Stony Brook University

About: Stony Brook University is a education organization based out in Stony Brook, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 32534 authors who have published 68218 publications receiving 3035131 citations. The organization is also known as: State University of New York at Stony Brook & SUNY Stony Brook.

Role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in colorectal cancer.

Abstract: Considerable evidence has implicated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, in the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during the metastatic process. Most MMPs are secreted as inactive zymogens and are activated extracellularly. Over expression of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -13, and MT1-MMP has been demonstrated in human colorectal cancers. The degree of over expression of some MMPs has been noted to correlate with stage of disease and/or prognosis. An unresolved debate has centered on whether MMPs are produced by the stromal cells surrounding a tumor or by the colorectal cancer cells themselves. MMP-7 is produced abundantly by colorectal cancer cells. The presence of a mutation in the APC gene results in nuclear accumulation of the β-Catenin/TCF complex, which serves as a transcriptional factor that upregulates MMP-7 expression. Increased expression of MMP-3 in colorectal cancer correlates with low levels of microsatelite instability and poor prognosis. Increased levels of MMP-9 (produced primarily by inflammatory cells) have been demonstrated early in the transition from colon adenoma to adenocarcinoma. In contrast to other MMPs, overexpression of MMP-12 is associated with increased survival in colorectal cancer, presumably as a result of an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. Based on the assumption that MMPs were responsible for metastasis, several orally active, low molecular weight inhibitors of MMPs (MMPIs) have been developed. These MMPIs have been effective in controlling cancer progression in animals, but have failed to prolong survival in phase III clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. MMPIs have not yet been evaluated in patients with colorectal cancer.

Instability of the DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD From Preschool Through Elementary School

Abstract: Context The DSM-IV definition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) distinguished 3 subtypes that had not been extensively studied. Objective To determine whether the ADHD subtypes are stable enough over time to be valid. Design Longitudinal study with a greater-than 89% retention rate in 7 assessments over 8 years. Setting Outpatient clinics. Participants Volunteer sample of 118 4- to 6-year-olds who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, including impairment in 2 settings in at least 1 assessment. Main Outcome Measure Meeting DSM-IV criteria for the subtypes of ADHD during years 2 through 8. Results The number of children who met criteria for ADHD declined over time, but most persisted. Children who met criteria for the combined subtype (CT, n = 83) met criteria for ADHD in more subsequent assessments than children in the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (HT, n = 23). Thirty-one (37%) of 83 CT children and 6 (50%) of 12 children in the predominantly inattentive subtype (IT) met criteria for a different subtype at least twice in the next 6 assessments. Children of the HT subtype were even more likely to shift to a different subtype over time, with HT children who persisted in ADHD mostly shifting to CT in later assessments. The subtypes exhibited consistently different mean levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms during years 2 through 8 that corresponded with their initial subtype classifications, but initial subtype differences in inattention symptoms diminished in later years. Conclusions In younger children, the CT and IT may be stable enough to segregate groups for research, but they seem too unstable for use in the clinical assessment of individual children. Children rarely remain in the HT classification over time; rather, they sometimes desist from ADHD but mostly shift to CT in later years. Using continuous ratings of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms as a diagnostic qualifier should be considered as an alternative to classifying nominal subtypes of ADHD in DSM-V .

Rapid acquisition pair distribution function (RA-PDF) analysis.

Abstract: An image-plate (IP) detector coupled with high-energy synchrotron radiation was used for atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, with high probed momentum transfer Qmax ≤ 28.5 A−1, from crystalline materials. Materials with different structural complexities were measured to test the validity of the quantitative data analysis. Experimental results are presented for crystalline Ni, crystalline α-AlF3, and the layered Aurivillius type oxides α-Bi4V2O11 and γ-Bi4V1.7Ti0.3O10.85. Overall, the diffraction patterns show good counting statistics, with measuring time from one to tens of seconds. The PDFs obtained are of high quality. Structures may be refined from these PDFs, and the structural models are consistent with the published literature. Data sets from similar samples are highly reproducible.

Describable Visual Attributes for Face Verification and Image Search

Abstract: We introduce the use of describable visual attributes for face verification and image search. Describable visual attributes are labels that can be given to an image to describe its appearance. This paper focuses on images of faces and the attributes used to describe them, although the concepts also apply to other domains. Examples of face attributes include gender, age, jaw shape, nose size, etc. The advantages of an attribute-based representation for vision tasks are manifold: They can be composed to create descriptions at various levels of specificity; they are generalizable, as they can be learned once and then applied to recognize new objects or categories without any further training; and they are efficient, possibly requiring exponentially fewer attributes (and training data) than explicitly naming each category. We show how one can create and label large data sets of real-world images to train classifiers which measure the presence, absence, or degree to which an attribute is expressed in images. These classifiers can then automatically label new images. We demonstrate the current effectiveness-and explore the future potential-of using attributes for face verification and image search via human and computational experiments. Finally, we introduce two new face data sets, named FaceTracer and PubFig, with labeled attributes and identities, respectively.

Prospective patterns of resilience and maladjustment during widowhood

Abstract: Using prospective longitudinal data on an older sample beginning prior to the death of a spouse, G. A. Bonanno et al. (2002) distinguished 5 unique trajectories of bereavement outcome: common grief, chronic grief, chronic depression, depression followed by improvement, and resilience. These trajectories having been identified, the aims of the current study were to examine differences in how respondents in each group reacted to and processed the loss. Specific hypotheses were tested regarding differences in coping, meaning making, context, and representations of the lost relationship. Results suggest that chronic grief stems from the upheaval surrounding the loss of a healthy spouse, whereas chronic depression results from more enduring emotional difficulties that are exacerbated by the loss. Both the resilient and the depressed-improved groups showed remarkably healthy profiles and relatively little evidence of either struggling with or denying/avoiding the loss.