Showing papers by "Stony Brook University published in 2005"
TL;DR: The development, current features, and some directions for future development of the Amber package of computer programs, which contains a group of programs embodying a number of powerful tools of modern computational chemistry, focused on molecular dynamics and free energy calculations of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
Abstract: We describe the development, current features, and some directions for future development of the Amber package of computer programs. This package evolved from a program that was constructed in the late 1970s to do Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement, and now contains a group of programs embodying a number of powerful tools of modern computational chemistry, focused on molecular dynamics and free energy calculations of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
7,672 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) were examined with an emphasis on implications for the formation of a new state of dense matter.
2,572 citations
TL;DR: This work describes how niche conservatism in climatic tolerances may limit geographic range expansion and how this one type of niche conservatism may be important in allopatric speciation and the spread of invasive, human-introduced species.
Abstract: ▪ Abstract Niche conservatism is the tendency of species to retain ancestral ecological characteristics. In the recent literature, a debate has emerged as to whether niches are conserved. We suggest that simply testing whether niches are conserved is not by itself particularly helpful or interesting and that a more useful focus is on the patterns that niche conservatism may (or may not) create. We focus specifically on how niche conservatism in climatic tolerances may limit geographic range expansion and how this one type of niche conservatism may be important in (a) allopatric speciation, (b) historical biogeography, (c) patterns of species richness, (d) community structure, (e) the spread of invasive, human-introduced species, (f) responses of species to global climate change, and (g) human history, from 13,000 years ago to the present. We describe how these effects of niche conservatism can be examined with new tools for ecological niche modeling.
2,039 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore covalent chemical strategies for the functionalization of carbon-nanotube surfaces and explore the breadth and types of reactions single-walled nanotubes can undergo in solution phase, not only at the ends and defect sites but also along the sidewalls.
Abstract: In this review article, we explore covalent chemical strategies for the functionalization of carbon-nanotube surfaces. In recent years, nanotubes have been treated as chemical reagents (be it inorganic or organic) in their own right. Indeed, from their inherent structure, one can view nanotubes as sterically bulky, π-conjugated ligands, or conversely as electron-deficient alkenes. Hence, herein we seek to understand, from a structural perspective, the breadth and types of reactions single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) can undergo in solution phase, not only at the ends and defect sites but also along the sidewalls. Controllable chemical functionalization suggests that the unique electronic and mechanical properties of SWNTs can be tailored in a determinable manner. Moreover, prevailing themes in nanotube functionalization have been involved with dissolution of tubes.
1,148 citations
TL;DR: The authors examine the impact of international human rights regime on governments' human rights practices and propose an explanation that highlights a "paradox of empty promises" that highlights the paradox of empty promise.
Abstract: The authors examine the impact of the international human rights regime on governments' human rights practices. They propose an explanation that highlights a “paradox of empty promises.” Their core arguments are that the global institutionalization of human rights has created an international context in which (1) governments often ratify human rights treaties as a matter of window dressing, radically decoupling policy from practice and at times exacerbating negative human rights practices, but (2) the emergent global legitimacy of human rights exerts independent global civil society effects that improve states’ actual human rights practices. The authors’ statistical analyses on a comprehensive sample of government repression from 1976 to 1999 find support for their argument.
1,124 citations
TL;DR: Some areas of research, such the study of the quantitative genetic underpinning of plasticity, have been either settled in broad outline or superseded by new approaches and questions, and issues, such as the costs, are currently at the forefront of research in this field.
Abstract: The study of phenotypic plasticity has progressed significantly over the past few decades. We have moved from variation for plasticity being considered as a nuisance in evolutionary studies to it being the primary target of investigations that use an array of methods, including quantitative and molecular genetics, as well as of several approaches that model the evolution of plastic responses. Here, I consider some of the major aspects of research on phenotypic plasticity, assessing where progress has been made and where additional effort is required. I suggest that some areas of research, such the study of the quantitative genetic underpinning of plasticity, have been either settled in broad outline or superseded by new approaches and questions. Other issues, such as the costs of plasticity are currently at the forefront of research in this field, and are likely to be areas of major future development.
1,060 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that REST regulates the transitions from pluripotent to neural stem/progenitor cell and from progenitor to mature neuron, indicating that REST defines a gene set subject to plasticity in mature neurons.
868 citations
TL;DR: Recent studies suggest that membrane proteins concentrate PIP2 and, in response to local increases in intracellular calcium concentration, release it to interact with other biologically important molecules.
Abstract: Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), which comprises only about 1% of the phospholipids in the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane, is the source of three second messengers, activates many ion channels and enzymes, is involved in both endocytosis and exocytosis, anchors proteins to the membrane through several structured domains and has other roles. How can a single lipid in a fluid bilayer regulate so many distinct physiological processes? Spatial organization might be the key to this. Recent studies suggest that membrane proteins concentrate PIP2 and, in response to local increases in intracellular calcium concentration, release it to interact with other biologically important molecules.
856 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that romantic love uses subcortical reward and motivation systems to focus on a specific individual, that limbic cortical regions process individual emotion factors, and that there is localization heterogeneity for reward functions in the human brain.
Abstract: Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. It has an important influence on social behaviors that have reproductive and genetic consequences. To determine which reward and motivation systems may be involved, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and studied 10 women and 7 men who were intensely "in love" from 1 to 17 mo. Participants alternately viewed a photograph of their beloved and a photograph of a familiar individual, interspersed with a distraction-attention task. Group activation specific to the beloved under the two control conditions occurred in dopamine-rich areas associated with mammalian reward and motivation, namely the right ventral tegmental area and the right postero-dorsal body and medial caudate nucleus. Activation in the left ventral tegmental area was correlated with facial attractiveness scores. Activation in the right anteromedial caudate was correlated with questionnaire scores that quantified intensity of romantic passion. In the left insula-putamen-globus pallidus, activation correlated with trait affect intensity. The results suggest that romantic love uses subcortical reward and motivation systems to focus on a specific individual, that limbic cortical regions process individual emotion factors, and that there is localization heterogeneity for reward functions in the human brain.
830 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the Omo I and Omo II hominid fossils are from similar stratigraphic levels in Member I of the Kibish Formation.
Abstract: In 1967 the Kibish Formation in southern Ethiopia yielded hominid cranial remains identified as early anatomically modern humans, assigned to Homo sapiens. However, the provenance and age of the fossils have been much debated. Here we confirm that the Omo I and Omo II hominid fossils are from similar stratigraphic levels in Member I of the Kibish Formation, despite the view that Omo I is more modern in appearance than Omo II. 40Ar/39Ar ages on feldspar crystals from pumice clasts within a tuff in Member I below the hominid levels place an older limit of 198 +/- 14 kyr (weighted mean age 196 +/- 2 kyr) on the hominids. A younger age limit of 104 +/- 7 kyr is provided by feldspars from pumice clasts in a Member III tuff. Geological evidence indicates rapid deposition of each member of the Kibish Formation. Isotopic ages on the Kibish Formation correspond to ages of Mediterranean sapropels, which reflect increased flow of the Nile River, and necessarily increased flow of the Omo River. Thus the 40Ar/39Ar age measurements, together with the sapropel correlations, indicate that the hominid fossils have an age close to the older limit. Our preferred estimate of the age of the Kibish hominids is 195 +/- 5 kyr, making them the earliest well-dated anatomically modern humans yet described.
805 citations
Patent•
29 Jul 2005TL;DR: Stapler as discussed by the authors is a body, an elongate, fixed jaw part connected to the body and including a curved anvil defining staple-forming pockets and a curved portion defining an opening bound on lateral and longitudinal sides.
Abstract: Stapler, in particular for hemorrhoidal use, includes a body, an elongate, fixed jaw part connected to the body and including a curved anvil defining staple-forming pockets and a curved portion defining an opening bound on lateral and longitudinal sides, an actuating jaw part including a curved staple driver and optionally a cutting knife, a trigger coupled to the body for actuating the actuating jaw part and an adjustment mechanism for moving the actuating jaw part to vary a longitudinal dimension of the opening defined between a staple cartridge and the anvil. When the actuating jaw part is actuated by the trigger, the staple driver forces staple blanks in the staple cartridge into staple-forming pockets of the anvil to form staples in tissue retained in the opening, while the cutting knife, when present, amputates the tissue.
TL;DR: An expanding body of work is highlighted that examines how plasticity can affect all levels of ecological organization through effects on demographic parameters, direct and indirect species interactions, such as competition, predation, and coexistence, and ultimately carbon and nutrient cycles.
Abstract: Phenotypic plasticity is widespread in nature, and often involves ecologically relevant behavioral, physiological, morphological and life-historical traits. As a result, plasticity alters numerous interactions between organisms and their abiotic and biotic environments. Although much work on plasticity has focused on its patterns of expression and evolution, researchers are increasingly interested in understanding how plasticity can affect ecological patterns and processes at various levels. Here, we highlight an expanding body of work that examines how plasticity can affect all levels of ecological organization through effects on demographic parameters, direct and indirect species interactions, such as competition, predation, and coexistence, and ultimately carbon and nutrient cycles.
TL;DR: This article found that the majority of Americans who experienced high levels of anxiety in response to the September 11 attacks were less supportive of aggressive military action against terrorists, less approving of President George W. Bush, and favored increased American isolationism.
Abstract: The perception of threat and the experience of anxiety are distinct but related public reactions to terrorism. Anxiety increases risk aversion, potentially undercutting support for dangerous military action, consistent with terrorists' typical aims. Conversely, perceived threat increases a desire for retaliation and promotes animosity toward a threatening enemy, in line with the usual goals of affected governments. Findings from a national telephone survey confirm the differing political effects of anxiety and perceived threat. The minority of Americans who experienced high levels of anxiety in response to the September 11 attacks were less supportive of aggressive military action against terrorists, less approving of President Bush, and favored increased American isolationism. In contrast, the majority of Americans who perceived a high threat of future terrorism in the United States (but were not overly anxious) supported the Bush administration's antiterrorism policies domestically and internationally.
TL;DR: None of the pooled metaanalyses showed a significant difference between devices in any efficacy outcome in any patient group for each of the clinical settings that was investigated.
University of Tokyo1, Boston University2, Brookhaven National Laboratory3, University of California, Irvine4, California State University, Dominguez Hills5, Chonnam National University6, Duke University7, George Mason University8, Gifu University9, Indiana University10, University of Tsukuba11, Okayama University12, Kobe University13, Kyoto University14, Los Alamos National Laboratory15, Louisiana State University16, University of Maryland, College Park17, University of Minnesota18, Miyagi University of Education19, Stony Brook University20, Nagoya University21, Niigata University22, Osaka University23, Seoul National University24, Shizuoka University25, Sungkyunkwan University26, Tohoku University27, Tokai University28, Tokyo Institute of Technology29, University of Warsaw30, University of Washington31
TL;DR: In this article, a combined analysis of fully-contained, partially-contained and upward-going muon atmospheric neutrino data from a 1489 d exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector is presented.
Abstract: We present a combined analysis of fully-contained, partially-contained and upward-going muon atmospheric neutrino data from a 1489 d exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector. The data samples span roughly five decades in neutrino energy, from 100 MeV to 10 TeV. A detailed Monte Carlo comparison is described and presented. The data is fit to the Monte Carlo expectation, and is found to be consistent with neutrino oscillations of {nu}{sub {mu}}{r_reversible}{nu}{sub {tau}} with sin{sup 2}2{theta}>0.92 and 1.5x10{sup -3}<{delta}m{sup 2}<3.4x10{sup -3} eV{sup 2} at 90% confidence level.
TL;DR: The robust collective flow phenomena are well described by ideal hydrodynamics, with the equation of state (EoS) predicted by lattice simulations as discussed by the authors, but the transport properties turned out to be unexpected, with rescattering cross section one-to-two orders of magnitude larger than expected from perturbative QCD.
TL;DR: Electrospinning is used to fabricate biodegradable non-woven poly(lactide)- and poly(glycolide)-based scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering applications and concludes that engineered cardiac tissue structure and function can be modulated by the chemistry and geometry of the provided nano- and micro-textured surfaces.
TL;DR: In this paper, the diffusion coefficient in the perturbative quark gluon plasma and its relationship to collisional energy loss and momentum broadening were investigated. But the model is strictly valid in the nonrelativistic limit and for all velocities.
Abstract: We investigate the thermalization of charm quarks in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. To this end, we calculate the diffusion coefficient in the perturbative quark gluon plasma and relate it to collisional energy loss and momentum broadening. We then use these transport properties to formulate a Langevin model for the evolution of the heavy quark spectrum in the hot medium. The model is strictly valid in the nonrelativistic limit and for all velocities $\ensuremath{\gamma}vl\ensuremath{\alpha}{s}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ to leading logarithm in $T/{m}_{D}$. The corresponding Fokker-Planck equation can be solved analytically for a Bjorken expansion and the solution gives a simple estimate for the medium modifications of the heavy quark spectrum as a function of the diffusion coefficient. Finally we solve the Langevin equations numerically in a hydrodynamic simulation of the heavy-ion reaction. The results of this simulation are the medium modifications of the charm spectrum ${R}_{\mathit{AA}}$ and the expected elliptic flow ${v}_{2}({p}_{T})$ as a function of the diffusion coefficient.
TL;DR: Differences in breast cancer incidence rates between most racial/ethnic groups were largely explained by risk factor distribution except in African Americans, however, breast cancers in African American women more commonly had characteristics of poor prognosis, which may contribute to their increased mortality after diagnosis.
Abstract: I read with interest the article by Cheblowski et al. ( 1 ) regarding race/ ethnicity and breast cancer characteristics and mortality among participants in the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study. The authors concluded that the higher breast cancer mortality in black women than in white women may be due to black women’s cancers being more likely than those of white women to be estrogen receptor negative, progesterone receptor negative, and poorly differentiated — all characteristics that are associated with poorer prognosis ( 2 ) .
TL;DR: A type III secretion system (TTSS) is encoded on a virulence plasmid that is common to three pathogenic Yersinia species: Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis, and the importance of these proteins for the pathogenesis process is being elucidated.
Abstract: A type III secretion system (TTSS) is encoded on a virulence plasmid that is common to three pathogenic Yersinia species: Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis. Pathogenic Yersinia species require this TTSS to survive and replicate within lymphoid tissues of their animal or human hosts. A set of pathogenicity factors, including those known as Yersinia outer proteins (Yops), is exported by this system upon bacterial infection of host cells. Two translocator Yops (YopB and YopD) insert into the host plasma membrane and function to transport six effector Yops (YopO, YopH, YopM, YopT, YopJ, and YopE) into the cytosol of the host cell. Effector Yops function to counteract multiple signaling responses in the infected host cell. The signaling responses counteracted by Yops are initiated by phagocytic receptors, Toll-like receptors, translocator Yops, and additional mechanisms. Innate and adaptive immune responses are thwarted as a consequence of Yop activities. A biochemical function fo...
Indiana University1, Johns Hopkins University2, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai3, Stony Brook University4, University of Texas Medical Branch5, University of California, San Francisco6, Miriam Hospital7, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill8, Northwestern University9, Emory University10, Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis11, Duke University12
TL;DR: This research presents a meta-analysis of the immune system’s response to Epstein-Barr virus, which has the potential to improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the likelihood of adverse events.
Abstract: Samir K. Gupta, Joseph A. Eustace, Jonathan A. Winston, Ivy I. Boydstun, Tejinder S. Ahuja, Rudolph A. Rodriguez, Karen T. Tashima, Michelle Roland, Nora Franceschini, Frank J. Palella, Jeffrey L. Lennox, Paul E. Klotman, Sharon A. Nachman, Stephen D. Hall, and Lynda A. Szczech Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Stony Brook; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital and Positive Health Program at San Francisco General Hospital and the UCSF AIDS Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Duke Clinical Research Institute and the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and Grady Infectious Disease Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
TL;DR: In this article, the roles of isospin asymmetry in nuclei and neutron stars are investigated using a range of potential and field-theoretical models of nucleonic matter.
Stony Brook University1, Cornell University2, University of Nevada, Reno3, Arizona State University4, Lockheed Martin Corporation5, University of Mainz6, Space Science Institute7, Massachusetts Institute of Technology8, Max Planck Society9, University of Tennessee10, United States Geological Survey11, Washington University in St. Louis12, Harvard University13, California Institute of Technology14
TL;DR: Impure reworked evaporitic sandstones, preserved on Meridiani Planum, Mars, are mixtures of roughly equal amounts of altered siliciclastic debris, of basaltic provenance (40−±10% by mass), and chemical constituents, dominated by evaporitic minerals (jarosite, Mg, Ca-sulfates, chlorides, Fe-, Na-solves), hematite and possibly secondary silica (60−± 10%).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a digital logic architecture for CMOL hybrid circuits which combine a semiconductor-transistor (CMOS) stack and two levels of parallel nanowires, with molecular-scale nanodevices formed between the Nanowires at every crosspoint.
Abstract: This paper describes a digital logic architecture for ‘CMOL’ hybrid circuits which combine a semiconductor–transistor (CMOS) stack and two levels of parallel nanowires, with molecular-scale nanodevices formed between the nanowires at every crosspoint. This cell-based, field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-like architecture is based on a uniform, reconfigurable CMOL fabric, with four-transistor CMOS cells and two-terminal nanodevices (‘latching switches’). The switches play two roles: they provide diode-like I –V curves for logic circuit operation, and allow circuit mapping on CMOL fabric and its reconfiguration around defective nanodevices. Monte Carlo simulations of two simple circuits (a 32-bit integer adder and a 64-bit full crossbar switch) have shown that the reconfiguration allows one to increase the circuit yield above 99% at the fraction of bad nanodevices above 20%. Estimates have shown that at the same time the circuits may have extremely high density (approximately 500 times higher than that of the usual CMOS FPGAs with the same design rules), while operating at higher speed at acceptable power consumption. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a theoretical framework and review empirical evidence suggesting performance improvement should be more likely for some feedback recipients than others, and they argue that practitioners should not expect large, widespread performance improvement after employees receive multisource feedback.
Abstract: We review evidence showing that multisource feedback ratings are related to other measures of leadership effectiveness and that different rater sources conceptualize performance in a similar manner. We then describe a meta-analysis of 24 longitudinal studies showing that improvement in direct report, peer, and supervisor ratings over time is generally small. We present a theoretical framework and review empirical evidence suggesting performance improvement should be more likely for some feedback recipients than others. Specifically, improvement is most likely to occur when feedback indicates that change is necessary, recipients have a positive feedback orientation, perceive a need to change their behavior, react positively to the feedback, believe change is feasible, set appropriate goals to regulate their behavior, and take actions that lead to skill and performance improvement. It has been nearly 10 years since London and Smither (1995) evaluated the state of multisource feedback practice and offered theory-based propositions for understanding how people process and use the feedback. This article assesses progress in the field, especially focusing on the extent to which feedback recipients improve their performance after receiving multisource feedback. We argue that practitioners should not expect large, widespread performance improvement after employees receive multisource feedback. Instead, we present a theoretical model that suggests some feedback recipients should be more likely to improve than others. First, we review empirical evidence concerning the validity of multisource feedback. This is important because it would make little sense to focus
TL;DR: Synthetic 29-mer shRNAs are found to be more potent inducers of RNAi than small interfering RNAs, and these studies provide the basis for an improved approach to triggering experimental silencing via the RNAi pathway.
Abstract: Designing potent silencing triggers is key to the successful application of RNA interference (RNAi) in mammals. Recent studies suggest that the assembly of RNAi effector complexes is coupled to Dicer cleavage. Here we examine whether transfection of optimized Dicer substrates results in an improved RNAi response. Dicer cleavage of chemically synthesized short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) with 29-base-pair stems and 2-nucleotide 3' overhangs produced predictable homogeneous small RNAs comprising the 22 bases at the 3' end of the stem. Consequently, direct comparisons of synthetic small interfering RNAs and shRNAs that yield the same small RNA became possible. We found synthetic 29-mer shRNAs to be more potent inducers of RNAi than small interfering RNAs. Maximal inhibition of target genes was achieved at lower concentrations and silencing at 24 h was often greater. These studies provide the basis for an improved approach to triggering experimental silencing via the RNAi pathway.
TL;DR: Results for living primates show that this approach can distinguish among diets characterized by different fracture properties, and microwear texture analysis indicates that Australopithecus africanus microwear is more anisotropic, but also more variable in anisotropy than Paranthropus robustus.
Abstract: Reconstructing the diets of extinct hominins is essential to understanding the paleobiology and evolutionary history of our lineage. Dental microwear, the study of microscopic tooth-wear resulting from use, provides direct evidence of what an individual ate in the past. Unfortunately, established methods of studying microwear are plagued with low repeatability and high observer error. Here we apply an objective, repeatable approach for studying three-dimensional microwear surface texture to extinct South African hominins. Scanning confocal microscopy together with scale-sensitive fractal analysis are used to characterize the complexity and anisotropy of microwear. Results for living primates show that this approach can distinguish among diets characterized by different fracture properties. When applied to hominins, microwear texture analysis indicates that Australopithecus africanus microwear is more anisotropic, but also more variable in anisotropy than Paranthropus robustus. This latter species has more complex microwear textures, but is also more variable in complexity than A. africanus. This suggests that A. africanus ate more tough foods and P. robustus consumed more hard and brittle items, but that both had variable and overlapping diets.
TL;DR: Using continuous ratings of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms as a diagnostic qualifier should be considered as an alternative to classifying nominal subtypes of ADHD in DSM-V.
Abstract: Context The DSM-IV definition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) distinguished 3 subtypes that had not been extensively studied. Objective To determine whether the ADHD subtypes are stable enough over time to be valid. Design Longitudinal study with a greater-than 89% retention rate in 7 assessments over 8 years. Setting Outpatient clinics. Participants Volunteer sample of 118 4- to 6-year-olds who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, including impairment in 2 settings in at least 1 assessment. Main Outcome Measure Meeting DSM-IV criteria for the subtypes of ADHD during years 2 through 8. Results The number of children who met criteria for ADHD declined over time, but most persisted. Children who met criteria for the combined subtype (CT, n = 83) met criteria for ADHD in more subsequent assessments than children in the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (HT, n = 23). Thirty-one (37%) of 83 CT children and 6 (50%) of 12 children in the predominantly inattentive subtype (IT) met criteria for a different subtype at least twice in the next 6 assessments. Children of the HT subtype were even more likely to shift to a different subtype over time, with HT children who persisted in ADHD mostly shifting to CT in later assessments. The subtypes exhibited consistently different mean levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms during years 2 through 8 that corresponded with their initial subtype classifications, but initial subtype differences in inattention symptoms diminished in later years. Conclusions In younger children, the CT and IT may be stable enough to segregate groups for research, but they seem too unstable for use in the clinical assessment of individual children. Children rarely remain in the HT classification over time; rather, they sometimes desist from ADHD but mostly shift to CT in later years. Using continuous ratings of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms as a diagnostic qualifier should be considered as an alternative to classifying nominal subtypes of ADHD in DSM-V .
TL;DR: A one-step, mild procedure based on coaxial electrospinning was developed for incorporation and controlled release of two model proteins from biodegradable core-shell nanofibers with PCL as shell and protein-containing PEG as core and it was revealed that the released lysozyme maintained its structure and bioactivity.
TL;DR: This work represents a previously uncharacterized application of x-ray diffraction microscopy to a specimen of this complexity and provides confidence in the feasibility of the ultimate goal of imaging biological specimens at 10-nm resolution in three dimensions.
Abstract: We have used the method of x-ray diffraction microscopy to image the complex-valued exit wave of an intact and unstained yeast cell. The images of the freeze-dried cell, obtained by using 750-eV x-rays from different angular orientations, portray several of the cell's major internal components to 30-nm resolution. The good agreement among the independently recovered structures demonstrates the accuracy of the imaging technique. To obtain the best possible reconstructions, we have implemented procedures for handling noisy and incomplete diffraction data, and we propose a method for determining the reconstructed resolution. This work represents a previously uncharacterized application of x-ray diffraction microscopy to a specimen of this complexity and provides confidence in the feasibility of the ultimate goal of imaging biological specimens at 10-nm resolution in three dimensions.