Showing papers by "Stony Brook University published in 1987"
Book•
01 Jan 1987TL;DR: Iyengar and Kinder as discussed by the authors show that despite changing American politics, those issues that receive extended coverage in the national news become more important to viewers, while those that are ignored lose credibility.
Abstract: Almost twenty-five years ago, Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder first documented a series of sophisticated and innovative experiments that unobtrusively altered the order and emphasis of news stories in selected television broadcasts. Their resulting book, "News That Matters", now hailed as a classic by scholars of political science and public opinion alike, is here updated for the twenty-first century, with a new preface and epilogue by the authors. Backed by careful analysis of public opinion surveys, the authors show how, despite changing American politics, those issues that receive extended coverage in the national news become more important to viewers, while those that are ignored lose credibility. Moreover, those issues that are prominent in the news stream continue to loom more heavily as criteria for evaluating the president and for choosing between political candidates.
2,466 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of duality transformations on the geometries of a subclass of two-dimensional sigma-models was investigated, and it was shown that duality preserves quantum conformal invariance at order [α′]0, where α′ is the string tension parameter, provided the change induced by duality is accompanied by a shift in the dilaton field.
1,060 citations
TL;DR: RNAse A mismatch cleavage analysis of 66 primary human colon tumours reveals a high incidence of K-ras genes with mutations at position 12, and evidence for ras mutational activation in premalignant tissue was obtained.
Abstract: RNAse A mismatch cleavage analysis of 66 primary human colon tumors reveals a high incidence of K-ras genes with mutations at position 12. No apparent correlation was found between the presence of mutant oncogenes and the degree of invasiveness of the tumours but evidence for ras mutational activation in premalignant tissue was obtained.
1,057 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that latrunculin A affects the polymerization of pureactin in vitro in a manner consistent with the formation of a 1:1 molar complex between latrunculatedin A and G‐actin.
797 citations
TL;DR: The repolarization of the action potential, and a fast after‐hyperpolarization, were studied in CA1 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slices and it was suggested that two Ca2+‐activated K+ currents were involved: a fast, TEA‐sensitive one (IC) underlying the fast a.h.p., and a slow noradrenaline‐ sensitive one (IAHP), underlying the slow a.p.
Abstract: 1. The repolarization of the action potential, and a fast after-hyperpolarization (a.h.p.) were studied in CA1 pyramidal cells (n = 76) in rat hippocampal slices (28-37 degrees C). Single spikes were elicited by brief (1-3 ms) current pulses, at membrane potentials close to rest (-60 to -70 mV). 2. Each action potential was followed by four after-potentials: (a) the fast a.h.p., lasting 2-5 ms; (b) an after-depolarization; (c) a medium a.h.p., (50-100 ms); and (d) a slow a.h.p. (1-2 s). Both the fast a.h.p. and the slow a.h.p. (but not the medium a.h.p.) were inhibited by Ca2+-free medium or Ca2+-channel blockers (Co2+, Mn2+ or Cd2+); but tetraethylammonium (TEA; 0.5-2 nM) blocked only the fast a.h.p., and noradrenaline (2-5 microM) only the slow a.h.p. This suggests that two Ca2+-activated K+ currents were involved: a fast, TEA-sensitive one (IC) underlying the fast a.h.p., and a slow noradrenaline-sensitive one (IAHP) underlying the slow a.h.p. 3. Like the fast a.h.p., spike repolarization seems to depend on a Ca2+-dependent K+ current of the fast, TEA-sensitive kind (IC). The repolarization was slowed by Ca2+-free medium, Co2+, Mn2+, Cd2+, or TEA, but not by noradrenaline. Charybdotoxin (CTX; 30 nM), a scorpion toxin which blocks the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel in muscle, had a similar effect to TEA. The effects of TEA and Cd2+ (or Mn2+) showed mutual occlusion. Raising the external K+ concentration reduced the fast a.h.p. and slowed the spike repolarization, whereas Cl- loading of the cell was ineffective. 4. The transient K+ current, IA, seems also to contribute to spike repolarization, because: (a) 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 0.1 mM), which blocks IA, slowed the spike repolarization; (b) depolarizing pre-pulses, which inactivate IA, had a similar effect; (c) hyperpolarizing pre-pulses speeded up the spike repolarization; (d) the effects of 4-AP and pre-pulses persisted during Ca2+ blockade (like IA); and (e) depolarizing pre-pulses reduced the effect of 4-AP. 5. Pre-pulses or 4-AP broadened the spike less, and in a different manner, than Ca2+-free medium, Cd2+, Co2+, Mn2+, TEA or CTX. The former broadening was uniform, with little effect on the fast a.h.p., whereas the latter affected mostly the last two-thirds of the spike repolarization and abolished the fast a.h.p.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
696 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the conductance of any metallic sample has been shown to fluctuate as a function of chemical potential, magnetic field, or impurity configuration, independent of sample size and degree of disorder at zero temperature.
Abstract: The conductance of any metallic sample has been shown to fluctuate as a function of chemical potential, magnetic field, or impurity configuration by an amount of order ${e}^{2}$/h independent of sample size and degree of disorder at zero temperature. We discuss the relationship of these results to other results in the theory of weak and strong localization, and discuss its physical implications. We discuss the physical assumptions underlying the ergodic hypothesis used to relate theory to experiment. We review the zero-temperature theory and provide a detailed discussion of the conductance correlation functions in magnetic field and Fermi energy. We show that the zero-temperature amplitude of the fluctuations is unaffected by electron-electron interactions to lowest order in (${k}_{f}$l${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, and at finite temperature interactions only enter insofar as they contribute to the inelastic scattering rate. We calculate the effects of finite temperature on both the amplitude of the fluctuations and their scale. We discuss the conditions for dimensional crossover at finite temperature, and the behavior of different experimental measures of the fluctuation amplitude, in order to facilitate quantitative comparisons of experiment and theory.
630 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest the presence of a subgroup of schizophrenic patients who exhibit psychotic symptom activation with PS in a state dependent or independent fashion and this biologic phenomenon may be clinically exploitable and should be investigated further.
Abstract: The psychotogenic effects of psychostimulant drugs have provided a major line of evidence in support of the DA hypothesis of schizophrenia. To evaluate the effects of psychostimulant (PS) drug in schizophrenia and the clinical variables which may influence their expression, we reviewed 36 studies of PS drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Approximately 40% evidence a psychotogenic response to PS administration in doses that are subpsychotogenic in normals. Specific clinical variables appear to modify this response, including diagnosis, degree and type of psychopathology, stage of illness and pharmacologic status at the time of testing. Non-amphetamine-like PS drugs, e.g., methylphenidate, appear to have greater psychotogenic potency than amphetamine-like PS drugs. These results suggest the presence of a subgroup of schizophrenic patients who exhibit psychotic symptom activation with PS in a state dependent or independent fashion. This biologic phenomenon may be clinically exploitable and should be investigated further.
554 citations
TL;DR: The results of these studies indicate that individuals high in self-esteem, but not those low in Selfesteem, respond to threats to the self-concept by derogating out-groups relative to the in-group when the group boundaries have evaluative implications.
Abstract: In two studies, we explored the effects of trait self-esteem and threats to the self-concept on evaluations of others. In Study 1, subjects high, moderate, and low in self-esteem received either success, failure, or no feedback on a test and later evaluated three pairs of targets: in-groups and out-groups based on a minimal intergroup manipulation, those who scored above average and those who scored below average on the test, and themselves and the average college student. Study 2 explored the effects of self-esteem and threat on in-group favoritism in a real-world setting, campus sororities. Together, the results of these studies indicate that individuals high in self-esteem, but not those low in self-esteem, respond to threats to the self-concept by derogating out-groups relative to the in-group when the group boundaries have evaluative implications.
427 citations
TL;DR: The current state of a system that recognizes printed text of various fonts and sizes for the Roman alphabet is described, which combines several techniques in order to improve the overall recognition rate.
Abstract: We describe the current state of a system that recognizes printed text of various fonts and sizes for the Roman alphabet. The system combines several techniques in order to improve the overall recognition rate. Thinning and shape extraction are performed directly on a graph of the run-length encoding of a binary image. The resulting strokes and other shapes are mapped, using a shape-clustering approach, into binary features which are then fed into a statistical Bayesian classifier. Large-scale trials have shown better than 97 percent top choice correct performance on mixtures of six dissimilar fonts, and over 99 percent on most single fonts, over a range of point sizes. Certain remaining confusion classes are disambiguated through contour analysis, and characters suspected of being merged are broken and reclassified. Finally, layout and linguistic context are applied. The results are illustrated by sample pages.
381 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present solutions of the star-triangle equations which are uniformized by curves of genus greater than one, which is relevant to the commensurate-incommensurate transition in the chiral three-state Potts model.
307 citations
TL;DR: In a preliminary in vivo study, pathologically-excessive collagenase in skin and gingiva was induced by rendering adult male rats diabetic, and the oral administration of CMT significantly reduced the excessive collagenase activity in both tissues, suggesting a lack of toxicity in this animal model.
Abstract: Tetracyclines (including the semi-synthetic analogues, minocycline and doxycycline) are considered useful adjuncts in periodontal therapy because they suppress Gram-negative periodontopathogens. Recently, these antibiotics were found to inhibit mammalian collagenase activity, a property which may also be of therapeutic value. It has been suggested that the anti-collagenase properties of the tetracyclines are independent of their antibiotic efficacy. To advance this hypothesis further, we chemically converted tetracycline hydrochloride to its non-antimicrobial analogue, de-dimethylaminotetracycline. This chemically-modified tetracycline (CMT), although no longer an effective antibiotic, was found to inhibit the in vitro activity of collagenase from partially purified extracts of human rheumatoid synovial tissue and rachitic rat epiphysis. In a preliminary in vivo study, pathologically-excessive collagenase in skin and gingiva was induced by rendering adult male rats diabetic, and the oral administration of CMT to these rats significantly reduced the excessive collagenase activity in both tissues. Moreover, CMT administration did not affect the severe hyperglycemia in these rats but did prevent, at least in part, the diabetes-induced loss of body weight, skin weight, and skin collagen mass; these effects suggest a lack of toxicity in this animal model. A proposed clinical advantage of CMT over conventional tetracyclines, in the treatment of diseases characterized by excessive collagenolytic activity, is the lack of development of antibiotic-resistant micro-organisms during prolonged use. However, the consideration of clinical trials to support this hypothesis must await further laboratory and extensive toxicity tests.
TL;DR: Basic trap configurations are characterized using both the exact expressions for the field, and a multipole polynomial expansion that facilitates studies of symmetry properties and classical or quantum orbits.
Abstract: In view of the recent successful confinement of decelerated sodium atoms in a magnetostatic trap, it is of interest to evaluate possible trap-field configurations. Neutral atoms in a Zeeman sublevel whose energy increases with field can be confined by a field whose magnitude \ensuremath{\Vert}B\ensuremath{\Vert} increases with distance from the center. Because this same basic requirement applies also to traps for neutrons and for plasmas (in the guiding-center approximation), trap configurations developed previously for these purposes are of interest for neutral atoms. However, the desired properties differ considerably because of very different objectives and different behavior of very cold atoms as compared with hot plasmas. We characterize basic trap configurations using both the exact expressions for the field, and a multipole polynomial expansion that facilitates studies of symmetry properties and classical or quantum orbits. Polynomial terms for the field components are derived and coefficients obtained by comparison with Taylor-series expansions and by global fit. Contours of \ensuremath{\Vert}B\ensuremath{\Vert} for various trap configurations are also presented. Under certain restrictive conditions, \ensuremath{\Vert}B\ensuremath{\Vert}, and hence the effective potential, can be made isotropic to second order.
TL;DR: Teaching a functionally equivalent communicative alternative to escape-motivated stereotyped behavior can be an effective form of intervention for this problem and is consistent with the hypothesis that some forms of repetitive stereotyping behavior may come to serve social functions.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that the "self-stimulatory" behaviors exhibited by some individuals may be socially mediated. Four developmentally disabled children who exhibited hand flapping and body rocking participated in a series of three experiments conducted to assess the influence of social variables on stereotyped behavior and to develop a treatment based on the assessment. Experiment 1 used an assessment procedure to determine the relative influences of social attention and task demands on stereotyped behavior. For all four children, hand flapping and body rocking increased when difficult academic tasks were introduced. Experiment 2 involved the use of a procedural time-out and demonstrated that removing task demands contingent on stereotyped behavior resulted in increased rates of hand flapping and body rocking. In Experiment 3, these results were used to develop a communication treatment that consisted of teaching the children to request assistance on the difficult tasks. This treatment resulted in significant reductions in self-stimulatory behavior. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that some forms of repetitive stereotyped behavior may come to serve social functions (e.g., escape from aversive situations). Teaching a functionally equivalent communicative alternative to escape-motivated stereotyped behavior can be an effective form of intervention for this problem.
TL;DR: The calculated supercooled liquid phase does not undergo a first-order transition to the fourfold-coordinated amorphous structure upon cooling, since the chemical potentials of these structures are almost equal over a wide range of temperatures.
Abstract: Using the Stillinger-Weber potential we explored the liquid, crystal, and amorphous phase diagram of silicon by molecular dynamics. We obtain the chemical potential of the crystal by following the crystal-vapor coexistence curve from the T=0 harmonic solid up to the melting point. The liquid free energy is found by reversible expansion. The thermodynamic melting point is 1691\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 K, which is very close to the experimental value of 1683 K. Contrary to experiment, the calculated supercooled liquid phase does not undergo a first-order transition to the fourfold-coordinated amorphous structure upon cooling, since the chemical potentials of these structures are almost equal over a wide range of temperatures. Diffusion coefficients, heat capacities, and expansivities are compared with experiment.
TL;DR: The relationships involving interspousal aggression, parent-child aggression, and child behavior problems in a sample of 45 children from maritally violent families were examined, consistent with theoretical predictions linking marital problems to child behavior by virtue of their association with parenting.
Abstract: Previous research indicates that children from violent marriages are more likely to suffer from conduct problems and/or anxiety disorders than children from nonviolent, satisfactory marriages. However, knowledge regarding specific factors present in violent marriages relating to child problems is limited. The present study examined the relationships involving interspousal aggression, parent-child aggression, and child behavior problems in a sample of 45 children from maritally violent families. Mothers indicated how often their children witnessed interspousal aggression and were victims of parent-child aggression. Mothers also rated their children's problem behaviors while children reported on their own depressive symptoms. The witnessing of interspousal aggression was highly associated with parental aggression directed toward children. Parent-child aggression related to attention problems, anxiety-withdrawal, motor excess, and conduct problems in children. However, the witnessing of interspousal aggression was not significantly related to child behavior problems. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions linking marital problems to child behavior by virtue of their association with parenting.
TL;DR: This article found that 30% of men and 32% of women reported engaging in some form of physical aggression against a current steady dating partner and 49% of the women reported being the victims of their current dating partner's physical aggression.
Abstract: A total of 95 males and 175 females provided information about whether they had engaged in or been victims of physical aggression in past and/or current dating relationships. Some 30% of the men and 32% of the women reported engaging in some form of physical aggression against a current steady dating partner. Additionally, 49% of the men and 26% of the women reported being the victims of their current dating partner's physical aggression. Length of the dating relationship was associated with men's physical aggression and their victimization was associated with decreased liking for their partners. Women's experiences with physical aggression in a dating relationship as both victims and aggressors were related to the length of the relationship, less liking for the partner, and less positive affect for the partner.
TL;DR: A concept of selectivity in neuronal circuitry in the mammalian central nervous system is supported and some of the diverse integrative properties of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus are revealed.
Abstract: In order to describe the circuitry of a single retinal X-cell axon in the lateral geniculate nucleus, we physiologically characterized such an axon in the optic tract and injected it intra-axonally with horseradish peroxidase. Subsequently, we recovered the axon and employed electron microscopic techniques to examine the distribution of synapses from 18% of its labeled terminals by reconstructing the unlabeled postsynaptic neurons through a series of 1,200 consecutive thin sections. We found remarkable selectivity for the axon's output, since only four of the 43 available neurons in a limited portion of the terminal arbor receive synapses from labeled terminals. Moreover, the distribution of these synapses on the four neurons, which we term cells 1 through 4, varies with respect to synapses from other classes of terminals that contact the same cells, including synapses from unlabeled retinal terminals. For cells 1 and 3, the labeled terminals provide 49% and 33%, respectively, of their retinal synapses, and these are located on both dendritic shafts and appendages. Synapses from the injected axon to these cells are thus integrated with those from other retinal axons. For cell 2, the labeled terminals provide 100% of its retinal synapses, but these synapses converge on clusters of dendritic appendages where they are integrated with convergent inhibitory inputs. Finally, for cell 4, the labeled terminals provide less than 2% of its retinal inputs, and these are distally located; we suggest that these synapses are remnants of physiologically inappropriate miswiring that occurs during development. The findings from this study support a concept of selectivity in neuronal circuitry in the mammalian central nervous system and also reveal some of the diverse integrative properties of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus.
TL;DR: In this article, the relativistic Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach for dense neutron matter is extended to dense dense matter and contributions arising from tensor interactions due to the exchange of π-and ϱ-mesons and the dependence upon neutron-proton asymmetry.
TL;DR: Standardizing an aerosol system for delivery of antibiotics and other agents to patients with CF tests the importance of type of nebulizer, droplet size, and dose to the lung in assessing the results of aerosol therapy and finds a bell-shaped relationship between deposited dose and minute ventilation.
Abstract: In cystic fibrosis (CF), the clinical effectiveness of aerosolized antibiotics is controversial. Previous investigators have not considered the type of nebulizer, droplet size, and dose to the lung in assessing the results of aerosol therapy. The present study tests the importance of these factors by standardizing an aerosol system for delivery of antibiotics and other agents to patients with CF. Particle size, distribution, and output from a commercially available nebulizer were measured. Thirteen patients with CF inhaled aerosol (MMAD = 1.1 micron) containing gentamicin (160 mg in nebulizer) and 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin. Patients' sputum and serum were analyzed for gentamicin levels by immunoenzymatic assay (Emit; Syva Corp., Palo Alto, CA). Using a gamma camera and suitable filters, central versus peripheral deposition (C/P ratio) and whole lung deposition were measured and related to sputum gentamicin levels. Gentamicin deposit averaged 12.3 mg +/- 5.9 (SD) or 7.69% of the original amount placed in the nebulizer. Peak sputum levels averaged 376.6 micrograms/ml +/- 275, whereas serum levels were undetectable in all patients. When peak sputum levels were normalized for the amount deposited, a close correlation with C/P ratio was obtained (r = 0.88, p less than 0.05). Furthermore, an inverse relationship was found between the C/P ratio and the %FEV1 (r = 0.76, p less than 0.05). Finally, a bell-shaped relationship between deposited dose and minute ventilation was seen in the patients (r = 0.88, p less than 0.05), i.e., an optimal minute ventilation was shown. These relationships may be important when designing future clinical studies.
TL;DR: This study examined the secretory immune system, the body's first line of defense against invading organisms, and its relation to daily fluctuations of mood, and found that antibody response was lower on days with high negative mood relative to days with lower negative mood and conversely, sIgA antibodies response was higher onDays with high positive Mood relative to Days with lower positive mood.
Abstract: In this study, we examined the secretory immune system, the body's first line of defense against invading organisms, and its relation to daily fluctuations of mood. Specifically, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was studied. Unlike other psychoimmunity studies that examined all sIgA protein regardless of specificity to invading organisms, ours examined an antigen-specific sIgA response to the oral administration of a harmless protein (rabbit albumin) and monitored the antibody produced in response to the protein. Dental students recorded their daily mood thrice weekly for 8 1/3 weeks, and parotid saliva was obtained from subjects during these contacts. Using a within-subjects analyses strategy, we found that antibody response was lower on days with high negative mood relative to days with lower negative mood, and conversely, sIgA antibody response was higher on days with high positive mood relative to days with lower positive mood. Results from total sIgA protein were in the opposite direction, although not significantly so. These results extend our knowledge of immunological changes and mood, and they suggest that minor life events' role in health may be mediated by the secretory immune system.
TL;DR: Absent end-diastolic velocity represents a unique and severe fetal condition that cannot be identified by present surveillance methods and requires a Doppler study for diagnosis.
01 Aug 1987
TL;DR: Three-dimensionalscan-conversion algorithms, that scan-convert 3D parametric objects into their discrete voxelmap representation within a Cubic Frame Buffer (CFB), are presented and emply third-order forward difference techniques.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) scan-conversion algorithms, that scan-convert 3D parametric objects into their discrete voxelmap representation within a Cubic Frame Buffer (CFB), are presented. The parametric objects that are studied include Bezier form of cubic parametric curves, bicubic parametric surface patches, and tricubic parametric volumes. The converted objects in discrete 3D space maintain pre-defined application-dependent connectivity and fidelity requirements.The algorithms introduced here emply third-order forward difference techniques. Efficient versions of the algorithms based on first-order decision mechanisms, which employ only integer arithmetic, are also discussed. All algorithms are incremental and use only simple operations inside the inner algorithm loops. They perform scan-conversion with computational complexity which is linear in the number of voxels written to the CFB. All the algorithms have been implemented as part of the CUBE Architecture, which is a voxel-based system for 3D graphics.
TL;DR: Patients with early Lyme disease produce IgM antibodies to a 41,000-dalton polypeptide of Borrelia burgdorferi, and the flagellin-enriched fraction was superior to the standard ELISA antigen and Antigens of 66 kDa and 31/34 kDa were confirmed to be part of the late antibody response.
Abstract: Patients with early Lyme disease produce IgM antibodies to a 41,000-dalton polypeptide of Borrelia burgdorferi. With advancing disease, IgG antibodies recognize a larger number of spirochetal polypeptides. Sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of spirochetes at a concentration of 0.03% resulted in an outer envelope (OE) fraction in the supernatant and a protoplasmic cylinder (PC) flagellar fraction in the pellet. Shearing of the PC pellet followed by ultrafiltration and dialysis resulted in a flagellin-enriched fraction. From the OE and flagellin-rich fractions, individual polypeptides with Mr of 66,000, 41,000, and 31,000/34,000 daltons were eluted in microgram quantities after electrophoresis. The flagellin-enriched fraction as well as the eluted polypeptides were used as antigens in the ELISA. The flagellin-enriched fraction was superior to the standard ELISA antigen. The 41-kilodalton (kDa) flagellin antigen was not useful. Antigens of 66 kDa and 31/34 kDa were confirmed to be part of the late antibody response.
TL;DR: In this article, the Marsden-Weinstein construction for symplectic manifolds is generalized to the non-symplectic geometry of the quaternionic Kahler case, and the Wolf spaces can be obtained as the U(1) and SU(2) quotients of quaternion projective spaceHP(n).
Abstract: We present a method of reduction of any quaternionic Kahler manifold with isometries to another quaternionic Kahler manifold in which the isometries are divided out. Our method is a generalization of the Marsden-Weinstein construction for symplectic manifolds to the non-symplectic geometry of the quaternionic Kahler case. We compare our results with the known construction for Kahler and hyperKahler manifolds. We also discuss the relevance of our results to the physics of supersymmetric non-linear σ-models and some applications of the method. In particular, we show that the Wolf spaces can be obtained as theU(1) andSU(2) quotients of quaternionic projective spaceHP(n). We also construct an interesting example of compact riemannianV-manifolds(orbifolds) whose metrics are quaternionic Kahler and not symmetric.
TL;DR: Adenovirus type 5 deletion mutants that lack portions of their cis-acting DNA encapsidation signal synthesized nearly normal levels of viral DNA and late polypeptides but failed to efficiently package the DNA into virus particles.
Abstract: Adenovirus type 5 deletion mutants that lack portions of their cis-acting DNA encapsidation signal synthesized nearly normal levels of viral DNA and late polypeptides but failed to efficiently package the DNA into virus particles. A series of mutant viruses carrying small deletions were produced and used to identify a repeated element (AGTAAATTTGGGC and AGTAAGATTTGGCC) as a key component of the packaging signal. One copy of the repeat was sufficient to signal efficient packaging. The packaging domain could function near either end of the viral chromosome but was no longer active when moved several hundred base pairs toward the interior of the DNA molecule.
TL;DR: Observations indicate that GABA systems are involved in function at all levels of the brainstem auditory pathway.
Abstract: The distribution of GABA-producing neurons in the brainstem auditory nuclei of the rat was investigated immunohistochemically by using an antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In the cochlear nuclei, GAD immunoreactive neurons are present only in the superficial granular and molecular layers, whereas terminals are found in all subdivisions of the nuclei and are particularly dense surrounding large spherical cells and one type of stellate cell. In the superior olivary complex, GAD immunoreactive neurons are located in the lateral olivary nucleus and throughout the periolivary region. Immunoreactive terminals are distributed along dendrites of principal cells of the medial and lateral olivary nuclei and are clustered around somata of globular neurons of the nucleus of the trapezoid body. An extremely dense band of immunoreactive somata and terminals is present along the ventral edge of the olivary complex. The ventral, intermediate, and dorsal nuclei of the lateral lemniscus contain small fusiform GAD-immunoreactive neurons and a moderately dense plexus of immunoreactive terminals. The inferior colliculus contains a large population of GAD-immunoreactive perikarya and an extremely dense accumulation of immunoreactive terminals in the central, dorsomedial, and external nuclei. These observations indicate that GABA systems are involved in function at all levels of the brainstem auditory pathway.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The thesis that deskill work in the twentieth century, creating an ever more unskilled proletariat, has been forcefully argued by Harry Braverman and his colleag... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The thesis that capitalism continues to degrade and deskill work in the twentieth century, creating an ever more unskilled proletariat, has been forcefully argued by Harry Braverman and his colleag...
01 Jul 1987
TL;DR: It is shown that even if some equations are not orientable, the Knuth-Bendix procedure can still be modified into a reasonably efficient semi-decision procedure for word problems in equational theories.
Abstract: The Knuth-Bendix procedure for word problems in universal algebra is known to be very effective when it is applicable. However, the procedure will fail if it generates equations which cannot be oriented into rules (i.e., the system is not noetherian), or if it generates infinitely many rules (i.e., the system is not confluent). In 1981 Huet showed that even if the system is not confluent, the Knuth-Bendix procedure still yields a semi-decision procedure for word problems, provided that every equation can be oriented. In this paper we show that even if some equations are not orientable, the Knuth-Bendix procedure can still be modified into a reasonably efficient semi-decision procedure for word problems in equational theories. Thus, we have lifted the noetherian requirement in the Knuth-Bendix procedure. Several confluence results, extensions, and experiments are given. So are some comparisons with related work.
TL;DR: This paper examined the attributional mediators of post-transgression guilt and found that harmdoer guilt was higher following accidental as opposed to intentional transgressions, while attributions of responsibility, causality, and blame were more prevalent following accidental transgressions.
Abstract: People typically experience guilt when they violate sociomoral norms. Using Heider's (1958) attribution of responsibility model in the two experiments reported here, I examined the attributional mediators of posttransgression guilt. The basic design of both studies was a Level of Responsibility X Subject Role factorial. The first study used a role-playing methodology; in the second, subjects generated protocols describing their own past experiences. The second experiment also distinguished between attributions of responsibility, causality, and blame. In both studies, harmdoer guilt was higher following accidental as opposed to intentional transgressions. The discussion focuses on the dynamics of guilt development and reduction and on the importance of maintaining conceptual distinctions among the various attribution measures in future guilt research.