psychology, and that generates questions for future research.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the contributions made by listeners while comprehending and remembering. The ability to understand linguistic symbols is based not only on the comprehender's knowledge of his language but also on his general knowledge of the world. Much of the extralinguistic knowledge affecting comprehension and memory may come from visually presented information. The chapter presents a number of studies that illustrate some of the interplay between linguistic inputs and extralinguistic knowledge. It highlights various implications of these studies with respect to the problem of characterizing the thought processes involved in comprehending language, and of characterizing the role of comprehension factors in learning and memory. The results of the studies reported do not dictate a detailed model of comprehension, but they suggest a general orientation toward the problem of linguistic comprehension that places it squarely within the domain of cognitive psychology, and that generates questions for future research. The aspects of the comprehension process may involve mental operations on knowledge structures and the realization of the implications of these operations. Information about the consequences of such operations—rather than information only about the input itself—may be necessary for comprehending subsequent inputs and may be an important part of what is available in memory tasks.

641 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work presents an attempt at a model which prevents unrestricted transfers of control and has a control structure closer to languages amenable to structured programming.
Abstract: With the advent of structured programming and GOTO-less programming a method is needed to model computation in simply ordered structures, each representing a complete thought possibly defined in terms of other thoughts as yet undefined. A model is needed which prevents unrestricted transfers of control and has a control structure closer to languages amenable to structured programming. We present an attempt at such a model.

469 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared speech addressed to children with speech addressed by an adult and found significant differences between the two groups in syntax and vocabularies of children and adults.
Abstract: PHILLIPS, JULIET R. Syntax and Vocabulary of Mothers' Speech to Young Children: Age and Sex Comparisons. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 182-185. This study compared speech addressed to children with speech addressed to an adult; 10 measures of syntax and vocabulary were used. In addition, comparisons were made of speech addressed to children of different ages (8, 18, and 28 months) and sexes. Significant differences between speech addressed to children and speech addressed to an adult were found in all measures. In 7 measures, significant differences were found between speech addressed to 18-month children and speech addressed to 28-month children. In general these findings obtain equally for separate samples of boys and girls.

331 citations



Journal ArticleDOI

241 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between a child's auditory and verbal skills and the noisiness of his home and found that children living on the lower floors of 32-story buildings showed greater impairment of auditory discrimination and reading achievement than children living in higher-floor apartments.

217 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reliability of observational data was measured simultaneously by two assessors under two experimental conditions, indicating that observers modified their observational criteria to approximate those of the identified assessor.
Abstract: Reliability of observational data was measured simultaneously by two assessors under two experimental conditions. During overt assessment, observers were told that reliability would be measured by one of the two assessors, thus permitting computation of reliability with an identified and an unidentified assessor. During covert assessment, observers were not informed of the reliability measured. Throughout the study, each of the assessors employed a unique version of a standard observational code. In the overt assessment condition, reliability of observers with the identified assessor was consistently higher than reliability with the unidentified assessor, indicating that observers modified their observational criteria to approximate those of the identified assessor. In the covert assessment condition, reliability with the two assessors was substantially lower than during overt assessment. Further, observers consistently recorded lower frequencies of disruptive behavior than the two assessors during covert assessment.

186 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the inhibitory effects of six antibiotics (kasugamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sparsomycin, puromycin and rifampicin) on the biosynthesis of envelope proteins of Escherichia coli were examined.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors of as mentioned in this paper showed that methylene-group enthalpies of transfer can be identified as follows: 0.87 kcal-mole−1 for transfers to the gas phase from water and −0.035 kcal −mole −1 for transfer to D2O from H2O, independent of the solute type.
Abstract: The heats of solution of the sodium n-alkyl sulfonates from methyl to octyl have been measured at 25°C in water, D2O, and three alcohol-rich mixtures with water, all at solute concentrations low enough so that solute-solute interaction is negligible. Methylene-group contributions to the enthalpies of transfer are readily identified. Collation with the results of earlier studies of enthalpies of transfer leads to the conclusion that methylene-group enthalpies of transfer can be identified as follows: 0.87 kcal-mole−1 for transfers to the gas phase from water and −0.035 kcal-mole−1 for transfers to D2O from H2O, independent of the solute type provided only that methylene-group contributions can be identified in the data. Compared to other solvents, water is about as lipophilic as dimethylsulfoxide or a mixture of 27 moles of water with 73 moles of methanol. However, the range of the interactions between different groups on a given solute molecule seems to be much greater in water than in any of the other solvents studied, making it more difficult to identify group contributions to solvation in water. Another example of the complexity of the solvation of alkyl groups in water is encountered when one compares the solvation enthalpy of hexane in various solvents with some of the above results.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the interior architecture of the corridor-design dormitories at Stony Brook requires residents to interact with too many others, that interactions too often occur at inconvenient times or with disliked others, and that such a socially overloaded environment leads residents to experience stress and develop potentially stress reducing behaviors.
Abstract: at Stony Brook require 34 students to share common bathroom and lounge facilities while suite-design dormitories require four or six students to share these common facilities. Data that will be presented suggest that the interior architecture of the corridor-design dormitories requires residents to interact with too many others, that interactions too often occur at inconvenient times or with disliked others, and that such a socially overloaded environment leads residents to experience stress and develop potentially stress-reducing behaviors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a tendency for judgments of stimulus magnitude to be biased in the direction of the value of the immediately preceding stimulus is found in magnitude estimations of loudness, which produces a bias in the empirical psychophysical function that results in underestimation of the exponent of the unbiased function presumed to relate number and stimulus intensity.
Abstract: A tendency for judgments of stimulus magnitude to be biased in the direction of the value of the immediately preceding stimulus is found in magnitude estimations of loudness This produces a bias in the empirical psychophysical function that results in underestimation of the exponent of the unbiased function presumed to relate number and stimulus intensity, N = aSn The biased judgment can be represented as a power product of focal and preceding stimulus intensity, Nij= aS m Sj b A bias-free estimate of the correct exponent, n, can be obtained from the relation n = m + b

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nine adolescent boys with a history of high rates of disruptive classroom behavior were selected from a psychiatric hospital school and placed in a remedial reading class after school in which various factors in a token reinforcement program involving self-evaluation were investigated.
Abstract: Nine adolescent boys with a history of high rates of disruptive classroom behavior were selected from a psychiatric hospital school and placed in a remedial reading class after school in which various factors in a token reinforcement program involving self-evaluation were investigated. The effects of self-evaluation, in the form of a rating the students gave themselves about the appropriateness of their classroom behavior, were first assessed. While the students' ratings of their own behavior correlated highly with the teacher's ratings and evaluations made by independent observers, the self-evaluations did not lead to a reduction in disruptive behavior. A token reinforcement program, in which the teacher rated the students' level of appropriate behavior and in which the students traded earned rating points for prizes, clearly led to a reduction of disruptive behavior. When the students were given the opportunity to evaluate their own behavior and to receive rewards in exchange for the evaluation, they returned to their former rates of disruptive behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: No attenuation of the efficacy of contingent reinforcement occurred when performance standards were self-determined rather than externally imposed, and children became progressively more lenient in their self-imposed performance demands in the absence of social surveillance.
Abstract: This experiment was designed to compare the effects of contingent reinforcement under conditions of self-determined and externally imposed performance standards. A major purpose was to examine the maintenance of self-imposed performance standards over time. Children in one contingent reinforcement condition self-determined their academic performance standards. The same performance standards were externally imposed upon children in a second contingent reinforcement condition who were yoked to subjects in the first condition. Children in a no-reinforcement control condition performed in the absence of external reward. Behavioral productivity of the self-determination condition was greater than that of the no-reinforcement condition. Further, no attenuation of the efficacy of contingent reinforcement occurred when performance standards were self-determined rather than externally imposed. Over six sessions, children became progressively more lenient in their self-imposed performance demands in the absence of social surveillance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report a test of consumer demand theory using price, quantity and expenditure data for individual consumer's entire expenditures in an ongoing economic system, and the analysis presented below demonstrates that efforts directed along these lines are essential to obtain observations of sufficient accuracy to contradict consumer demand and distinguish between actual contradictions between propositions of the theory and propositions describing observations.
Abstract: In this paper we report a test of consumer demand theory using price, quantity and expenditure data for individual consumer's entire expenditures in an ongoing economic system. In conducting the test major emphasis has been placed on controlling and calculating errors of observation in the data collected and explicitly incorporating the measures of errors of observation into the evaluation of the test results.) The analysis presented below demonstrates that efforts directed along these lines are essential to (I) obtain observations of sufficient accuracy to contradict the theory of consumer demand and (2) distinguish between actual contradictions between propositions of the theory and propositions describing observations, on the one hand, and the effects of measurement error, on the other. 0

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tested the relationship between static and dynamic achievement discrepancy constructs (labeled "relative gratification" and built from a variant of the Cantril Self-Anchoring scale) and potential for political violence.
Abstract: Perception of discrepancy between optimum level of achievement with respect to desired values and actual level of achievement is a concept that has figured importantly in explanations of collective violence and its subset, political violence (approval of and readiness to engage in behaviors which constitute progressively greater challenge to a political regime). Hypotheses about relationships between a number of static and dynamic achievement discrepancy constructs (labeled “relative gratification,” and built from a variant of the Cantril Self-Anchoring scale) are tested. The achievement discrepancy constructs generally show only a weak degree of association with potential for political violence. However, measures of shift over time in discrepancy show an unexpected and intriguing relationship with potential for political violence: individuals who perceive negative change and individuals who perceive positive change show the highest potential for political violence, while individuals who perceive no change show the lowest potential for political violence; and this V-Curve relationship persists in the presence of various control variables. Moreover, absolute magnitude of shift in discrepancy from present to future shows a moderate degree of correlation with potential for political violence, and makes an independent contribution to a linear additive model. The data base is a sample of a population in which instances of political violence have been relatively frequent in the past.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the T7 lytic enzyme cleaves the bond between N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine amidase, most likely the product of the T 7 lysozyme gene (gene 3.5), since no lytic activity was detected in a lysate prepared by infection of E. coli with a T7Lysozyme mutant.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Social evaluations of suicidal behavior as a function of sex support the hypothesis that suicide is considered more masculine than attempted suicide and partially support the hypotheses that suicide are considered more potent than attemptedsuicide.
Abstract: The study investigated social evaluations of suicidal behavior as a function of sex. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design was used with the following factors: sex of S, sex of concept, suicidal behavior of concept (suicide, attempted suicide). 202 evening school college students rated the concepts on evaluative, potency, activity, and masculinity semantic differential scales. Results support the hypothesis that suicide is considered more masculine than attempted suicide and partially support the hypothesis that suicide is considered more potent than attempted suicide.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that these three peaks consist of distinctly different proteins for the following reasons: (i) they have different amino acid compositions, (ii) they show different solubilities in the nonionic detergent, Nonidet P-40, and (iii) peak 6 (protein Y) is related to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and proteins in peaks 4, 6, and 7 have different resistance to proteolytic enzymes.
Abstract: Some envelope proteins of Escherichia coli show variable behavior in acrylamide gel electrophoresis in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, depending upon the conditions of the solubilization. When solubilized in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 70 C for 20 min, three distinct peaks (peaks 4, 6, and 7) are seen at molecular weights of 57,800, 44,300, and 38,400, respectively. However, when the envelope fractions are solubilized in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 100 C for 5 min, or when they are treated with N, N-dimethylformamide at acidic pH before solubilization by our method, only a single peak at 48,000 molecular weight is observed in the molecular weight range mentioned above. That is, peaks 4 and 7 disappear and a new peak appears at the position overlapping with peak 6. Proteins isolated from peaks 4 and 7 show the similar molecular weight shifts to the new peak by the treatment at 100 C. No other peaks show any change by the heat treatment. The increase at the new peak is completely accounted for by the decrease at peaks 4 and 7, indicating that the new peak is composed of proteins from peaks 4, 6, and 7. However, it is concluded that these three peaks consist of distinctly different proteins for the following reasons: (i) they have different amino acid compositions, (ii) they show different solubilities in the nonionic detergent, Nonidet P-40, and as shown previously, (iii) peak 6 (protein Y) is related to deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and (iv) proteins in peaks 4, 6, and 7 have different resistance to proteolytic enzymes. Although the reasons for the anomalous molecular weight shifts of these peaks are not well understood at present, it is important to solubilize the E. coli envelope proteins by the standard method in order to investigate their properties and functions of the envelope proteins.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that the Hauser-Feshbach expression for fluctuation cross sections can still be computed from the optical S-matrix elements, and the formulas necessary for doing so are obtained with the aid of an "optical background" representation of the full Smatrix.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived and studied the Ward-Takahashi identities appropriate to a wide class of gauges and showed that the physical $S$ matrix is invariant under a variation of the gauge condition, which implies that the unphysical excitations cannot contribute to the sum over intermediate states.
Abstract: The advent of the dimensional-regularization procedure allows the study of renormalizability of spontaneously broken gauge theories formulated in a wide class of gauges. We derive and study the Ward-Takahashi identities appropriate to such gauges. A consequence of the Ward-Takahashi identities is that the physical $S$ matrix is invariant under a variation of the gauge condition. As remarked before, since the variation of a parameter in the ${R}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$-gauge formulation shifts the masses of unphysical excitations, the above result, the $\ensuremath{\xi}$ independence of the physical $S$ matrix, implies that the unphysical excitations cannot contribute to the sum over intermediate states, establishing the unitarity of the $S$ matrix. We also give the renormalization procedure of a model formulated in the ${R}_{\ensuremath{\xi}}$ gauge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Systematic desensitization (SD) is a technique which usually takes place in a social context and involves the use of imagery and possibly other symbolic/cognitive processes as well.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The palmitic acid content of the free form of the lipoprotein was found to be identical with that of the bound form on the basis of their arginine contents, which suggests that palMITic acid attaches to thefree form by both ester and amide linkages.